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Berné O, Habart E, Peeters E, Schroetter I, Canin A, Sidhu A, Chown R, Bron E, Haworth TJ, Klaassen P, Trahin B, Van De Putte D, Alarcón F, Zannese M, Abergel A, Bergin EA, Bernard-Salas J, Boersma C, Cami J, Cuadrado S, Dartois E, Dicken D, Elyajouri M, Fuente A, Goicoechea JR, Gordon KD, Issa L, Joblin C, Kannavou O, Khan B, Lacinbala O, Languignon D, Le Gal R, Maragkoudakis A, Meshaka R, Okada Y, Onaka T, Pasquini S, Pound MW, Robberto M, Röllig M, Schefter B, Schirmer T, Simmer T, Tabone B, Tielens AGGM, Vicente S, Wolfire MG, Aleman I, Allamandola L, Auchettl R, Baratta GA, Baruteau C, Bejaoui S, Bera PP, Black JH, Boulanger F, Bouwman J, Brandl B, Brechignac P, Brünken S, Buragohain M, Burkhardt A, Candian A, Cazaux S, Cernicharo J, Chabot M, Chakraborty S, Champion J, Colgan SWJ, Cooke IR, Coutens A, Cox NLJ, Demyk K, Meyer JD, Engrand C, Foschino S, García-Lario P, Gavilan L, Gerin M, Godard M, Gottlieb CA, Guillard P, Gusdorf A, Hartigan P, He J, Herbst E, Hornekaer L, Jäger C, Janot-Pacheco E, Kaufman M, Kemper F, Kendrew S, Kirsanova MS, Knight C, Kwok S, Labiano Á, Lai TSY, Lee TJ, Lefloch B, Le Petit F, Li A, Linz H, Mackie CJ, Madden SC, Mascetti J, McGuire BA, Merino P, Micelotta ER, Morse JA, Mulas G, Neelamkodan N, Ohsawa R, Paladini R, Palumbo ME, Pathak A, Pendleton YJ, Petrignani A, Pino T, Puga E, Rangwala N, Rapacioli M, Ricca A, Roman-Duval J, Roueff E, Rouillé G, Salama F, Sales DA, Sandstrom K, Sarre P, Sciamma-O'Brien E, Sellgren K, Shannon MJ, Simonnin A, Shenoy SS, Teyssier D, Thomas RD, Togi A, Verstraete L, Witt AN, Wootten A, Ysard N, Zettergren H, Zhang Y, Zhang ZE, Zhen J. A far-ultraviolet-driven photoevaporation flow observed in a protoplanetary disk. Science 2024; 383:988-992. [PMID: 38422128 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh2861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Most low-mass stars form in stellar clusters that also contain massive stars, which are sources of far-ultraviolet (FUV) radiation. Theoretical models predict that this FUV radiation produces photodissociation regions (PDRs) on the surfaces of protoplanetary disks around low-mass stars, which affects planet formation within the disks. We report James Webb Space Telescope and Atacama Large Millimeter Array observations of a FUV-irradiated protoplanetary disk in the Orion Nebula. Emission lines are detected from the PDR; modeling their kinematics and excitation allowed us to constrain the physical conditions within the gas. We quantified the mass-loss rate induced by the FUV irradiation and found that it is sufficient to remove gas from the disk in less than a million years. This is rapid enough to affect giant planet formation in the disk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Berné
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, 31028 Toulouse, France
| | - Emilie Habart
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Els Peeters
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Institute for Earth and Space Exploration, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Carl Sagan Center, Search for ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - Ilane Schroetter
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, 31028 Toulouse, France
| | - Amélie Canin
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, 31028 Toulouse, France
| | - Ameek Sidhu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Institute for Earth and Space Exploration, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Ryan Chown
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Institute for Earth and Space Exploration, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Emeric Bron
- Laboratoire d'Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière, Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris Science et Lettres, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, F-92190 Meudon, France
| | - Thomas J Haworth
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Pamela Klaassen
- UK Astronomy Technology Centre, Royal Observatory Edinburgh, Blackford Hill EH9 3HJ, UK
| | - Boris Trahin
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | | | - Felipe Alarcón
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Marion Zannese
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Alain Abergel
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Edwin A Bergin
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jeronimo Bernard-Salas
- ACRI-ST, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche de Grasse, F-06130 Grasse, France
- Innovative Common Laboratory for Space Spectroscopy, 06130 Grasse, France
| | | | - Jan Cami
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Institute for Earth and Space Exploration, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Carl Sagan Center, Search for ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - Sara Cuadrado
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emmanuel Dartois
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Daniel Dicken
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Meriem Elyajouri
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Asunción Fuente
- Centro de Astrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain
| | - Javier R Goicoechea
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Karl D Gordon
- Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Lina Issa
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, 31028 Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Joblin
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, 31028 Toulouse, France
| | - Olga Kannavou
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Baria Khan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Ozan Lacinbala
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - David Languignon
- Laboratoire d'Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière, Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris Science et Lettres, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, F-92190 Meudon, France
| | - Romane Le Gal
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, 31028 Toulouse, France
- Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, F-38406 Saint-Martin d'Hères, France
| | | | - Raphael Meshaka
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Yoko Okada
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - Takashi Onaka
- Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Meisei University, Hino, Tokyo 191-8506, Japan
| | - Sofia Pasquini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Marc W Pound
- Astronomy Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Massimo Robberto
- Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Markus Röllig
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - Bethany Schefter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Thiébaut Schirmer
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
- Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-439 92 Onsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas Simmer
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Benoit Tabone
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Alexander G G M Tielens
- Astronomy Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sílvia Vicente
- Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mark G Wolfire
- Astronomy Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Isabel Aleman
- Instituto de Física e Química, Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Itajubá, Brazil
| | - Louis Allamandola
- Astronomy Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Rebecca Auchettl
- Australian Synchrotron, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Clément Baruteau
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, 31028 Toulouse, France
| | - Salma Bejaoui
- Astronomy Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Partha P Bera
- Astronomy Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - John H Black
- Department of Space, Earth, and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, 43992 Onsala, Sweden
| | - Francois Boulanger
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, Université Paris Science et Lettres, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jordy Bouwman
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Institute for Modeling Plasma, Atmospheres, and Cosmic Dust, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Bernhard Brandl
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, 50937 Köln, Germany
- Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HS Delft, Netherlands
| | | | - Sandra Brünken
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Free-Electron Lasers for Infrared eXperiments Laboratory, Radboud University, 6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Andrew Burkhardt
- Department of Physics, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | - Alessandra Candian
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, 50937 Köln, Germany
- Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stéphanie Cazaux
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jose Cernicharo
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marin Chabot
- Laboratoire de Physique des deux infinis Irène Joliot-Curie, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Shubhadip Chakraborty
- Institut de Physique de Rennes, CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France
- Department of Chemistry, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management, Bangalore, India
| | - Jason Champion
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, 31028 Toulouse, France
| | - Sean W J Colgan
- Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-439 92 Onsala, Sweden
| | - Ilsa R Cooke
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Audrey Coutens
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, 31028 Toulouse, France
| | - Nick L J Cox
- ACRI-ST, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche de Grasse, F-06130 Grasse, France
- Innovative Common Laboratory for Space Spectroscopy, 06130 Grasse, France
| | - Karine Demyk
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, 31028 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Cécile Engrand
- Laboratoire de Physique des deux infinis Irène Joliot-Curie, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Sacha Foschino
- Institute for Earth and Space Exploration, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | | | - Lisseth Gavilan
- Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-439 92 Onsala, Sweden
| | - Maryvonne Gerin
- Laboratoire d'Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière, Observatoire de Paris, Paris Science et Lettres University, Sorbonne Université, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Marie Godard
- ACRI-ST, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche de Grasse, F-06130 Grasse, France
| | - Carl A Gottlieb
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Pierre Guillard
- Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Antoine Gusdorf
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, Université Paris Science et Lettres, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75005, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière, Observatoire de Paris, Paris Science et Lettres University, Sorbonne Université, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Hartigan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Jinhua He
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650216, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences South America Center for Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatories, Beijing 100101, China
- Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eric Herbst
- Departments of Chemistry and Astronomy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Liv Hornekaer
- Center for Interstellar Catalysis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Cornelia Jäger
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Eduardo Janot-Pacheco
- Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05509-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael Kaufman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, San José State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA
| | - Francisca Kemper
- Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai, Centro Superior de Investigacion Cientifica, E-08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Institución Catalana de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarah Kendrew
- European Space Agency, Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Maria S Kirsanova
- Institute of Astronomy, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119017 Moscow, Russia
| | - Collin Knight
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Sun Kwok
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Álvaro Labiano
- Telespazio UK, European Space Agency, E-28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas S-Y Lai
- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Timothy J Lee
- Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-439 92 Onsala, Sweden
| | - Bertrand Lefloch
- Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Aigen Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Hendrik Linz
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cameron J Mackie
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Suzanne C Madden
- Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Modelling, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Joëlle Mascetti
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Brett A McGuire
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Pablo Merino
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Centro Superior de Investigacion Cientifica, E28049, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jon A Morse
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Giacomo Mulas
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, 31028 Toulouse, France
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Instituto Nazionale di Astrofisca, 09047 Selargius, Italy
| | - Naslim Neelamkodan
- Department of Physics, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ryou Ohsawa
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
| | - Roberta Paladini
- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | | | - Amit Pathak
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Yvonne J Pendleton
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Annemieke Petrignani
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GD Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Pino
- Innovative Common Laboratory for Space Spectroscopy, 06130 Grasse, France
| | - Elena Puga
- European Space Agency, Villanueva de la Cañada, E-28692 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mathias Rapacioli
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Alessandra Ricca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-439 92 Onsala, Sweden
| | - Julia Roman-Duval
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Evelyne Roueff
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gaël Rouillé
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Farid Salama
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Dinalva A Sales
- Instituto de Matemática, Estatística e Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, 96201-900, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Karin Sandstrom
- Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences, Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Peter Sarre
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | - Kris Sellgren
- Astronomy Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | - Adrien Simonnin
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, 31028 Toulouse, France
| | | | - David Teyssier
- European Space Agency, Villanueva de la Cañada, E-28692 Madrid, Spain
| | - Richard D Thomas
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aditya Togi
- Department of Physics, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Laurent Verstraete
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Adolf N Witt
- Ritter Astrophysical Research Center, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Alwyn Wootten
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Nathalie Ysard
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, 31028 Toulouse, France
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | | | - Yong Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Ziwei E Zhang
- Star and Planet Formation Laboratory, Rikagaku Kenkyusho Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Junfeng Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui 230026, China
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