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Amodu IO, Olaojotule FA, Ogbogu MN, Olaiya OA, Benjamin I, Adeyinka AS, Louis H. Adsorption and sensor performance of transition metal-decorated zirconium-doped silicon carbide nanotubes for NO 2 gas application: a computational insight. RSC Adv 2024; 14:5351-5369. [PMID: 38348297 PMCID: PMC10859909 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08796d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Owing to the fact that the detection limit of already existing sensor-devices is below 100% efficiency, the use of 3D nanomaterials as detectors and sensors for various pollutants has attracted interest from researchers in this field. Therefore, the sensing potentials of bare and the impact of Cu-group transition metal (Cu, Ag, Au)-functionalized silicon carbide nanotube (SiCNT) nanostructured surfaces were examined towards the efficient detection of NO2 gas in the atmosphere. All computational calculations were carried out using the density functional theory (DFT) electronic structure method at the B3LYP-D3(BJ)/def2svp level of theory. The mechanistic results showed that the Cu-functionalized silicon carbide nanotube surface possesses the greatest adsorption energies of -3.780 and -2.925 eV, corresponding to the adsorption at the o-site and n-site, respectively. Furthermore, the lowest energy gap of 2.095 eV for the Cu-functionalized surface indicates that adsorption at the o-site is the most stable. The stability of both adsorption sites on the Cu-functionalized surface was attributed to the small ellipticity (ε) values obtained. Sensor mechanisms confirmed that among the surfaces, the Cu-functionalized surface exhibited the best sensing properties, including sensitivity, conductivity, and enhanced adsorption capacity. Hence, the Cu-functionalized SiCNT can be considered a promising choice as a gas sensor material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail O Amodu
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
- Department of Mathematics, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
| | - Faith A Olaojotule
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
| | - Miracle N Ogbogu
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
| | | | - Innocent Benjamin
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
- Department of Research Analytics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University Chennai India
| | - Adedapo S Adeyinka
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg Pretoria South Africa
| | - Hitler Louis
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
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2
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Gber TE, Louis H, Ngana OC, Amodu IO, Ekereke EE, Benjamin I, Adalikwu SA, Adeyinka A. Yttrium- and zirconium-decorated Mg 12O 12-X (X = Y, Zr) nanoclusters as sensors for diazomethane (CH 2N 2) gas. RSC Adv 2023; 13:25391-25407. [PMID: 37636506 PMCID: PMC10448449 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02939e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diazomethane (CH2N2) presents a notable hazard as a respiratory irritant, resulting in various adverse effects upon exposure. Consequently, there has been increasing concern in the field of environmental research to develop a sensor material that exhibits heightened sensitivity and conductivity for the detection and adsorption of this gas. Therefore, this study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the geometric structure of three systems: CH2N2@MgO (C1), CH2N2@YMgO (CY1), and CH2N2@ZrMgO (CZ1), in addition to pristine MgO nanocages. The investigation involves a theoretical analysis employing the DFT/ωB97XD method at the GenECP/6-311++G(d,p)/SDD level of theory. Notably, the examination of bond lengths within the MgO cage yielded specific values, including Mg15-O4 (1.896 Å), Mg19-O4 (1.952 Å), and Mg23-O4 (1.952 Å), thereby offering valuable insights into the structural properties and interactions with CH2N2 gas. Intriguingly, after the interaction, bond length variations were observed, with CH2N2@MgO exhibiting shorter bonds and CH2N2@YMgO showcasing longer bonds. Meanwhile, CH2N2@ZrMgO displayed shorter bonds, except for a longer bond in Mg19-O4, suggesting increased stability due to shorter bond distances. The study further investigated the electronic properties, revealing changes in the energy gap that influenced electrical conductivity and sensitivity. The energy gap increased for Zr@MgO, CH2N2@MgO, CH2N2@YMgO, and CH2N2@ZrMgO, indicating weak interactions on the MgO surface. Conversely, Y@MgO showed a decrease in energy, suggesting a strong interaction. The pure MgO surface exhibited the ability to donate and accept electrons, resulting in an energy gap of 4.799 eV. Surfaces decorated with yttrium and zirconium exhibited decreased energies of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), as well as decreased energy gap, indicating increased conductivity and sensitivity. Notably, Zr@MgO had the highest energy gap before CH2N2 adsorption, but C1 exhibited a significantly higher energy gap after adsorption, implying increased conductivity and sensitivity. The study also examined the density of states, demonstrating significant variations in the electronic properties of MgO and its decorated surfaces due to CH2N2 adsorption. Moreover, various analysis techniques were employed, including natural bond orbital (NBO), quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), and noncovalent interaction (NCI) analysis, which provided insights into bonding, charge density, and intermolecular interactions. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the sensing mechanisms of CH2N2 gas on nanocage surfaces, shedding light on adsorption energy, conductivity, and recovery time. These results hold significance for gas-sensing applications and provide a basis for further exploration and development in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terkumbur E Gber
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
| | - Hitler Louis
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
- Centre for Herbal Pharmacology and Environmental Sustainability, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education Kelambakkam-603103 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Obinna C Ngana
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federal University of Wukari Wukari Taraba State Nigeria
| | - Ismail O Amodu
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
| | - Ernest E Ekereke
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
| | - Innocent Benjamin
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
| | - Stephen A Adalikwu
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
| | - Adedapo Adeyinka
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg South Africa
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Louis H, Amodu IO, Eno EA, Benjamin I, Gber TE, Unimuke TO, Isang BB, Adeyinka AS. Modeling the Interactionof F-gases on Ruthenium-Doped Boron Nitridenanotube. Chemistry Africa 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-023-00645-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Matlou ML, Louis H, Charlie DE, Agwamba EC, Amodu IO, Tembu VJ, Manicum ALE. Anticancer Activities of Re(I) Tricarbonyl and Its Imidazole-Based Ligands: Insight from a Theoretical Approach. ACS Omega 2023; 8:10242-10252. [PMID: 36969470 PMCID: PMC10035000 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Rhenium complexes have been observed experimentally to exhibit good inhibitory activity against malignant cells. Hence, our motivation is to explore this activity from a theoretical perspective. In the present study, density functional theory (DFT) and in silico molecular docking approaches were utilized to unravel the unique properties of metal-based rhenium tricarbonyl complexes as effective anticancer drugs. All DFT calculations and geometric optimizations were conducted using the well-established hybrid functional B3LYP-GD(BJ)/Gen/6-311++G(d,p)/LanL2DZ computational method. The FT-IR spectroscopic characterization of the complexes: fac-[Re(Pico)(CO)3(Pz)] (R1), fac-[Re(Pico)(CO)3(Py)] (R2), fac-[Re(Dfpc)(CO)3(H2O)] (R3), fac-[Re(Dfpc)(CO)3(Pz)] (R4), fac-[Re(Dfpc)(CO)3(Py)] (R5), fac-[Re(Tfpc)(CO)3(H2O)] (R6), fac-[Re(Tfpc)(CO)3(Py)] (R7), and fac-[Re(Tfpc)(CO)3(Im)] (R8) was explored. To gain insights into the electronic structural properties, bioactivity, and stability of these complexes, the highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital analysis, binding energy, and topological analysis based on quantum theory of atoms-in-molecules were considered. The anticancer activities of the complexes were measured via in silico molecular docking against human BCL-2 protein (IG5M) and proapoptotic (agonist) BAX 1 protein (450O). The results showed that the studied complexes exhibited good binding affinity (-3.25 to -10.16 kcal/mol) and could cause significant disruption of the normal physiological functions of the studied proteins. The results of DFT calculations also showed that the studied complexes exhibited good stability and are suitable candidates for the development of anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabu L. Matlou
- Department
of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, P.O. Box X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Hitler Louis
- Computational
and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University
of Calabar, Calabar 540211, Nigeria
| | - Destiny E. Charlie
- Computational
and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University
of Calabar, Calabar 540211, Nigeria
| | - Ernest C. Agwamba
- Computational
and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University
of Calabar, Calabar 540211, Nigeria
- Department
of Chemistry, Covenant University, Ota 50001, Nigeria
| | - Ismail O. Amodu
- Computational
and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University
of Calabar, Calabar 540211, Nigeria
| | - Vuyelwa J. Tembu
- Department
of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, P.O. Box X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Amanda-Lee E. Manicum
- Department
of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, P.O. Box X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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Ntui TN, Louis H, Isang BB, Imojara A, Amodu IO, Benjamin I, Akinterinwa A, Adeyinka AS. Trapping of dichlorosilane (H2SiCl2) gas by transition metals doped fullerene nanostructured materials. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2023.100940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Louis H, Chima CM, Amodu IO, Gber TE, Unimuke TO, Adeyinka AS. Organochlorine detection on transition metals (X=Zn, Ti, Ni, Fe, and Cr) anchored fullerenes (C
23
X). ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hitler Louis
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry Faculty of Physical Sciences University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
| | - Chioma M. Chima
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry Faculty of Physical Sciences University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
| | - Ismail O. Amodu
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
- Department of Mathematics Faculty of Physical Sciences University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
| | - Terkumbur E. Gber
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry Faculty of Physical Sciences University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
| | - Tomsmith O. Unimuke
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry Faculty of Physical Sciences University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
| | - Adedapo S. Adeyinka
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
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Louis H, Ekereke EE, Isang BB, Ikeuba AI, Amodu IO, Gber TE, Owen AE, Adeyinka AS, Agwamba EC. Assessing the Performance of Al 12N 12 and Al 12P 12 Nanostructured Materials for Alkali Metal Ion (Li, Na, K) Batteries. ACS Omega 2022; 7:46183-46202. [PMID: 36570229 PMCID: PMC9773795 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on the potential of aluminum nitride (Al12N12) and aluminum phosphide (Al12P12) nanomaterials as anode electrodes of lithium-ion (Li-ion), sodium-ion (Na-ion), and potassium-ion (K-ion) batteries as investigated via density functional theory (DFT) calculations at PBE0-D3, M062X-D3, and DSDPBEP86 as the reference method. The results show that the Li-ion battery has a higher cell voltage with a binding energy of -1.210 eV and higher reduction potential of -6.791 kcal/mol compared to the sodium and potassium ion batteries with binding energies of -0.749 and -0.935 eV and reduction potentials of -6.414 and -6.513 kcal/mol, respectively, using Al12N12 material. However, in Al12P12, increases in the binding energy and reduction potential were observed in the K-ion battery with values -1.485 eV and -7.535 kcal/mol higher than the Li and Na ion batteries with binding energy and reduction potential -1.483, -1.311 eV and -7.071, -7.184 eV, respectively. Finally, Al12N12 and Al12P12 were both proposed as novel anode electrodes in Li-ion and K-ion batteries with the highest performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitler Louis
- Computational
and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University
of Calabar, Calabar540221, Nigeria
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar540221, Nigeria
| | - Ernest E. Ekereke
- Computational
and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University
of Calabar, Calabar540221, Nigeria
- Department
of Mathematics, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar540221, Nigeria
| | - Bartholomew B. Isang
- Computational
and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University
of Calabar, Calabar540221, Nigeria
- Department
of Mathematics, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar540221, Nigeria
| | - Alexander I. Ikeuba
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar540221, Nigeria
| | - Ismail O. Amodu
- Computational
and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University
of Calabar, Calabar540221, Nigeria
- Department
of Mathematics, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar540221, Nigeria
| | - Terkumbur E. Gber
- Computational
and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University
of Calabar, Calabar540221, Nigeria
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar540221, Nigeria
| | - Aniekan E. Owen
- Computational
and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University
of Calabar, Calabar540221, Nigeria
- School
of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St AndrewsKY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Adedapo S. Adeyinka
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park2006South Africa
| | - Ernest C. Agwamba
- Computational
and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University
of Calabar, Calabar540221, Nigeria
- Department
of Chemistry, Covenant University, Ota50001, Nigeria
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Apebende CG, Louis H, Owen AE, Benjamin I, Amodu IO, Gber TE, Asogwa FC. Adsorption properties of metal functionalized fullerene (C 59Au, C 59Hf, C 59Ag, and C 59Ir) nanoclusters for application as a biosensor for hydroxyurea (HXU): insight from theoretical computation. Z PHYS CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2022-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This theoretical study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of fullerene C60 and its metal functionalized nano clusters (C59Au, C59Hf, C59Ag and C59Ir) as a sensor for hydroxyurea (HXU). The various conclusions concerning the adsorption and sensing properties of the studied nano surfaces were achieved using density functional theory (DFT) at the M062X-D3/gen/LanL2DZ/def2svp level of theory. Among the nano clusters studied for this interaction, analysis of the HOMO–LUMO energy differences (E
g) showed that HXU@C59Hg (H2) reflects the least energy gap of 3.042 eV, indicating its greater reactivity, sensitivity and conductivity. Also, the adsorption phenomenon in this current study is best described as chemisorptions owing to the negative adsorption enthalpies observed. Thus, the adsorption energy (E
Ad) follows an increasing pattern of: HXU@C60 (C1) (−0.218 eV) < HXU@C59Ir (I1) (−1.361 eV) < HXU@C59Au (A1) (−1.986 eV) < HXU@C59Hf (H1) (−2.640 eV) < HXU@C59Hg (H2) (−3.347 eV). Least E
g, highest E
Ad and non-covalent nature of interaction attributed to C59Hg surface are sufficient to show that, among all studied surfaces, C59Hg surface emerged as the most suitable adsorbent for the adsorption of HXU. Hence, it can be used in modeling future adsorbent material for hydroxyurea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chioma G. Apebende
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group , University of Calabar , Calabar , Nigeria
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences , University of Calabar , Calabar , Nigeria
| | - Hitler Louis
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group , University of Calabar , Calabar , Nigeria
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences , University of Calabar , Calabar , Nigeria
| | - Aniekan E. Owen
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group , University of Calabar , Calabar , Nigeria
| | - Innocent Benjamin
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group , University of Calabar , Calabar , Nigeria
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences , University of Calabar , Calabar , Nigeria
| | - Ismail O. Amodu
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group , University of Calabar , Calabar , Nigeria
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Physical Sciences , University of Calabar , Calabar , Nigeria
| | - Terkumbur E. Gber
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group , University of Calabar , Calabar , Nigeria
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences , University of Calabar , Calabar , Nigeria
| | - Fredrick C. Asogwa
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group , University of Calabar , Calabar , Nigeria
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences , University of Calabar , Calabar , Nigeria
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Louis H, Charlie DE, Amodu IO, Benjamin I, Gber TE, Agwamba EC, Adeyinka AS. Probing the Reactions of Thiourea (CH 4N 2S) with Metals (X = Au, Hf, Hg, Ir, Os, W, Pt, and Re) Anchored on Fullerene Surfaces (C 59X). ACS Omega 2022; 7:35118-35135. [PMID: 36211036 PMCID: PMC9535727 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Upon various investigations conducted in search for a nanosensor material with the best sensing performance, the need to explore these materials cannot be overemphasized as materials associated with best sensing attributes are of vast interest to researchers. Hence, there is a need to investigate the adsorption performances of various metal-doped fullerene surfaces: C59Au, C59Hf, C59Hg, C59Ir, C59Os, C59Pt, C59Re, and C59W on thiourea [SC(NH2)2] molecule using first-principles density functional theory computation. Comparative adsorption study has been carried out on various adsorption models of four functionals, M06-2X, M062X-D3, PBE0-D3, and ωB97XD, and two double-hybrid (DH) functionals, DSDPBEP86 and PBE0DH, as reference at Gen/def2svp/LanL2DZ. The visual study of weak interactions such as quantum theory of atoms in molecule analysis and noncovalent interaction analysis has been invoked to ascertain these results, and hence we arrived at a conclusive scientific report. In all cases, the weak adsorption observed is best described as physisorption phenomena, and CH4N2S@C59Pt complex exhibits better sensing attributes than its studied counterparts in the interactions between thiourea molecule and transition metal-doped fullerene surfaces. Also, in the comparative adsorption study, DH density functionals show better performance in estimating the adsorption energies due to their reduced mean absolute deviation (MAD) and root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) values of (MAD = 1.0305, RMSD = 1.6277) and (MAD = 0.9965, RMSD = 1.6101) in DSDPBEP86 and PBE0DH, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitler Louis
- Computational
and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University
of Calabar, Calabar 540221, Nigeria
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar 540221, Nigeria
| | - Destiny E. Charlie
- Computational
and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University
of Calabar, Calabar 540221, Nigeria
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar 540221, Nigeria
| | - Ismail O. Amodu
- Computational
and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University
of Calabar, Calabar 540221, Nigeria
- Department
of Mathematics, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar 540221, Nigeria
| | - Innocent Benjamin
- Computational
and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University
of Calabar, Calabar 540221, Nigeria
| | - Terkumbur E. Gber
- Computational
and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University
of Calabar, Calabar 540221, Nigeria
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar 540221, Nigeria
| | - Ernest C. Agwamba
- Computational
and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University
of Calabar, Calabar 540221, Nigeria
| | - Adedapo S. Adeyinka
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
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