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van de Kamp JM, Betsalel OT, Mercimek-Mahmutoglu S, Abulhoul L, Grünewald S, Anselm I, Azzouz H, Bratkovic D, de Brouwer A, Hamel B, Kleefstra T, Yntema H, Campistol J, Vilaseca MA, Cheillan D, D’Hooghe M, Diogo L, Garcia P, Valongo C, Fonseca M, Frints S, Wilcken B, von der Haar S, Meijers-Heijboer HE, Hofstede F, Johnson D, Kant SG, Lion-Francois L, Pitelet G, Longo N, Maat-Kievit JA, Monteiro JP, Munnich A, Muntau AC, Nassogne MC, Osaka H, Ounap K, Pinard JM, Quijano-Roy S, Poggenburg I, Poplawski N, Abdul-Rahman O, Ribes A, Arias A, Yaplito-Lee J, Schulze A, Schwartz CE, Schwenger S, Soares G, Sznajer Y, Valayannopoulos V, Van Esch H, Waltz S, Wamelink MMC, Pouwels PJW, Errami A, van der Knaap MS, Jakobs C, Mancini GM, Salomons GS. Phenotype and genotype in 101 males with X-linked creatine transporter deficiency. J Med Genet 2013; 50:463-72. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2013-101658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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2
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van Rij MC, de Koning Gans PAM, Aalfs CM, Elting M, Ippel PF, Maat-Kievit JA, Vermeer S, Verschuuren-Bemelmans CC, van Belzen MJ, Belfroid RDM, Losekoot M, Geraedts JPM, Roos RAC, Tibben A, de Die-Smulders CEM, Bijlsma EK. Prenatal testing for Huntington's disease in the Netherlands from 1998 to 2008. Clin Genet 2013; 85:78-86. [PMID: 23350614 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to give an overview of the number of prenatal tests for Huntington's disease (HD), test results, and pregnancy outcomes in the Netherlands between 1998 and 2008 and to compare them with available data from the period 1987 to 1997. A total of 126 couples underwent prenatal diagnosis (PND) on 216 foetuses: 185 (86%) direct tests and 31 (14%) exclusion tests. In 9% of direct tests the risk for the foetus was 25%. Four at-risk parents (4%) carried intermediate alleles. Ninety-one foetuses had CAG expansions ≥36% or 50% risk haplotypes: 75 (82%) were terminated for HD, 12 (13%) were carried to term; four pregnancies were miscarried, terminated for other reasons or lost to follow-up. Unaffected pregnancies (122 foetuses) resulted in the birth of 112 children. The estimated uptake of PND was 22% of CAG expansion carriers (≥36 repeats) at reproductive age. PND was used by two new subgroups: carriers of intermediate alleles and 50% at-risk persons opting for a direct prenatal test of the foetus. A significant number of HD expansion or 50% risk pregnancies were continued. Speculations were made on causative factors contributing to these continuations. Further research on these couples' motives is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C van Rij
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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3
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Seelaar H, Kamphorst W, Rosso SM, Azmani A, Masdjedi R, de Koning I, Maat-Kievit JA, Anar B, Donker Kaat L, Breedveld GJ, Dooijes D, Rozemuller JM, Bronner IF, Rizzu P, van Swieten JC. Distinct genetic forms of frontotemporal dementia. Neurology 2008; 71:1220-6. [PMID: 18703462 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000319702.37497.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is the second most common type of presenile dementia and can be distinguished into various clinical variants. The identification of MAPT and GRN defects and the discovery of the TDP-43 protein in FTD have led to the classification of pathologic and genetic subtypes. In addition to these genetic subtypes, there exist familial forms of FTD with unknown genetic defects. METHODS We investigated the frequency, demographic, and clinical data of patients with FTD with a positive family history in our prospective cohort of 364 patients. Genetic analysis of genes associated with FTD was performed on all patients with a positive family history. Immunohistochemical studies were carried out with a panel of antibodies (tau, ubiquitin, TDP-43) in brains collected at autopsy. RESULTS In the total cohort of 364 patients, 27% had a positive family history suggestive for an autosomal mode of inheritance, including MAPT (11%) and GRN (6%) mutations. We identified a new Gln300X GRN mutation in a patient with a sporadic FTD. The mean age at onset in GRN patients (61.8 +/- 9.9 years) was higher than MAPT patients (52.4 +/- 5.9 years). In the remaining 10% of patients with suggestive autosomal dominant inheritance, the genetic defect has yet to be identified. Neuropathologically, this group can be distinguished into familial FTLD+MND and familial FTLD-U with hippocampal sclerosis. CONCLUSION Future genetic studies need to identify genetic defects in at least two distinct familial forms of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) with unknown genetic defects: frontotemporal lobe degeneration with ubiquitin-positive inclusions with hippocampal sclerosis and frontotemporal lobe degeneration with motor neuron disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Seelaar
- Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Neurology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Cerebellar ataxias represent a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders. Two main categories are distinguished: hereditary and sporadic ataxias. Sporadic ataxias may be symptomatic or idiopathic. The clinical classification of hereditary ataxias is nowadays being replaced by an expanding genotype-based classification. A large spectrum of degenerative and metabolic disorders may also present with ataxia early or late in the course of disease. We present a diagnostic algorithm for the adult patient presenting with subacute cerebellar ataxia, based on family history and straightforward clinical characteristics of the patient. Along with the algorithm, an overview of the autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked, mitochondrial, symptomatic and idiopathic subtypes of cerebellar ataxia is presented. An appropriate diagnosis is of utmost importance to such considerations as prognosis, genetic counselling and possible therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Brusse
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Bonifati V, Rohé CF, Breedveld GJ, Fabrizio E, De Mari M, Tassorelli C, Tavella A, Marconi R, Nicholl DJ, Chien HF, Fincati E, Abbruzzese G, Marini P, De Gaetano A, Horstink MW, Maat-Kievit JA, Sampaio C, Antonini A, Stocchi F, Montagna P, Toni V, Guidi M, Dalla Libera A, Tinazzi M, De Pandis F, Fabbrini G, Goldwurm S, de Klein A, Barbosa E, Lopiano L, Martignoni E, Lamberti P, Vanacore N, Meco G, Oostra BA. Early-onset parkinsonism associated with PINK1 mutations: frequency, genotypes, and phenotypes. Neurology 2006; 65:87-95. [PMID: 16009891 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000167546.39375.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence, nature, and associated phenotypes of PINK1 gene mutations in a large series of patients with early-onset (<50 years) parkinsonism. METHODS The authors studied 134 patients (116 sporadic and 18 familial; 77% Italian) and 90 Italian controls. The whole PINK1 coding region was sequenced from genomic DNA; cDNA was analyzed in selected cases. RESULTS Homozygous pathogenic mutations were identified in 4 of 90 Italian sporadic cases, including the novel Gln456Stop mutation; single heterozygous truncating or missense mutations were found in another 4 Italian sporadic cases, including two novel mutations, Pro196Leu and Gln456Stop. Pathogenic mutations were not identified in the familial cases. Novel (Gln115Leu) and known polymorphisms were identified with similar frequency in cases and controls. In cases carrying single heterozygous mutation, cDNA analysis detected no additional mutations, and revealed a major pathogenic effect at mRNA level for the mutant C1366T/Gln456Stop allele. All patients with homozygous mutations had very early disease onset, slow progression, and excellent response to l-dopa, including, in some, symmetric onset, dystonia at onset, and sleep benefit, resembling parkin-related disease. Phenotype in patients with single heterozygous mutation was similar, but onset was later. CONCLUSIONS PINK1 homozygous mutations are a relevant cause of disease among Italian sporadic patients with early-onset parkinsonism. The role of mutations found in single heterozygous state is difficult to interpret. Our study suggests that, at least in some patients, these mutations are disease causing, in combination with additional, still unknown factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bonifati
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Breedveld GJ, van Wetten B, te Raa GD, Brusse E, van Swieten JC, Oostra BA, Maat-Kievit JA. A new locus for a childhood onset, slowly progressive autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia maps to chromosome 11p15. J Med Genet 2005; 41:858-66. [PMID: 15520412 PMCID: PMC1735612 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2004.019232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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van de Warrenburg BPC, Sinke RJ, Verschuuren-Bemelmans CC, Scheffer H, Brunt ER, Ippel PF, Maat-Kievit JA, Dooijes D, Notermans NC, Lindhout D, Knoers NVAM, Kremer HPH. Spinocerebellar ataxias in the Netherlands: prevalence and age at onset variance analysis. Neurology 2002; 58:702-8. [PMID: 11889231 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.58.5.702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND International prevalence estimates of autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias (ADCA) vary from 0.3 to 2.0 per 100,000. The prevalence of ADCA in the Netherlands is unknown. Fifteen genetic loci have been identified (SCA-1-8, SCA-10-14, SCA-16, and SCA-17) and nine of the corresponding genes have been cloned. In SCA-1, SCA2, SCA3, SCA6, SCA7, SCA-12 and SCA-17 the mutation has been shown to be an expanded CAG repeat. Previously, the length of the CAG repeat was found to account for 50 to 80% of variance in age at onset. Because of heterogeneity in encoded proteins, different pathophysiologic mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration could be involved. The relationship between CAG repeat length and age at onset would then differ accordingly. METHOD Based on the results of SCA mutation analysis in the three DNA diagnostic laboratories that serve the entire Dutch population, the authors surveyed the number of families and affected individuals per SCA gene, as well as individual repeat length and age at onset. Regression analysis was applied to study the relationship between CAG repeat length and age at onset per SCA gene. The slopes of the different regression curves were compared. RESULTS On November 1, 2000, mutations were found in 145 ADCA families and 391 affected individuals were identified. The authors extrapolated a minimal prevalence of 3.0 per 100,000 (range 2.8 to 3.8/100,000). SCA3 was the most frequent mutation. CAG repeat length contributed to 52 to 76% of age at onset variance. Regression curve slopes for SCA-1, SCA2, SCA3, and SCA7 did not differ significantly. CONCLUSIONS The estimated minimal prevalence of ADCA in the Netherlands is 3.0 per 100,000 inhabitants. Except for SCA6, the relationship between age at onset and CAG repeat expansion does not differ significantly between SCA-1, SCA2, SCA3, and SCA7 patient groups in our population, indicating that these SCA subtypes share similar mechanisms of polyglutamine-induced neurotoxicity, despite heterogeneity in gene products.
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Maat-Kievit JA, Losekoot M, Roos RA. [From gene to disease; HD gene and Huntington disease]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2001; 145:2120-3. [PMID: 11723754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a late onset, incurable, autosomal dominantly-inherited, progressive neuropsychiatric disease, characterised by chorea, changes in personality, mood and behaviour, and dementia. Huntington's disease is a clinical diagnosis. The advent of DNA diagnosis has made predictive, prenatal and preimplantation testing possible for at-risk persons or asymptomatic carriers. The prevalence is estimated to be 3-10/100,000 among individuals of European descent; HD is less common in other ethnic groups. Huntington's disease is caused by an expanded trinucleotide CAG repeat in the HD gene on chromosome 4. The gene encodes for the protein huntingtin, with an as yet unknown function. The mutated huntingtin has an elongated stretch of glutamines which leads to a gain of function such as overactivity, excitotoxicity, or to interactions with other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Maat-Kievit
- Erasmus Universitair Medisch Centrum, afd. Klinische Genetica, Westzeedijk 112, 3016 AH Rotterdam.
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Siesling S, Vegter-van de Vlis M, Losekoot M, Belfroid RD, Maat-Kievit JA, Kremer HP, Roos RA. Family history and DNA analysis in patients with suspected Huntington's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000; 69:54-9. [PMID: 10864604 PMCID: PMC1737014 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.69.1.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Until recently a definite diagnosis of Huntington's disease could be made by a combination of clinical findings, a positive family history, and pathological confirmation. Prevalence data are based on these criteria. After finding the gene and its pathogenic mutation direct diagnostic confirmation became available. The aim of this study was to determine to what extent the direct assessment of CAG repeat length has allowed the diagnoses of additional patients, with atypical psychiatric or neurological disease, or those without a family history, that could otherwise not be diagnosed using traditional criteria. PATIENTS AND METHODS From all 191 referred patients suspected of having Huntington's disease between July 1993 and January 1996 CAG repeat length was determined and the family history was reviewed in the Leiden roster. After a retrospective search the patients were subdivided in positive, negative, suspect, and unknown family histories. Patients with an expanded repeat (>35) were finally diagnosed as having Huntington's disease. The family history was compared with the repeat length and the clinical features. RESULTS Clinical information was obtained for 172 patients. Of these, 126 patients had an expanded repeat, 77 had a positive, eight a negative, 40 a suspect, and one an unknown family history. Of the 44 patients with a normal repeat length four had a positive family history. Of the two patients with an intermediate repeat (between 30-36 repeats), one with a negative family history received a clinical diagnosis of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. The other had an unknown family history. CONCLUSION Despite verification of the family history through the Leiden roster, many more patients and families could be diagnosed with the new approach than would have been possible with the traditional criteria. Because prevalence studies have been based on this type of information, the data suggest an underestimation of the prevalence of Huntington's disease in the community of 14%.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Siesling
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
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Helderman-van den Enden AT, Maaswinkel-Mooij PD, Hoogendoorn E, Willemsen R, Maat-Kievit JA, Losekoot M, Oostra BA. Monozygotic twin brothers with the fragile X syndrome: different CGG repeats and different mental capacities. J Med Genet 1999; 36:253-7. [PMID: 10204857 PMCID: PMC1734321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the mechanism of CGG instability and the time frame of instability early in embryonic development in the fragile X syndrome. Discordant monozygotic twin brothers with the fragile X syndrome could give us insight into the time frame of the instability. We describe monochorionic diamniotic twin brothers with the fragile X syndrome who had different CGG repeats and different mental capacities, whereas the normal mother had a premutation. The more retarded brother had a full mutation in all his cells and no FMR-1 protein expression in lymphocytes, whereas the less retarded brother had 50%/50% mosaicism for a premutation and full mutation and FMR-1 protein expression in 26% of his lymphocytes. The differences in repeat size could have arisen either before or after the time of splitting. The time of splitting in this type of twin is around day 6-7. Given the high percentage of mosaicism, we hypothesise that the instability started before the time of splitting at day 6-7.
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van der Maarel SM, Scholten IH, Maat-Kievit JA, Huber I, de Kok YJ, de Wijs I, van de Pol TJ, van Bokhoven H, den Dunnen JT, van Ommen GJ. Yeast artificial chromosome cloning of the Xq13.3-q21.31 region and fine mapping of a deletion associated with choroideremia and nonspecific mental retardation. Eur J Hum Genet 1995; 3:207-18. [PMID: 8528669 DOI: 10.1159/000472301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Microscopically detectable deletions and X;autosome translocations have previously facilitated the construction of a high-resolution interval map of the Xq21 region. Here, we have generated three yeast artificial chromosome contigs spanning approximately 7 megabases of the Xq13.3-q21.31 region. In addition, a novel deletion associated with choroideremia and mental retardation was identified and mapped in detail. The proximal deletion endpoint was positioned between the loci DXS995 and DXS232, which enabled us to confirm the critical region for a locus involved in mental retardation. The distal deletion endpoint is situated in the Xq21.33 band, which allowed us to refine the order of several markers in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M van der Maarel
- Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Maat-Kievit JA, Milla PJ, Collins JE, Baraitser M, Winter RM. A case with blepharophimosis resembling Ohdo syndrome. Clin Dysmorphol 1994; 3:125-7. [PMID: 8055131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Another possible sporadic case of the Ohdo blepharophimosis syndrome is described and compared with the seven patients previously reported. It can be considered a distinctive syndrome showing blepharophimosis, ptosis, dental hypoplasia, mental retardation and deafness. This case helps to define the spectrum of the phenotypic anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Maat-Kievit
- Mothercare Unit of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Maat-Kievit JA, Baraitser M, Winter RM. Total situs inversus associated with the oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum. Clin Dysmorphol 1994; 3:82-6. [PMID: 8205328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A patient is reported with the association of the oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum and situs inversus. Conditions with overlapping features and previously reported conditions associated with the oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum are reviewed. These conditions, as well as the reported association of the oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum and situs inversus can probably be seen as a part of the mesodermal malformation spectrum, due to an early abnormality in the development of the primitive streak or embryonic mesoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Maat-Kievit
- Mothercare Unit of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Maaswinkel-Mooij PD, Kist-van Holthe tot Echten JE, Maat-Kievit JA. [Phenylketonuria in spite of screening]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1993; 137:1727-9. [PMID: 7690466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A girl with psychomotor retardation is described in whom the diagnosis phenylketonuria (PKU) was made at the age of 6.5 years. Previous investigations were not carried out as she was screened for PKU when she was a baby. Since the nationwide neonatal screening for PKU was started in 1974, 4 children have been detected with a false negative test result.
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15
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Porcelijn L, Maat-Kievit JA, van Haeringen A. [Dysmaturity as symptom of the ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting (EEC) syndrome]. Tijdschr Kindergeneeskd 1993; 61:96-9. [PMID: 8211943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Low birthweight as a symptom of the ectrodactyly ectodermal dysplasia clefting (EEC) syndrome is described before by Annerén. By presenting two patients (father and son) we give a brief review of the major and minor symptoms. We would like to add low birthweight as a minor symptom.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Porcelijn
- Afd. Neonatologie, Academisch Ziekenhuis Leiden
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16
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Maat-Kievit JA, Oepkes D, Hartwig NG, Vermeij-Keers C, van Kamp IL, van de Kamp JJ. A large retinoblastoma detected in a fetus at 21 weeks of gestation. Prenat Diagn 1993; 13:377-84. [PMID: 8341636 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1970130510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The facial tumour described here is the first reported case of a large retinoblastoma detected early in pregnancy and adds another item to the differential diagnosis of facial tumours visualized by prenatal ultrasound examination. Ultrasound examination of the fetal eyes can be offered in cases of retinoblastomas where prenatal DNA diagnosis is otherwise impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Maat-Kievit
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands
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17
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Janssen LA, Sandkuyl LA, Merkens EC, Maat-Kievit JA, Sampson JR, Fleury P, Hennekam RC, Grosveld GC, Lindhout D, Halley DJ. Genetic heterogeneity in tuberous sclerosis. Genomics 1990; 8:237-42. [PMID: 1979047 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(90)90277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by widespread hamartosis. Preliminary evidence of linkage between the TSC locus and markers on chromosome 9q34 was established, but subsequently disputed. More recently, a putative TSC locus on chromosome 11 has been suggested and genetic heterogeneity seems likely. Here we describe an approach combining multipoint linkage analysis and heterogeneity tests that has enabled us to obtain significant evidence for locus heterogeneity after studying a relatively small number of families. Our results support a model with two different loci independently causing the disease. One locus (TSC1) maps in the vicinity of the Abelson oncogene at 9q34 and a second locus (TSC2) maps in the region of the anonymous DNA marker Lam L7 and the dopamine D2 receptor gene at 11q23.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Janssen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Hospital Dijkzigt, The Netherlands
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