1
|
Murgia MV, Sharan S, Kaur J, Austin W, Hagen L, Wu L, Chen L, Scott JA, Flaherty DP, Scharf ME, Watts VJ, Hill CA. High-content phenotypic screening identifies novel chemistries that disrupt mosquito activity and development. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2022; 182:105037. [PMID: 35249647 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
New classes of chemistries are needed to control insecticide resistant populations of mosquitoes and prevent transmission of vector-borne diseases (VBDs). Organismal screens of chemical collections have played an important role in the search for new vector insecticides and the identification of active ingredients (AIs) that cause rapid mortality of mosquitoes. Advances in image-based screening offer an opportunity to identify chemistries that operate via novel biochemical modes and investigate the range of phenotypes exhibited by mosquitoes following exposure to lethal and sub-lethal chemical dose. An automated, high throughput phenotypic screen (HTS) employing high-content imaging of first instar (L1) Aedes aegypti larvae was developed to identify chemistries associated with mortality and atypical morphological phenotypes. A pilot screen of the Library of Pharmacologically Active Compounds (LOPAC1280) identified 92 chemistries that disrupted larval activity and development, including conventional insecticides and chemistries known to modulate G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and other molecular targets in mammalian systems. Secondary assay series were used to evaluate a selection of chemistries for impacts on mosquito activity, survival and development. Ritodrine hydrochloride reduced mobility of larvae but had no observable effect on survival and development of mosquitoes. High doses of metergoline suppressed larval activity and sub-lethal dose resulted in pupal mortality. Assay data support the utility of phenotypic screening and diverse entomological end-points for discovery of novel insecticidal chemical scaffolds. The insecticide discovery process must consider how multi-modal efficacy spectra contribute to vector and VBD control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M V Murgia
- Department Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089, USA
| | - S Sharan
- Department Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089, USA
| | - J Kaur
- Department Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089, USA
| | - W Austin
- Department Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089, USA
| | - L Hagen
- Department Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089, USA
| | - L Wu
- Chemical Genomics Facility at Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089, USA
| | - L Chen
- Chemical Genomics Facility at Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089, USA
| | - J A Scott
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089, USA
| | - D P Flaherty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089, USA
| | - M E Scharf
- Department Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089, USA
| | - V J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089, USA
| | - C A Hill
- Department Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Virk A, Bella Jalloh M, Koedoyoma S, Smalle IO, Bolton W, Scott JA, Brown J, Jayne D, Ensor T, King R. What factors shape surgical access in West Africa? A qualitative study exploring patient and provider experiences of managing injuries in Sierra Leone. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e042402. [PMID: 33649054 PMCID: PMC8098971 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Surgical access is central to universalising health coverage, yet 5 billion people lack timely access to safe surgical services. Surgical need is particularly acute in post conflict settings like Sierra Leone. There is limited understanding of the barriers and opportunities at the service delivery and community levels. Focusing on fractures and wound care which constitute an enormous disease burden in Sierra Leone as a proxy for general surgical need, we examine provider and patient perceived factors impeding or facilitating surgical care in the post-Ebola context of a weakened health system. METHODS Across Western Area Urban (Freetown), Bo and Tonkolili districts, 60 participants were involved in 38 semistructured interviews and 22 participants in 5 focus group discussions. Respondents included surgical providers, district-level policy-makers, traditional healers and patients. Data were thematically analysed, combining deductive and inductive techniques to generate codes. RESULTS Interacting demand-side and supply-side issues affected user access to surgical services. On the demand side, high cost of care at medical facilities combined with the affordability and convenient mode of payment to the traditional health practitioners hindered access to the medical facilities. On the supply side, capacity shortages and staff motivation were challenges at facilities. Problems were compounded by patients' delaying care mainly spurred by sociocultural beliefs in traditional practice and economic factors, thereby impeding early intervention for patients with surgical need. In the absence of formal support services, the onus of first aid and frontline trauma care is borne by lay citizens. CONCLUSION Within a resource-constrained context, supply-side strengthening need accompanying by demand-side measures involving community and traditional actors. On the supply side, non-specialists could be effectively utilised in surgical delivery. Existing human resource capacity can be enhanced through better incentives for non-physicians. Traditional provider networks can be deployed for community outreach. Developing a lay responder system for first-aid and front-line support could be a useful mechanism for prompt clinical intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Virk
- Global Health Policy Unit, School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mohamed Bella Jalloh
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Songor Koedoyoma
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Isaac O Smalle
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
- Department of Global Health, King's College, London, UK
| | | | - J A Scott
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Julia Brown
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - David Jayne
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Tim Ensor
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Rebecca King
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Scott JA, Barry PJ, Jones AM, Athwal VS. Management of superior mesenteric venous thrombus in cystic fibrosis related liver disease. Paediatr Respir Rev 2020; 35:106-108. [PMID: 32798114 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal pain is a common feature in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and CF related liver disease (CFLD). Superior mesenteric venous (SMV) thrombosis is an uncommon but important cause of abdominal pain. Management strategies are complicated by an underlying prothrombotic state and increased risk of bleeding from complications of CF and CFLD. This review addresses clinical presentation, detection and management options of an acute SMV thrombus in the context of CF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Scott
- Wythenshawe Hospital, Southmoor Rd, Wythenshawe, Manchester M23 9LT, UK; Divsion of Diabetes, Endocrine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - P J Barry
- Wythenshawe Hospital, Southmoor Rd, Wythenshawe, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - A M Jones
- Wythenshawe Hospital, Southmoor Rd, Wythenshawe, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - V S Athwal
- Wythenshawe Hospital, Southmoor Rd, Wythenshawe, Manchester M23 9LT, UK; Divsion of Diabetes, Endocrine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Boundy-Mills K, McCluskey K, Elia P, Glaeser JA, Lindner DL, Nobles DR, Normanly J, Ochoa-Corona FM, Scott JA, Ward TJ, Webb KM, Webster K, Wertz JE. Preserving US microbe collections sparks future discoveries. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 129:162-174. [PMID: 31758754 PMCID: PMC7383923 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Collections of micro‐organisms are a crucial element of life science research infrastructure but are vulnerable to loss and damage caused by natural or man‐made disasters, the untimely death or retirement of personnel, or the loss of research funding. Preservation of biological collections has risen in priority due to a new appreciation for discoveries linked to preserved specimens, emerging hurdles to international collecting and decreased funding for new collecting. While many historic collections have been lost, several have been preserved, some with dramatic rescue stories. Rescued microbes have been used for discoveries in areas of health, biotechnology and basic life science. Suggestions for long‐term planning for microbial stocks are listed, as well as inducements for long‐term preservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Boundy-Mills
- Phaff Yeast Culture Collection, Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - K McCluskey
- Department of Plant Pathology, Fungal Genetics Stock Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - P Elia
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, USDA-ARS Rhizobium Germplasm Resource Collection, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - J A Glaeser
- Center for Forest Mycology Research, USDA-Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Madison, WI, USA
| | - D L Lindner
- Center for Forest Mycology Research, USDA-Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Madison, WI, USA
| | - D R Nobles
- UTEX Culture Collection of Algae, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - J Normanly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - F M Ochoa-Corona
- National Institute for Microbial Forensics & Food and Agricultural Biosecurity, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - J A Scott
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - T J Ward
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - K M Webb
- Soil Management and Sugar Beet Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - K Webster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.,Institute of Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - J E Wertz
- E. coli Genetic Stock Center, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Breastfeeding is important for health and development. Yet, the interaction between breastfeeding duration and usage of fluoridated water on caries experience has not been investigated. This study examined exposure to fluoridation as an effect modifier of the association between breastfeeding duration and caries. The 2012 to 2014 national population-based study of Australian children involved parental questionnaires and oral epidemiological assessment. Children were grouped by parent-reported breastfeeding duration into minimal (none or <1 mo), breastfed for 1 to <6 mo, breastfed for 6 to 24 mo, and sustained (>24 mo). Residential history and main water source used for the first 2 y of life were collected to group children into exposed (WF) and nonexposed (NF) to fluoridation. Socioeconomic status, infant formula feeding, and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption data were collected. The prevalence and severity of caries in children aged 5 to 6 y were primary outcomes. Multivariable regression models with robust error estimation were generated to compute prevalence ratios (PRs) and mean ratios (MRs) for 3 breastfeeding groups against the reference (breastfed for 6-24 mo). Of the 5- to 6-y-old children, 2,721 were in the WF and 1,737 were in the NF groups. The groups had comparable distributions of socioeconomic factors, infant formula feeding, and SSB consumption. There were U-shape distributions of caries experience among breastfeeding groups, being more pronounced among NF children. Among NF children, the minimal and sustained breastfeeding groups had significantly higher PR (1.4 [1.1-1.9] and 1.8 [1.4-2.4]) and MR (2.1 [1.4-3.3] and 2.4 [1.4-4.1]) than the reference group. However, among the WF children, this association between breastfeeding duration and caries attenuated after adjustment for other factors. The study contributes evidence of a nonlinear (U-shape) association between breastfeeding duration and dental caries. Early life exposure to fluoridated drinking water attenuated the potential cariogenic effect of both lack of and sustained breastfeeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D H Ha
- 1 Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - A J Spencer
- 1 Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - K G Peres
- 1 Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,2 School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - J A Scott
- 4 School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - L G Do
- 1 Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Miliku K, Robertson B, Sharma AK, Subbarao P, Becker AB, Mandhane PJ, Turvey SE, Lefebvre DL, Sears MR, Bode L, Azad MB, Anand SS, Azad M, Becker AB, Befus AD, Brauer M, Brook JR, Chen E, Cyr M, Daley D, Dell SD, Denburg JA, Duan Q, Eiwegger T, Grasemann H, HayGlass K, Hegele RG, Holness DL, Hystad P, Kobor M, Kollman TR, Kozyrskyj AL, Laprise C, Lou WYW, Macri J, Miller G, Moraes TJ, Ramsey C, Ratjen F, Sandford A, Scott JA, Scott J, Silverman F, Simons E, Takaro T, Tebbutt S, To T. Human milk oligosaccharide profiles and food sensitization among infants in the CHILD Study. Allergy 2018; 73:2070-2073. [PMID: 29775217 DOI: 10.1111/all.13476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Miliku
- Manitoba Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION) Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba Winnipeg MB Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB Canada
- The Generation R Study Group Departments of Pediatrics and Epidemiology Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - B. Robertson
- Department of Pediatrics and Larsson‐Rosenquist Foundation Mother‐Milk‐Infant Center of Research Excellence University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA
| | - A. K. Sharma
- George & Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - P. Subbarao
- Departments of Pediatrics & Physiology University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - A. B. Becker
- Manitoba Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION) Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba Winnipeg MB Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - P. J. Mandhane
- Department of Pediatrics University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | - S. E. Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - D. L. Lefebvre
- Department of Medicine McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - M. R. Sears
- Department of Medicine McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - L. Bode
- Department of Pediatrics and Larsson‐Rosenquist Foundation Mother‐Milk‐Infant Center of Research Excellence University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA
| | - M. B. Azad
- Manitoba Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION) Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba Winnipeg MB Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Scott
- Department of Botany, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - D. W. Malloch
- Department of Botany, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - J. B. Gloer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Swaffield CH, Scott JA. Existence and Development of Natural Microbial Populations in Wooden Storage Vats Used for Alcoholic Cider Maturation. Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-53-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. H. Swaffield
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - J. A. Scott
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Scott JA, O'Reilly AM. Use of a Flexible Sponge Matrix to Immobilize Yeast for Beer Fermentation. Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-53-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Scott
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, England
| | - A. M. O'Reilly
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, England
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Scott JA, Daugulis AJ, Al-Mahmoud A, Trotin M, Field RW. Recovery of “Waste” Volatile Organic Compounds Condensed from Beverage Off-Gas by Recyclable High-Boiling Point Extractants. Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-55-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Scott
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY U.K
| | - A. J. Daugulis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, K7L 3L6 Canada
| | - A. Al-Mahmoud
- Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Al-Baath University, Horns, Syria
| | - M. Trotin
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY U.K
| | - R. W. Field
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY U.K
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Scott JA, Trotin M, Daugulis AJ. Removal of Volatiles from Very-High-Gravity Beer Fermentations by Gas (CO2) Stripping. Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-55-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Scott
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - M. Trotin
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - A. J. Daugulis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Scott JA, Cooke DE. Continuous Gas (CO2) Stripping to Remove Volatiles from an Alcoholic Beverage. Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-53-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Scott
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, England
| | - D. E. Cooke
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, England
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pulker CE, Trapp GSA, Scott JA, Pollard CM. What are the position and power of supermarkets in the Australian food system, and the implications for public health? A systematic scoping review. Obes Rev 2018; 19:198-218. [PMID: 29193744 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Supermarkets have been described as having unprecedented and disproportionate power in the food system. This scoping review synthesized the literature that describes the position and power of supermarkets in the Australian food system, and the implications for public health. A systematic search of peer-reviewed and grey literature identified 68 documents that described supermarket power. Implications for public health were also recorded. Data revealed that supermarkets hold a powerful position in the Australian food system, acting as the primary gatekeepers. Supermarkets have obtained instrumental, structural and discursive power from many sources that overlap and reinforce each other. Few positive public health impacts of supermarket power were identified, providing many opportunities for improvement in the domains of food governance, the food system and public health nutrition. There is very little public health research examining the impact of supermarket power in Australia. More research is needed, and examination of supermarket own brands is of particular importance owing to their pivotal role as a source of power and their potential to improve public health outcomes, such as obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C E Pulker
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - G S A Trapp
- Telethon Kids Institute, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for the Built Environment and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - J A Scott
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - C M Pollard
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Health in Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Azad MB, Konya T, Persaud RR, Guttman DS, Chari RS, Field CJ, Sears MR, Mandhane PJ, Turvey SE, Subbarao P, Becker AB, Scott JA, Kozyrskyj AL. Impact of maternal intrapartum antibiotics, method of birth and breastfeeding on gut microbiota during the first year of life: a prospective cohort study. BJOG 2015; 123:983-93. [PMID: 26412384 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dysbiosis of the infant gut microbiota may have long-term health consequences. This study aimed to determine the impact of maternal intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) on infant gut microbiota, and to explore whether breastfeeding modifies these effects. DESIGN Prospective pregnancy cohort of Canadian infants born in 2010-2012: the Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development (CHILD) Study. SETTING General community. SAMPLE Representative sub-sample of 198 healthy term infants from the CHILD Study. METHODS Maternal IAP exposures and birth method were documented from hospital records and breastfeeding was reported by mothers. Infant gut microbiota was characterised by Illumina 16S rRNA sequencing of faecal samples at 3 and 12 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Infant gut microbiota profiles. RESULTS In this cohort, 21% of mothers received IAP for Group B Streptococcus prophylaxis or pre-labour rupture of membranes; another 23% received IAP for elective or emergency caesarean section (CS). Infant gut microbiota community structures at 3 months differed significantly with all IAP exposures, and differences persisted to 12 months for infants delivered by emergency CS. Taxon-specific composition also differed, with the genera Bacteroides and Parabacteroides under-represented, and Enterococcus and Clostridium over-represented at 3 months following maternal IAP. Microbiota differences were especially evident following IAP with emergency CS, with some changes (increased Clostridiales and decreased Bacteroidaceae) persisting to 12 months, particularly among non-breastfed infants. CONCLUSIONS Intrapartum antibiotics in caesarean and vaginal delivery are associated with infant gut microbiota dysbiosis, and breastfeeding modifies some of these effects. Further research is warranted to explore the health consequences of these associations. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Maternal #antibiotics during childbirth alter the infant gut #microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M B Azad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - T Konya
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R R Persaud
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - D S Guttman
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R S Chari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - C J Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - M R Sears
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - P J Mandhane
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - S E Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, Child & Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - P Subbarao
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A B Becker
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - J A Scott
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A L Kozyrskyj
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Behbod B, Sordillo JE, Hoffman EB, Datta S, Webb TE, Kwan DL, Kamel JA, Muilenberg ML, Scott JA, Chew GL, Platts-Mills TAE, Schwartz J, Coull B, Burge H, Gold DR. Asthma and allergy development: contrasting influences of yeasts and other fungal exposures. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45:154-63. [PMID: 25200568 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infancy is a developmental stage with heightened susceptibility to environmental influences on the risk of chronic childhood disease. Few birth cohort studies have detailed measures of fungal diversity data in infants' bedrooms, limiting the potential to measure long-term associations of these complex exposures with development of asthma or allergy. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the relation of home fungal levels in infancy to repeated measures of wheeze and development of asthma and rhinitis by age 13, and sensitization by age 12 years. METHODS In the Epidemiology of Home Allergens and Asthma prospective birth cohort study, we recruited 408 children with family history of allergic disease or asthma. When children were aged 2-3 months, we measured culturable fungi in bedroom air and dust, and in outdoor air. Main outcomes included ascertainment of symptoms/disease onset by questionnaire from birth through age 13. We estimated hazard ratios and, for wheeze and sensitization, odds ratios for an interquartile increase in log-transformed fungal concentrations, adjusting for other outcome predictors and potential confounders. RESULTS Elevated levels of yeasts in bedroom floor dust were associated with reduced: i) wheeze at any age; ii) fungal sensitization; and iii) asthma development by age 13 (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.86; 95% confidence interval (CI), [0.75 to 0.98]). Outdoor airborne Cladosporium and dustborne Aspergillus predicted increased rhinitis. Risk of fungal sensitization by age 12, in response to environmental Alternaria and Aspergillus, was elevated in children with a maternal history of fungal sensitization. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Despite the irritant and allergenic properties of fungi, early-life elevated dust yeast exposures or their components may be protective against allergy and asthma in children at risk for these outcomes. Ascertainment of fungal components associated with immunoprotective effects may have therapeutic relevance for asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Behbod
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Scott JA, Palmer EL. Radiology reports: a quantifiable and objective textual approach. Clin Radiol 2015; 70:1185-91. [PMID: 26169580 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2015.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the feasibility of using automated lexical analysis in conjunction with machine learning to create a means of objectively characterising radiology reports for quality improvement. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve lexical parameters were quantified from the collected reports of four radiologists. These included the number of different words used, number of sentences, reading grade, readability, usage of the passive voice, and lexical metrics of concreteness, ambivalence, complexity, passivity, embellishment, communication and cognition. Each radiologist was statistically compared to the mean of the group for each parameter to determine outlying report characteristics. The reproducibility of these parameters in a given radiologist's reporting style was tested by using only these 12 parameters as input to a neural network designed to establish the authorship of 60 unknown reports. RESULTS Significant differences in report characteristics were observed between radiologists, quantifying and characterising deviations of individuals from the group reporting style. The 12 metrics employed in a neural network correctly identified the author in each of 60 unknown reports tested, indicating a robust parametric signature. CONCLUSION Automated and quantifiable methods can be used to analyse reporting style and provide impartial and objective feedback as well as to detect and characterise significant differences from the group. The parameters examined are sufficiently specific to identify the authors of reports and can potentially be useful in quality improvement and residency training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Scott
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - E L Palmer
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Manns MP, Fried MW, Zeuzem S, Jacobson IM, Forns X, Poordad F, Peeters M, Fu M, Lenz O, Ouwerkerk-Mahadevan S, Jessner W, Scott JA, Kalmeijer R, De La Rosa G, Sinha R, Beumont-Mauviel M. Simeprevir with peginterferon/ribavirin for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection: pooled safety analysis from Phase IIb and III studies. J Viral Hepat 2015; 22:366-75. [PMID: 25363449 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This pooled analysis of five Phase IIb and III studies evaluated the safety and tolerability of simeprevir, a once daily, oral hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease inhibitor. Data were summarised for patients who received simeprevir 150 mg once daily (n = 924) or placebo (n = 540) plus pegylated interferon-α/ribavirin for 12 weeks. During the first 12 weeks of treatment, few patients discontinued simeprevir or placebo due to adverse events (AEs) (both 2.2%). Pruritus (23.8% vs 17.4%), rash (any; 22.9% vs 16.7%) and photosensitivity (3.2% vs 0.6%) [Correction added on 16 January 2015, after first online publication: In the above sentence, the values in 'Photosensitivity' were previously incorrect and have now been changed to 3.2% vs 0.6%.] were more prevalent in the simeprevir vs the placebo groups. Most AEs were grade 1/2 (72.4% for simeprevir vs 71.3% for placebo). All grade 3/4 AEs occurred in <5.0% of patients, except neutropenia (9.8% vs 7.6%). Overall incidence of neutropenia was similar (17.3% vs 15.7%). Incidence of anaemia was 13.2% for simeprevir vs 10.9% for placebo, and incidence of increased bilirubin was 8.4% vs 2.8%. Bilirubin increases were mild-to-moderate and transient without concurrent transaminase increases or association with hepatic injury. Safety and tolerability did not vary with METAVIR score, although increased bilirubin and anaemia were more frequent in simeprevir-treated patients with METAVIR F4 (increased bilirubin, 13.0% vs 3.3%; anaemia, 19.0% vs 14.8%). Serious AEs were infrequent (2.1% for simeprevir vs 3.0% for placebo). No deaths were reported during the first 12 weeks of treatment. Patient-reported fatigue and other outcomes were comparable for both groups, but were of shorter duration for simeprevir due to the use of response-guided therapy. Simeprevir is well tolerated in HCV genotype 1-infected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang X, Khanna N, Wu J, Godri Pollitt K, Evans GJ, Chow CW, Scott JA. Syk mediates airway contractility independent of leukocyte function. Allergy 2015; 70:429-35. [PMID: 25556883 DOI: 10.1111/all.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syk, an immune regulatory tyrosine kinase, plays a role in inflammatory disease processes. We recently reported a role for epithelial expression of Syk in the airways hyper-responsiveness in response to air pollution in a mouse model of asthma. The aim of this study was to further investigate the role of Syk in airway contractility in response to methacholine (MCh) and particulate matter (PM) air pollutants, in the absence of underlying inflammation. METHODS We used Syk(flox/flox) //rosa26CreER(T) (2) conditional Syk knockout mice to evaluate respiratory mechanics and MCh responsiveness following PM exposure in vivo using the ventilator-based flexiVent system. RESULTS While total and differential cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were similar between the Syk(flox/flox) and Syk(del/del) mice, central airways respiratory resistance (RN ) to MCh was significantly augmented following PM exposure between Syk-intact (Syk(flox/flox) ) and Syk-deficient (Syk(del/del) ) mice (RN (max) : 2.06 ± 0.29 vs. 1.29 ± 0.10, respectively; p < 0.05, n = 8-10/group). We employed live videomicroscopy to investigate changes in airway luminal diameter using ex vivo lung slices, which were devoid of circulating leukocytes. MCh reduced the airway luminal area of Syk(flox/flox) mice to 81.1 ± 1.4% of baseline, which was virtually abrogated in Syk(del/del) mice (luminal area = 93.2 ± 0.5%, n = 5/group, p < 0.05). In response to PM exposure, Syk(flox/flox) airways contracted to 73.8 ± 2.7% of baseline luminal diameter, whereas Syk(del/del) airways exhibited minimal contractility to PM and MCh (90.0 ± 1.3% of baseline, n = 5/group, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that Syk mediates airway contractility in the normal and allergic airways, independent of its role and function in leukocytes, and supports a paracrine role for airway epithelial Syk in modulating airway smooth muscle activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X. Wang
- Division of Respirology; Department of Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - N. Khanna
- Division of Respirology; Department of Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - J. Wu
- Division of Respirology; Department of Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - K. Godri Pollitt
- Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering; Southern Ontario Center for Atmospheric Aerosol Research; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - G. J. Evans
- Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering; Southern Ontario Center for Atmospheric Aerosol Research; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - C.-W. Chow
- Division of Respirology; Department of Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering; Southern Ontario Center for Atmospheric Aerosol Research; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Multi-Organ Transplant Programme; University Health Network; Toronto ON Canada
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health; Faculty of Medicine; Dalla Lana School of Public Health; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - J. A. Scott
- Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering; Southern Ontario Center for Atmospheric Aerosol Research; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health; Faculty of Medicine; Dalla Lana School of Public Health; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Health Sciences; Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences; Lakehead University; Thunder Bay ON Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences; Northern Ontario School of Medicine; Thunder Bay ON Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Azad MB, Konya T, Guttman DS, Field CJ, Sears MR, HayGlass KT, Mandhane PJ, Turvey SE, Subbarao P, Becker AB, Scott JA, Kozyrskyj AL. Infant gut microbiota and food sensitization: associations in the first year of life. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45:632-43. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. B. Azad
- Department of Pediatrics; School of Public Health; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health; Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - T. Konya
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - D. S. Guttman
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - C. J. Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
| | - M. R. Sears
- Department of Medicine; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
| | - K. T. HayGlass
- Department of Immunology; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - P. J. Mandhane
- Department of Pediatrics; School of Public Health; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
| | - S. E. Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, Child & Family Research Institute; BC Children's Hospital; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - P. Subbarao
- Department of Pediatrics; Hospital for Sick Children; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - A. B. Becker
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health; Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - J. A. Scott
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - A. L. Kozyrskyj
- Department of Pediatrics; School of Public Health; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg MB Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Moraes TJ, Lefebvre DL, Chooniedass R, Becker AB, Brook JR, Denburg J, HayGlass KT, Hegele RG, Kollmann TR, Macri J, Mandhane PJ, Scott JA, Subbarao P, Takaro TK, Turvey SE, Duncan JD, Sears MR, Befus AD. The Canadian healthy infant longitudinal development birth cohort study: biological samples and biobanking. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2015; 29:84-92. [PMID: 25405552 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is hypothesised that complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors give rise to allergy and asthma in childhood. The Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development (CHILD) study was designed to explore these factors. METHODS CHILD is a longitudinal, general population birth cohort study following infants from mid-pregnancy to age 5 years. Over this time period, biological samples, questionnaires, clinical measures and environmental data are collected. RESULTS A total of 3624 families have been recruited, and many thousands of samples and questionnaires have been collected, annotated, and archived. This report outlines the rationale and methodology for collecting and storing diverse biological samples from parents and children in this study, and the mechanisms for their release for analyses. CONCLUSIONS The CHILD sample and data repository is a tremendous current and future resource and will provide a wealth of information not only informing studies of asthma and allergy, but also potentially in many other aspects of health relevant for Canadian infants and children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J Moraes
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hawkshaw C, Scott JA, Chow CW, Fish EN. LAPCs contribute to the pathogenesis of allergen-induced allergic airway inflammation in mice. Allergy 2014; 69:924-35. [PMID: 24836003 DOI: 10.1111/all.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inflammatory immune response associated with allergic airway inflammation in asthma involves T helper type 2 (Th2) immunity. Given the data that a newly described late activator antigen-presenting cell (LAPC) population promotes Th2 immunity in viral infections, we undertook studies to investigate whether LAPCs have a pathogenic role in allergic airway inflammation. METHODS We employed acute ovalbumin (OVA) and house dust mite (HDM) sensitization and challenge models to establish allergic airway inflammation in mice, followed by the analysis of lungs and draining lymph node (DLN) cell infiltrates, immunoglobulin E (IgE) production, and airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR). We tested whether adoptive transfer of LAPCs isolated from mice with established allergic airway inflammation augments the development of sensitization in naïve mice. RESULTS We provide evidence that in both OVA and HDM mouse models of allergic inflammation, LAPCs accumulate in the lungs and draining lymph nodes (DLNs), concomitant with the onset of lung pathology, allergen-specific IgE production, eosinophilia, and Th2 cytokine production. Adoptive transfer experiments using OVA-activated LAPCs reveal exacerbation of disease pathology with an increase in lung inflammatory cells, eosinophilia, circulating IgE, Th2 cytokine production, and a worsening of AHR. OVA-activated LAPCs preferentially increased GATA-3 induction in naïve CD4(+) T cells. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data suggest an important role for LAPCs in polarizing the Th2 response in mouse models of allergic airway inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Hawkshaw
- Toronto General Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Immunology; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - J. A. Scott
- Department of Health Sciences; Lakehead University; ON Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences; Northern Ontario School of Medicine; Thunder Bay ON Canada
| | - C.-W. Chow
- Toronto General Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Medicine and Multi-Organ Transplant Program; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - E. N. Fish
- Toronto General Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Immunology; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Konya T, Koster B, Maughan H, Escobar M, Azad MB, Guttman DS, Sears MR, Becker AB, Brook JR, Takaro TK, Kozyrskyj AL, Scott JA. Associations between bacterial communities of house dust and infant gut. Environ Res 2014; 131:25-30. [PMID: 24637181 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The human gut is host to a diverse and abundant community of bacteria that influence health and disease susceptibility. This community develops in infancy, and its composition is strongly influenced by environmental factors, notably perinatal anthropogenic exposures such as delivery mode (Cesarean vs. vaginal) and feeding method (breast vs. formula); however, the built environment as a possible source of exposure has not been considered. Here we report on a preliminary investigation of the associations between bacteria in house dust and the nascent fecal microbiota from 20 subjects from the Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development (CHILD) Study using high-throughput sequence analysis of portions of the 16S rRNA gene. Despite significant differences between the dust and fecal microbiota revealed by Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) analysis, permutation analysis confirmed that 14 bacterial OTUs representing the classes Actinobacteria (3), Bacilli (3), Clostridia (6) and Gammaproteobacteria (2) co-occurred at a significantly higher frequency in matched dust-stool pairs than in randomly permuted pairs, indicating an association between these dust and stool communities. These associations could indicate a role for the indoor environment in shaping the nascent gut microbiota, but future studies will be needed to confirm that our findings do not solely reflect a reverse pathway. Although pet ownership was strongly associated with the presence of certain genera in the dust for dogs (Agrococcus, Carnobacterium, Exiguobacterium, Herbaspirillum, Leifsonia and Neisseria) and cats (Escherichia), no clear patterns were observed in the NMDS-resolved stool community profiles as a function of pet ownership.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Konya
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - B Koster
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - H Maughan
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - M Escobar
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - M B Azad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - D S Guttman
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - M R Sears
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Canada
| | | | - J R Brook
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada; Environment Canada, Canada
| | - T K Takaro
- Faculty of Health Science, Simon Fraser University, Canada
| | - A L Kozyrskyj
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - J A Scott
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Macfarlane JG, Ruchaud-Sparagano MH, Scott JA, Bulmer DA, Khan CMA, Simpson AJ. P142 Src kinase inhibition attenuates neutrophil degranulation without impairing bacterial killing: a possible therapeutic strategy for acute lung injury? Thorax 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204457.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
24
|
Behbod B, Sordillo JE, Hoffman EB, Datta S, Muilenberg ML, Scott JA, Chew GL, Platts-Mills TAE, Schwartz J, Burge H, Gold DR. Wheeze in infancy: protection associated with yeasts in house dust contrasts with increased risk associated with yeasts in indoor air and other fungal taxa. Allergy 2013; 68:1410-8. [PMID: 24118031 DOI: 10.1111/all.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While fungal exposures are assumed to provoke wheeze through irritant or allergenic mechanisms, little is known about the differential effects of indoor and outdoor fungi on early-life wheeze. METHODS In a Boston prospective birth cohort of 499 at-risk infants, culturable fungi in bedroom air and dust and outdoor air were measured at the age of 2-3 months. Wheeze was determined using bimonthly telephone questionnaires. Odds ratios were estimated for an interquartile increase in fungal natural log-transformed concentrations, adjusting for predictors of wheeze and potential confounders. RESULTS Increased odds of 'any wheeze' (≥1 vs 0 episodes) by age one were positively associated with indoor dust Alternaria [odds ratio (OR) = 1.83; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07-3.14], Penicillium [OR = 1.18; (0.98-1.43)], and Cladosporium [OR = 1.47; (1.16-1.85)]; indoor air Penicillium [OR = 1.26; (0.92-1.74)]; and outdoor air Cladosporium [OR = 1.68; (1.04-2.72)]. In contrast, indoor dust yeasts were protective [OR = 0.78; (0.66-0.93)]. 'Frequent wheeze' (≥2 vs <2 episodes) by age one was borderline associated with dust yeasts [OR = 0.86; (0.70-1.04)] and indoor air yeasts [OR = 1.53; (0.93-2.53)]. Alternaria concentration was associated with any wheeze for children with maternal mold sensitization [OR = 9.16; (1.37-61.22)], but not for those without maternal mold sensitization [OR = 1.32; (0.79-2.20)]. CONCLUSIONS While wheeze rates were higher with exposures to fungal taxa considered to be irritant or allergenic in sensitive subjects, yeasts in the home had a strong protective association with wheeze in infancy. Molecular microbiologic studies may elucidate specific components of innate microbiologic stimulants that lead to contrasting effects on wheeze development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B. Behbod
- Harvard School of Public Health; Boston MA USA
| | - J. E. Sordillo
- The Channing Laboratory; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
| | - E. B. Hoffman
- Harvard School of Public Health; Boston MA USA
- TIMI Study Group; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Boston MA USA
- Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
| | - S. Datta
- The Channing Laboratory; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
| | | | - J. A. Scott
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - G. L. Chew
- Mailman School of Public Health; Columbia University; New York NY USA
| | | | - J. Schwartz
- Harvard School of Public Health; Boston MA USA
| | - H. Burge
- Harvard School of Public Health; Boston MA USA
| | - D. R. Gold
- Harvard School of Public Health; Boston MA USA
- The Channing Laboratory; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Scott JA. THE INFLUENCE OF SUB-CELLULAR MATERIAL AND pH ON CROSS-FLOW MEMBRANE CLARIFICATION OF CIDER FERMENTATION BROTHS. Journal of the Institute of Brewing 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1991.tb01071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
26
|
Arrandale VH, Kudla I, Kraut AG, Scott JA, Tarlo SM, Redlich CA, Holness DL. Skin and respiratory symptoms among workers with suspected work-related disease. Occup Med (Lond) 2012; 62:420-6. [DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqs133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
27
|
Summerbell RC, Gueidan C, Schroers HJ, de Hoog GS, Starink M, Rosete YA, Guarro J, Scott JA. Acremonium phylogenetic overview and revision of Gliomastix, Sarocladium, and Trichothecium. Stud Mycol 2011; 68:139-62. [PMID: 21523192 PMCID: PMC3065988 DOI: 10.3114/sim.2011.68.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 200 new sequences are generated for members of the genus
Acremonium and related taxa including ribosomal small subunit
sequences (SSU) for phylogenetic analysis and large subunit (LSU) sequences
for phylogeny and DNA-based identification. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that
within the Hypocreales, there are two major clusters containing
multiple Acremonium species. One clade contains Acremonium
sclerotigenum, the genus Emericellopsis, and the genus
Geosmithia as prominent elements. The second clade contains the
genera Gliomastixsensu stricto and Bionectria. In
addition, there are numerous smaller clades plus two multi-species clades, one
containing Acremonium strictum and the type species of the genus
Sarocladium, and, as seen in the combined SSU/LSU analysis, one
associated subclade containing Acremonium breve and related species
plus Acremonium curvulum and related species. This sequence
information allows the revision of three genera. Gliomastix is
revived for five species, G. murorum, G. polychroma, G. tumulicola, G.
roseogrisea, and G. masseei. Sarocladium is extended to
include all members of the phylogenetically distinct A. strictum
clade including the medically important A. kiliense and the
protective maize endophyte A. zeae. Also included in
Sarocladium are members of the phylogenetically delimited
Acremonium bacillisporum clade, closely linked to the A.
strictum clade. The genus Trichothecium is revised following the
principles of unitary nomenclature based on the oldest valid anamorph or
teleomorph name, and new combinations are made in Trichothecium for
the tightly interrelated Acremonium crotocinigenum, Spicellum
roseum, and teleomorph Leucosphaerinaindica. Outside
the Hypocreales, numerous Acremonium-like species fall into
the Plectosphaerellaceae, and A. atrogriseum falls into the
Cephalothecaceae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R C Summerbell
- Sporometrics, Inc. 219 Dufferin Street, Suite 20C, Toronto, Ont., Canada M6K 1Y9
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
AIM To determine the effect of mothers receiving health promotion material and education antenatally and/or postnatally on breastfeeding outcomes in Perth, Western Australia. METHODS A 12-month longitudinal study was conducted in two public maternity hospitals in Perth, Western Australia, between 2002 and 2003. Data were collected on a consecutive sample 587 mothers. RESULTS The results showed that mothers who received an individual consultation or were involved in a discussion on breastfeeding antenatally with hospital staff were approximately 55% less likely to cease fully breastfeeding (HR 0.44; 95% CI 0.24-0.88) before 6 months, and 50% less likely to cease any breastfeeding before 12 months postnatally (HR 0.51; 95% CI 0.28-0.92). In the postnatal period, mothers who received instruction on positioning and attachment of the infant to the breast while in hospital were approximately 30% less likely to cease fully breastfeeding before 6 months (HR 0.66; 95% CI 0.45-0.99). CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest a positive association between receiving individualized breastfeeding information in both the antenatal and postnatal period, and breastfeeding outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P K Pannu
- School of Public Health, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Corbett-Detig J, Habas PA, Scott JA, Kim K, Rajagopalan V, McQuillen PS, Barkovich AJ, Glenn OA, Studholme C. 3D global and regional patterns of human fetal subplate growth determined in utero. Brain Struct Funct 2010; 215:255-63. [PMID: 21046152 PMCID: PMC3041913 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-010-0286-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The waiting period of subplate evolution is a critical phase for the proper formation of neural connections in the brain. During this time, which corresponds to 15 to 24 postconceptual weeks (PCW) in the human fetus, thalamocortical and cortico-cortical afferents wait in and are in part guided by molecules embedded in the extracellular matrix of the subplate. Recent advances in fetal MRI techniques now allow us to study the developing brain anatomy in 3D from in utero imaging. We describe a reliable segmentation protocol to delineate the boundaries of the subplate from T2-W MRI. The reliability of the protocol was evaluated in terms of intra-rater reproducibility on a subset of the subjects. We also present the first 3D quantitative analyses of temporal changes in subplate volume, thickness, and contrast from 18 to 24 PCW. Our analysis shows that firstly, global subplate volume increases in proportion with the supratentorial volume; the subplate remained approximately one-third of supratentorial volume. Secondly, we found both global and regional growth in subplate thickness and a linear increase in the median and maximum subplate thickness through the waiting period. Furthermore, we found that posterior regions--specifically the occipital pole, ventral occipito-temporal region, and planum temporale--of the developing brain underwent the most statistically significant increases in subplate thickness. During this period, the thickest region was the developing somatosensory/motor cortex. The subplate growth patterns reported here may be used as a baseline for comparison to abnormal fetal brain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Corbett-Detig
- Biomedical Image Computing Group, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Chapman SJ, Khor CC, Vannberg FO, Rautanen A, Segal S, Moore CE, Davies RJO, Day NP, Peshu N, Crook DW, Berkley JA, Williams TN, Scott JA, Hill AVS. NFKBIZ polymorphisms and susceptibility to pneumococcal disease in European and African populations. Genes Immun 2009; 11:319-25. [PMID: 19798075 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2009.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The proinflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) has a central role in host defence against pneumococcal disease. Both rare mutations and common polymorphisms in the NFKBIA gene encoding the NF-kappaB inhibitor, IkappaB-alpha, associate with susceptibility to bacterial disease, but the possible role of polymorphisms within the related IkappaB-zeta gene NFKBIZ in the development of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) has not been reported previously. To investigate this further, we examined the frequencies of 22 single-nucleotide polymorphisms spanning NFKBIZ in two case-control studies, comprising UK Caucasian (n=1008) and Kenyan (n=723) individuals. Nine polymorphisms within a single UK linkage disequilibrium (LD) block and all four polymorphisms within the equivalent, shorter Kenyan LD block displayed either a significant association with IPD or a trend towards association. For each polymorphism, heterozygosity was associated with protection from IPD when compared with the combined homozygous states (for example, for rs600718, Mantel-Haenszel 2 x 2 chi(2)=7.576, P=0.006, odds ratio (OR)=0.67, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for OR: 0.51-0.88; for rs616597, Mantel-Haenszel 2 x 2 chi(2)=8.715, P=0.003, OR=0.65, 95% CI: 0.49-0.86). We conclude that multiple NFKBIZ polymorphisms associate with susceptibility to IPD in humans. The study of multiple populations may aid in fine mapping of associations within extensive regions of strong LD ('transethnic mapping').
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Chapman
- Immunity and Inflammation, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
e17577 Background: Approximately 90% of patients diagnosed with cancer experience fatigue associated with the effects of treatment and/or cancer itself. Despite its high prevalence and negative impact on patients’ lives, there is no consensus on a clinical definition of cancer-related fatigue (CF). Extant qualitative research has methodological limitations, small sample sizes, and varying results regarding CF. A multi-disciplinary research consortium is developing a conceptual model of CF based on 120 qualitative interviews with cancer patients varying by cancer type and stage. Exploratory interviews were conducted to test questions and suggest sensitising concepts for an unbiased interview guide. Methods: Five cancer patients with self-reported CF were purposively sampled and interviewed between September 2007 and March 2008 by a trained interviewer to discuss their CF experiences. Verbatim transcripts were coded by two researchers using qualitative data analysis software and reviewed for consistency and reliability. Data were analyzed using a constant comparison method. Results: Patients were diagnosed with cancer on average 3.5 years ago among the following primary sites: breast (n = 2), lung, colorectal, and prostate/liver. Patients provided 14 terms to describe CF: “tired” and “lack of energy” were the most commonly reported. Patients described CF as a general lack of ability to do anything, a child-like regression, and indicated that current “tiredness” differed from pre-diagnosis tiredness. Patients also described CF in terms of frequency (i.e., duration, onset, recurrence) and intensity and identified treatment as a trigger of fatigue. Patients understood the word “fatigue,” but rarely mentioned it spontaneously. Additionally, patients mentioned that CF was not relieved by rest and impacted several areas of their lives, including activities of daily living and cognitive and emotional functioning. Conclusions: Patients’ experience with CF differs from pre-diagnosis tiredness in terms of intensity, duration, onset, and impact. These results helped to refine the interview guide and provide insight for future interventions. Further research with patients with different cancer types and stages is needed to develop a comprehensive conceptualization and measurement of CF. [Table: see text]
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K. E. Lasch
- Mapi Values, Boston, MA; Mapi Values, Bollington, United Kingdom
| | - K. A. Jernigan
- Mapi Values, Boston, MA; Mapi Values, Bollington, United Kingdom
| | - J. A. Scott
- Mapi Values, Boston, MA; Mapi Values, Bollington, United Kingdom
| | - E. Piault-Louis
- Mapi Values, Boston, MA; Mapi Values, Bollington, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Saldanha R, Manno M, Saleh M, Ewaze JO, Scott JA. The influence of sampling duration on recovery of culturable fungi using the Andersen N6 and RCS bioaerosol samplers. Indoor Air 2008; 18:464-72. [PMID: 18761682 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2008.00547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The influence of sampling duration on recovery of culturable fungi was compared using the Andersen N6 and the Reuter Centrifugal Sampler (RCS). Samplers were operated side-by-side, collecting 15 samples each of incrementally increasing duration (1-15 min). From 270 samples collected, 26 fungal genera were recovered. Species of Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Penicillium and Ulocladium were most frequent. Data adjusted to CFU/m3 were fitted to a Poisson regression model with a logarithmic link function and evaluated for the impact of sampling time on qualitative and quantitative recovery of fungi, both as individual taxa and in aggregate according to xerotolerance. Significant differences between the two samplers were observed for xerotolerant and normotolerant moulds, as well as Aspergillus spp. and Cladosporium spp. With the exception of Cladosporium spp., overall recoveries were higher with the RCS. When the Andersen N6 was used, the recovered levels of Cladosporium spp. and unidentified yeasts were reduced significantly at sampling times over 6 min. Similarly, when the RCS was used, recovery of Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Ulocladium spp., unidentified yeasts, and low water activity fungi declined significantly at sampling times over 6 min. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Currently, the industry-wide trend for viable air sampling in indoor environmental investigations is to use sampling times between 2 and 4 min in duration. Our results support the routine use of a 6-min sampling time where low spore loads are expected, resulting in improved limits of detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Saldanha
- Golder Associates Ltd, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kaufman DJ, Katsanis SH, Javitt GH, Murphy JA, Scott JA, Hudson KL. Carrier screening for cystic fibrosis in US genetic testing laboratories: a survey of laboratory directors. Clin Genet 2008; 74:367-73. [PMID: 18700896 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2008.01070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Initial guidelines for cystic fibrosis (CF) carrier screening were issued in 2001 by the American College of Medical Genetics and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and updated in 2004. It is unknown how these guidelines have influenced laboratory practice. This study examined the uptake of two components of these guidelines for CF screening in genetic testing laboratories. A survey of directors of US genetic testing laboratories was conducted. Of 190 respondents, 178 answered questions about CF testing. Nearly half (49%) performed some type of DNA testing for CF; most of these (92%) performed CF carrier screening. Ten percent used a 23-mutation panel for CF screening. The results of 5T tests were reported as a reflex test by 79% of laboratories, while 8% always returned 5T results and 7% never returned them. Seven percent of laboratories adopted both guidelines, 80% adopted one of the two guidelines, and 13% had not adopted either recommendation, suggesting that factors other than clinical guidelines may influence laboratories' CF screening practices. Further studies are needed to determine whether the adoption of CF screening guidelines has significant clinical or economic effects on population-based CF screening programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Kaufman
- Genetics and Public Policy Center, Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Scott JA, Coombes JS, Prins JB, Leano RL, Marwick TH, Sharman JE. Patients with type 2 diabetes have exaggerated brachial and central exercise blood pressure: relation to left ventricular relative wall thickness. Am J Hypertens 2008; 21:715-21. [PMID: 18437126 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2008.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A hypertensive response to exercise has prognostic significance. Patients with type 2 diabetes have vascular abnormalities which may predispose to exaggerated brachial and central blood pressure (BP) during exercise. This study aimed to test this hypothesis and to determine the clinical significance of high exercise BP by examining its relation to left ventricular (LV) mass. METHODS Brachial and central BP were recorded at rest and in response to maximal exercise in 73 diabetic patients (aged 54 +/- 10 years) and 73 controls (aged 53 +/- 12 years). Brachial BP was recorded using mercury sphygmomanometry and LV mass using 2D-echocardiography. Central BP was estimated by radial tonometry using an exercise-validated generalized transfer function. RESULTS At rest there were no significant (P > 0.05) differences between groups in brachial or central BP. The diabetic patients had significantly increased exercise brachial systolic BP (SBP: 199 +/- 25 mm Hg vs. 185 +/- 21 mm Hg; P = 0.002) and central SBP (158 +/- 17 mm Hg vs. 149 +/- 15 mm Hg; P = 0.002). There was a significantly higher prevalence of an exaggerated exercise BP response (> or =210/105 mm Hg; men and > or =190/105 mm Hg; women) in the diabetic patients (51% vs. 22%; P < 0.01). Compared with those with normal exercise BP, LV relative wall thickness (RWT) was significantly higher (0.41 +/- 0.09 vs. 0.36 +/- 0.08; P < 0.05) and LV hypertrophy was more prevalent (35% vs. 16%; P < 0.05) in those with a hypertensive response. After accounting for other confounding variables, exercise central SBP remained independently associated with LV RWT (beta = 0.22; P = 0.006). CONCLUSION Diabetic patients are more likely to exhibit exaggerated exercise BP. Regardless of disease status, high exercise central SBP may contribute to cardiovascular risk via adverse cardiac remodeling.
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To validate a five-item, semi-quantitative, short food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) designed to estimate daily legume consumption over a week, against results obtained from 7-day food diaries (7-day FD). DESIGN Participants completed a 7-day FD and at the end of this period completed the SFFQ, to indicate the number of times they ate five legume-containing dishes in the previous week and what size portion of each dish they consumed. Daily legume intake (g day(-1)) was calculated for both methods and participants were classified into tertiles of intake for each method. SUBJECTS/SETTING Fifty-one healthy females aged 25-55 years, employed at the University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK between May 2003 and December 2004. RESULTS The two methods produced a similar mean intake of legumes [SFFQ: 14.8 (95% CI: 9.9-19.8) versus 7-day FD: 14.9 (95% CI: 9.3-20.6) g day(-1)] and the Pearson's correlation coefficient was 0.353 (P = 0.038). Exact agreement within tertiles and gross misclassification were 54.9% and 9.8% respectively. The weighted kappa statistic indicated fair agreement between the two methods (kappa = 0.262). CONCLUSIONS The SFFQ is an acceptable instrument for estimating legume consumption over a week and can be used to rank individuals according to the intake of this food group in similar nutrition intervention studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Papadaki
- Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Clinic, Department of Social Medicine, University of Crete, Greece.
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Rock EP, Scott JA, Kennedy DL, Sridhara R, Pazdur R, Burke LB. Challenges to Use of Health-Related Quality of Life for Food and Drug Administration Approval of Anticancer Products. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2007:27-30. [DOI: 10.1093/jncimonographs/lgm006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
38
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To document patterns of measured weight and waist circumference (WC) change and the increase in overweight and obesity over a 9-year period. SUBJECTS/METHODS A total of 1044 subjects from two age-defined cohorts aged 39 and 59 in 1991. Height, weight and WC were measured in 1991, 1995 and 2000 and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Pattern of weight and WC change was studied over approximately 9 years. RESULTS The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased markedly and the younger cohort showed greater increases in weight and WC than the older cohort. There was no significant difference in mean BMI and/or mean 9-year weight change between men and women in either age cohort, and mean weight gain was similar for all occupational groups. Only 20% of subjects maintained a stable weight (+/-2 kg), while 42.2 and 17.6% gained greater than 5 and 10 kg over the 9-year period, respectively. The rate of weight gain appeared to be relatively steady over the 9 years among younger subjects but declined in the older subjects in the second half of the observation period. CONCLUSIONS Health promotion strategies to prevent weight gain need to be population-based, targeting all social and age groups, but particularly those in their early middle-age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ebrahimi-Mameghani
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
McKellar G, Morrison E, McEntegart A, Hampson R, Tierney A, Mackle G, Scoular J, Scott JA, Capell HA. A pilot study of a Mediterranean-type diet intervention in female patients with rheumatoid arthritis living in areas of social deprivation in Glasgow. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66:1239-43. [PMID: 17613557 PMCID: PMC1955146 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2006.065151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A Mediterranean-type diet rich in fish, fruit and vegetables and low in saturated fats has been associated with health benefits, including improved cardiovascular profile and benefit in RA. OBJECTIVE To overcome obstacles to healthy eating by a community-based intervention promoting a Mediterranean-type diet in patients with RA living in socially deprived areas of Glasgow. METHODS 130 female patients with RA aged 30-70 years (median 55), disease duration 8 years were recruited from three hospital sites. The intervention group (n = 75) attended weekly 2-hour sessions for 6 weeks in the local community, including hands-on cooking classes backed up with written information. The control group (n = 55) were given dietary written information only. Both groups completed food frequency questionnaires (FFQs), and clinical and laboratory measures were assessed at baseline, 3 and 6 months. RESULTS Significant benefit was shown in the intervention group compared with controls for patient global assessment at 6 months (p = 0.002), pain score at 3 and 6 months (p = 0.011 and 0.049), early morning stiffness at 6 months (p = 0.041) and Health Assessment Questionnaire score at 3 months (p = 0.03). Analysis of the FFQs showed significant increases in weekly total fruit, vegetable and legume consumption and improvement in the ratio of monounsaturated:saturated fat intake and systolic BP in the intervention group only. The cooking classes were positively received by patients and tutors; cost/patient for the 6 week course was 84 pounds (124 euro). CONCLUSIONS Results demonstrate that a 6 week intervention can improve consumption of healthier foods. If implemented more widely it may prove a popular, inexpensive and useful adjunct to other RA treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G McKellar
- Glasgow Royal Infirmary Castle Street, G4 0SF Glasgow, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Synnott K, Bogue J, Edwards CA, Scott JA, Higgins S, Norin E, Frias D, Amarri S, Adam R. Parental perceptions of feeding practices in five European countries: an exploratory study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 61:946-56. [PMID: 17228346 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To gain an insight into parental perceptions of infant feeding practices in five European countries. DESIGN An exploratory investigation using focus group discussions. Various aspects addressed included social and cultural setting for the consumption of food, infant feeding practice and behaviour, consumer health awareness and sources of information, and attitudes towards a healthy infant diet. SETTING Focus group participants were recruited from centres in five countries, Germany, Italy, Scotland, Spain and Sweden, with three focus groups being conducted in each centre. SUBJECTS A total of 108 parents with infants up to the age of 12 months participated in focus group discussions across these centres. METHODS Focus groups were conducted with participants from centres in five countries. RESULTS The majority of parents in this study chose to initiate breastfeeding and prepare infant food at home. Parents did not strictly adhere to infant feeding guidelines when introducing complementary foods into their infant's diets. There were cross-cultural differences in sources of information on infant feeding practice with the paediatrician in Germany, Italy and Spain. The health visitor in Scotland and the child welfare clinics in Sweden were the most popular sources. CONCLUSIONS A number of cultural differences and similarities in attitudes towards infant feeding practice were revealed. This makes European wide approaches to promoting healthy infant feeding difficult as different infant feeding practices are influenced not only by parental perceptions but also by advice from health professionals and feeding guidelines. Further data need to be available on parents' attitudes and beliefs towards infant feeding practice to investigate further the rationale for differing beliefs and attitudes towards infant feeding practice. SPONSORSHIP EU Fifth Framework QLRT 2002 02606.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Synnott
- Department of Food Business and Development, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Binns CW, Win NN, Zhao Y, Scott JA. Trends in the expression of breastmilk 1993-2003. Breastfeed Rev 2006; 14:5-9. [PMID: 17190014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The expression of breastmilk is an important strategy to enable mothers to continue exclusive breastfeeding. In some situations, for health or convenience, expressed breastmilk is required and infants fed this way still fall within the definition of exclusive breastfeeding. The aim of this study was to document the changes in rates of breastmilk expression between the first Perth Infant Feeding Study (PIFS I) in 1992-03 and PIFS II in 2002-03. The proportion of mothers expressing breastmilk peaked in the first six weeks, at 38% for PIFS I and 69% for PIFS II. The proportion of mothers who had expressed breastmilk had almost doubled in the decade between studies. The proportion of mothers expressing declined to about 28% of mothers at 22 weeks for PIFS II and slightly less in PIFS I. Breastmilk expression is a very useful skill to allow mothers to exclusively breastfeed until six months and should be taught to all mothers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C W Binns
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Nwagwu CI, Mathews MS, Scott JA, Denardo AJ, Horner TG. Ruptured Giant Basilar Artery Aneurysm in a Comatose Adolescent: Successful Obliteration Using Intraoperative SSEP, BAER, and MEP Monitoring. A Case Report. Interv Neuroradiol 2006; 12:237-44. [PMID: 20569577 DOI: 10.1177/159101990601200306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Giant basilar aneurysms are infrequently seen in children. We present the endovascular management of an adolescent who presented comatose with pinpoint pupils due to a ruptured giant basilar trunk aneurysm. A noncontrast head CT disclosed a large prepontine lesion with brainstem hemorrhage. Catheter angiography showed a 4.5 cm irregular, fusiform basilar trunk aneurysm. With SSEP, BAER, and MEP monitoring, the patient underwent bilateral temporary vertebral artery occlusion, followed by GDC embolization of the aneurysm. Postprocedure internal carotid angiograms showed adequate blood supply to the basilar apex via patent posterior communicating arteries. On postprocedure day two, the patient was following commands. The remainder of his hospital course was uneventful. Postoperative angiograms showed no residual filling of the aneurysm. At 12 months the patient was neurologically intact and at baseline function as an honor student and follow-up angiogram showed persistent occlusion of the aneurysm from the circulation. Successful endovascular treatment has been considered a less invasive and safer alternative to surgical management of some complex vascular lesions. While most reports on reversing basilar artery flow have been carried out in awake patients with neurological examinations, this is not possible in a patient presenting in a comatose state. This report suggests that SSEPs, BAERs and MEP may be of use in such patients in safely carrying out basilar artery occlusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C I Nwagwu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California (Irvine), Orange, California -
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
|
44
|
Abstract
An understanding of how fatigue cracks grow in bone is of importance as fatigue is thought to be the main cause of clinical stress fractures. This study presents new results on the fatigue-crack growth behavior of small surface cracks (approximately 75-1000 microm in size) in human cortical bone, and compares their growth rates with data from other published studies on the behavior of both surface cracks and many millimeter, through-thickness large cracks. Results are obtained with a cyclically loaded cantilever-beam geometry using optical microscopy to examine for crack growth after every 100-500 cycles. Based on the current and previous results, small fatigue cracks appear to become more resistant to fatigue-crack growth with crack extension, analogous to the way the fracture resistance of cortical bone increases with crack growth. Mechanistically, a theory attributing such behavior to the development of bridges in the wake of the crack with crack growth is presented. The existence of such bridges is directly confirmed using optical microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J Kruzic
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
The Internet offers a promising medium for delivering nutrition education. This study aimed to evaluate user perceptions and usage patterns of an innovative healthy eating website promoting the Mediterranean diet. The website was evaluated over a 6-month period by female employees of University of Glasgow, aged 25-55 years. User satisfaction with the website was evaluated using a triangulation approach, including website visit counts, questionnaires (31 participants) and focus group interviews (18 participants). Although login frequency decreased over the 6-month study, questionnaires revealed that most sections of the website were viewed as being very helpful and the majority of participants perceived the overall website to be extremely interesting, informative, novel, trustworthy, easy to understand, useful, user-friendly, attractive and encouraging. The recipes section was the most visited and lack of time was the main barrier to using the website on a weekly basis, as recommended. The results of the questionnaires were confirmed by measures of website usage and the feedback provided by the focus group interviews. Several features that would improve the website, such as increased interactivity, nutritional analysis and fruit and vegetable serving content of recipes and more regular updates, were identified from the interviews and will inform future refinements of the website.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Papadaki
- Human Nutrition Section, Division of Developmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Molassiotis A, Ozden G, Platin N, Scott JA, Pud D, Fernandez-Ortega P, Milovics L, Panteli V, Gudmundsdottir G, Browall M, Madsen E, Patiraki E, Kearney N. Complementary and alternative medicine use in patients with head and neck cancers in Europe. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2006; 15:19-24. [PMID: 16441673 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2354.2005.00615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the patterns of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use in a sample of head and neck cancer patients, forming part of a larger study. A cross-sectional survey design was used collecting data through a descriptive 27-item questionnaire in nine countries in Europe. The participants were 75 patients with head and neck cancers. The prevalence rate of CAM use was 22.7%. The most common therapies used were herbal medicine (47%), medicinal teas (23.5%), use of vitamins/minerals (11.8%) and visualization (11.8%). Use of CAM dramatically increased after the diagnosis with cancer (i.e. eightfold increase in the use of herbs). A profile of CAM users was not evident in this sample. Patients used CAM for a variety of reasons together, with counteracting the ill effects from cancer and its treatment being the most common one. Information about CAM was obtained mostly from friends and family. As one in five head and neck cancer patients use CAM it is important that clinicians explore practices with their patients, improve communication about CAM with them and assist those who want to use CAM in using appropriate and safe therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Molassiotis
- School of Nursing, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Scott JA, Kearney N, Hummerston S, Molassiotis A. Use of complementary and alternative medicine in patients with cancer: a UK survey. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2005; 9:131-7. [PMID: 15944106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2005.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) use in the UK has increased dramatically. However, little research appears to exist regarding its use in patients diagnosed with cancer. The study was descriptive using a survey design. Questionnaire data was collected from 127 adult patients with a diagnosis of cancer from both Scotland and England. CAM use was reported by 29% of the sample. The use of relaxation, meditation and the use of medicinal teas were the most frequently used therapies. Findings suggest that CAM use within patients diagnosed with cancer in the UK has increased which has implications for patient and health care professional education.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Scott
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland FK9 4LA, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
AIM To report updated rates of breastfeeding in Perth through 2002/3 and to compare them to those from 1992/3. METHODS DESIGN A 12-mo longitudinal study. SETTING Two public maternity hospitals in Perth, Australia. SUBJECTS Eligible mothers of healthy newborn infants delivered between mid-September 2002 and mid-July 2003. INTERVENTIONS All eligible mothers were asked to participate in a 12-mo longitudinal study of infant feeding. While in hospital, participating mothers completed a questionnaire that included questions on how they were feeding their newborn. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES Prevalence of ever breastfeeding, and breastfeeding at discharge. RESULTS A total of 587 mothers, or 55% of those eligible, participated in the study. At hospital discharge, 93.8% of mothers in 2002/3 were breastfeeding compared with 83.8% in 1992/3. Significant increases were observed across all socio-demographic groups, with the biggest increase seen amongst younger mothers and those born outside of Australia. The national target of having in excess of 90% of mothers breastfeeding at discharge from hospital has been achieved in Perth. The challenge for health professionals and the community is to help maintain and further improve these breastfeeding practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K I Graham
- School of Medicine, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Molassiotis A, Fernández-Ortega P, Pud D, Ozden G, Scott JA, Panteli V, Margulies A, Browall M, Magri M, Selvekerova S, Madsen E, Milovics L, Bruyns I, Gudmundsdottir G, Hummerston S, Ahmad AMA, Platin N, Kearney N, Patiraki E. Use of complementary and alternative medicine in cancer patients: a European survey. Ann Oncol 2005; 16:655-63. [PMID: 15699021 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdi110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 687] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to explore the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in cancer patients across a number of European countries. METHODS A descriptive survey design was developed. Fourteen countries participated in the study and data was collected through a descriptive questionnaire from 956 patients. RESULTS Data suggest that CAM is popular among cancer patients with 35.9% using some form of CAM (range among countries 14.8% to 73.1%). A heterogeneous group of 58 therapies were identified as being used. Herbal medicines and remedies were the most commonly used CAM therapies, together with homeopathy, vitamins/minerals, medicinal teas, spiritual therapies and relaxation techniques. Herbal medicine use tripled from use before diagnosis to use since diagnosis with cancer. Multivariate analysis suggested that the profile of the CAM user was that of younger people, female and with higher educational level. The source of information was mainly from friends/family and the media, while physicians and nurses played a small part in providing CAM-related information. The majority used CAM to increase the body's ability to fight cancer or improve physical and emotional well-being, and many seemed to have benefited from using CAM (even though the benefits were not necessarily related to the initial reason for using CAM). Some 4.4% of patients, however, reported side-effects, mostly transient. CONCLUSIONS It is imperative that health professionals explore the use of CAM with their cancer patients, educate them about potentially beneficial therapies in light of the limited available evidence of effectiveness, and work towards an integrated model of health-care provision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Molassiotis
- School of Nursing, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Azure dye-impregnated sheep's wool keratin (keratin azure) was incorporated in a high pH medium and overlaid on a keratin-free basal medium. The release and diffusion of the azure dye into the lower layer indicated production of keratinase. Fifty-eight fungal taxa, including 49 members of the Arthrodermataceae, Gymnoascaceae and Onygenaceae (Order Onygenales), were assessed for keratin degradation using this method. The results were comparable to measures of keratin utilization reported in studies using tests based on the perforation or erosion of human hair in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Scott
- Department of Public Health Sciences/Gage Occupational and Environmental Health Unit, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|