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Abstract
Recent developments in laser spectroscopy of atomic ions stored in electromagnetic traps are reviewed with emphasis on techniques that appear to hold the greatest promise of attaining extremely high resolution. Among these techniques are laser cooling and the use of single, isolated ions as experimental samples. Doppler shifts and other perturbing influences can be largely eliminated. Atomic resonances with line widths of a few parts in 10(11) have been observed at frequencies ranging from the radio frequency to the ultraviolet. Experimental accuracies of one part in 10(18) appear to be attainable.
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2
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Rosenband T, Hume DB, Schmidt PO, Chou CW, Brusch A, Lorini L, Oskay WH, Drullinger RE, Fortier TM, Stalnaker JE, Diddams SA, Swann WC, Newbury NR, Itano WM, Wineland DJ, Bergquist JC. Frequency ratio of Al+ and Hg+ single-ion optical clocks; metrology at the 17th decimal place. Science 2008; 319:1808-12. [PMID: 18323415 DOI: 10.1126/science.1154622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1070] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Time has always had a special status in physics because of its fundamental role in specifying the regularities of nature and because of the extraordinary precision with which it can be measured. This precision enables tests of fundamental physics and cosmology, as well as practical applications such as satellite navigation. Recently, a regime of operation for atomic clocks based on optical transitions has become possible, promising even higher performance. We report the frequency ratio of two optical atomic clocks with a fractional uncertainty of 5.2 x 10(-17). The ratio of aluminum and mercury single-ion optical clock frequencies nuAl+/nuHg+ is 1.052871833148990438(55), where the uncertainty comprises a statistical measurement uncertainty of 4.3 x 10(-17), and systematic uncertainties of 1.9 x 10(-17) and 2.3 x 10(-17) in the mercury and aluminum frequency standards, respectively. Repeated measurements during the past year yield a preliminary constraint on the temporal variation of the fine-structure constant alpha of alpha/alpha = (-1.6+/-2.3) x 10(-17)/year.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rosenband
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA.
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3
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Rosenband T, Schmidt PO, Hume DB, Itano WM, Fortier TM, Stalnaker JE, Kim K, Diddams SA, Koelemeij JCJ, Bergquist JC, Wineland DJ. Observation of the 1S0-->3P0 clock transition in 27Al+. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 98:220801. [PMID: 17677830 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.220801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We report, for the first time, laser spectroscopy of the 1S0-->3P0 clock transition in 27Al+. A single aluminum ion and a single beryllium ion are simultaneously confined in a linear Paul trap, coupled by their mutual Coulomb repulsion. This coupling allows the beryllium ion to sympathetically cool the aluminum ion and also enables transfer of the aluminum's electronic state to the beryllium's hyperfine state, which can be measured with high fidelity. These techniques are applied to measure the clock transition frequency nu=1,121,015,393,207,851(6) Hz. They are also used to measure the lifetime of the metastable clock state tau=20.6+/-1.4 s, the ground state 1S0 g factor gS=-0.000,792,48(14), and the excited state 3P0 g factor gP=-0.001,976,86(21), in units of the Bohr magneton.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rosenband
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA.
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4
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Fortier TM, Ashby N, Bergquist JC, Delaney MJ, Diddams SA, Heavner TP, Hollberg L, Itano WM, Jefferts SR, Kim K, Levi F, Lorini L, Oskay WH, Parker TE, Shirley J, Stalnaker JE. Precision atomic spectroscopy for improved limits on variation of the fine structure constant and local position invariance. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 98:070801. [PMID: 17359009 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.070801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We report tests of local position invariance and the variation of fundamental constants from measurements of the frequency ratio of the 282-nm 199Hg+ optical clock transition to the ground state hyperfine splitting in 133Cs. Analysis of the frequency ratio of the two clocks, extending over 6 yr at NIST, is used to place a limit on its fractional variation of <5.8x10(-6) per change in normalized solar gravitational potential. The same frequency ratio is also used to obtain 20-fold improvement over previous limits on the fractional variation of the fine structure constant of |alpha/alpha|<1.3x10(-16) yr-1, assuming invariance of other fundamental constants. Comparisons of our results with those previously reported for the absolute optical frequency measurements in H and 171Yb+ vs other 133Cs standards yield a coupled constraint of -1.5x10(-15)<alpha/alpha<0.4x10(-15) yr-1 and -2.7x10(-15)<d/dtlnmicroCs/microB<8.6x10(-15) yr-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Fortier
- P-23 Physics Division MS H803, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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Oskay WH, Diddams SA, Donley EA, Fortier TM, Heavner TP, Hollberg L, Itano WM, Jefferts SR, Delaney MJ, Kim K, Levi F, Parker TE, Bergquist JC. Single-atom optical clock with high accuracy. Phys Rev Lett 2006; 97:020801. [PMID: 16907426 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.020801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
For the past 50 years, atomic standards based on the frequency of the cesium ground-state hyperfine transition have been the most accurate time pieces in the world. We now report a comparison between the cesium fountain standard NIST-F1, which has been evaluated with an inaccuracy of about 4 x 10(-16), and an optical frequency standard based on an ultraviolet transition in a single, laser-cooled mercury ion for which the fractional systematic frequency uncertainty was below 7.2 x 10(-17). The absolute frequency of the transition was measured versus cesium to be 1,064,721,609,899,144.94 (97) Hz, with a statistically limited total fractional uncertainty of 9.1 x 10(-16) the most accurate absolute measurement of an optical frequency to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Oskay
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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Schmidt PO, Rosenband T, Koelemeij JCJ, Hume DB, Itano WM, Bergquist JC, Wineland DJ. Spectroscopy of atomic and molecular ions using quantum logic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2387937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Abstract
We present a general technique for precision spectroscopy of atoms that lack suitable transitions for efficient laser cooling, internal state preparation, and detection. In our implementation with trapped atomic ions, an auxiliary "logic" ion provides sympathetic laser cooling, state initialization, and detection for a simultaneously trapped "spectroscopy" ion. Detection is achieved by applying a mapping operation to each ion, which results in a coherent transfer of the spectroscopy ion's internal state onto the logic ion, where it is then measured with high efficiency. Experimental realization, by using 9Be+ as the logic ion and 27Al+ as the spectroscopy ion, indicates the feasibility of applying this technique to make accurate optical clocks based on single ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P O Schmidt
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA.
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8
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Oskay WH, Itano WM, Bergquist JC. Measurement of the (199)Hg+ 5d9 6s2 (2)D(5/2) electric quadrupole moment and a constraint on the quadrupole shift. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 94:163001. [PMID: 15904220 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.163001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The electric-quadrupole moment of the (199)Hg+ 5d9 6s2 (2)D(5/2) state is measured to be theta(D,5/2) = -2.29(8) x 10(-40) C m2. This value was determined by measuring the frequency of the (199)Hg+ 5d10 6s (2)S(1/2) --> 5d9 6s2 (2)D(5/2) optical clock transition for different applied electric-field gradients. An isolated, mechanically stable optical cavity provides a frequency reference for the measurement. We compare the results with theoretical calculations and discuss the implications for the accuracy of an atomic clock based upon this transition. We now expect that the frequency shift caused by the interaction of the quadrupole moment with stray electric-field gradients will not limit the accuracy of the Hg+ optical clock at the 10(-18) level.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Oskay
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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9
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Bartels A, Diddams SA, Oates CW, Wilpers G, Bergquist JC, Oskay WH, Hollberg L. Femtosecond-laser-based synthesis of ultrastable microwave signals from optical frequency references. Opt Lett 2005; 30:667-669. [PMID: 15792011 DOI: 10.1364/ol.30.000667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We use femtosecond laser frequency combs to convert optical frequency references to the microwave domain, where we demonstrate the synthesis of 10-GHz signals having a fractional frequency instability of < or =3.5 x 10(-15) at a 1-s averaging time, limited by the optical reference. The residual instability and phase noise of the femtosecond-laser-based frequency synthesizers are 6.5 x 10(-16) at 1 s and -98 dBc/Hz at a 1-Hz offset from the 10-GHz carrier, respectively. The timing jitter of the microwave signals is 3.3 fs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bartels
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA.
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10
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Abstract
After 50 years of development, microwave atomic clocks based on cesium have achieved fractional uncertainties below 1 part in 10(15), a level unequaled in all of metrology. The past 5 years have seen the accelerated development of optical atomic clocks, which may enable even greater improvements in timekeeping. Time and frequency standards with various levels of performance are ubiquitous in our society, with applications in many technological fields as well as in the continued exploration of the frontiers of basic science. We review state-of-the-art atomic time and frequency standards and discuss some of their uses in science and technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Diddams
- Time & Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA.
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11
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Bize S, Diddams SA, Tanaka U, Tanner CE, Oskay WH, Drullinger RE, Parker TE, Heavner TP, Jefferts SR, Hollberg L, Itano WM, Bergquist JC. Testing the stability of fundamental constants with the 199Hg+ single-ion optical clock. Phys Rev Lett 2003; 90:150802. [PMID: 12732024 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.150802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2002] [Revised: 02/27/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Over a two-year duration, we have compared the frequency of the 199Hg+ 5d(10)6s (2)S(1/2)(F=0)<-->5d(9)6s(2) (2)D(5/2)(F=2) electric-quadrupole transition at 282 nm with the frequency of the ground-state hyperfine splitting in neutral 133Cs. These measurements show that any fractional time variation of the ratio nu(Cs)/nu(Hg) between the two frequencies is smaller than +/-7 x 10(-15) yr(-1) (1sigma uncertainty). According to recent atomic structure calculations, this sets an upper limit to a possible fractional time variation of g(Cs)(m(e)/m(p))alpha(6.0) at the same level.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bize
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA.
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12
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Diddams SA, Udem T, Bergquist JC, Curtis EA, Drullinger RE, Hollberg L, Itano WM, Lee WD, Oates CW, Vogel KR, Wineland DJ. An optical clock based on a single trapped 199Hg+ ion. Science 2001; 293:825-8. [PMID: 11452082 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Microwave atomic clocks have been the de facto standards for precision time and frequency metrology over the past 50 years, finding widespread use in basic scientific studies, communications, and navigation. However, with its higher operating frequency, an atomic clock based on an optical transition can be much more stable. We demonstrate an all-optical atomic clock referenced to the 1.064-petahertz transition of a single trapped 199Hg+ ion. A clockwork based on a mode-locked femtosecond laser provides output pulses at a 1-gigahertz rate that are phase-coherently locked to the optical frequency. By comparison to a laser-cooled calcium optical standard, an upper limit for the fractional frequency instability of 7 x 10(-15) is measured in 1 second of averaging-a value substantially better than that of the world's best microwave atomic clocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Diddams
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA.
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13
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Udem T, Diddams SA, Vogel KR, Oates CW, Curtis EA, Lee WD, Itano WM, Drullinger RE, Bergquist JC, Hollberg L. Absolute frequency measurements of the Hg+ and Ca optical clock transitions with a femtosecond laser. Phys Rev Lett 2001; 86:4996-4999. [PMID: 11384404 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.86.4996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The frequency comb created by a femtosecond mode-locked laser and a microstructured fiber is used to phase coherently measure the frequencies of both the Hg+ and Ca optical standards with respect to the SI second. We find the transition frequencies to be f(Hg) = 1 064 721 609 899 143(10) Hz and f(Ca) = 455 986 240 494 158(26) Hz, respectively. In addition to the unprecedented precision demonstrated here, this work is the precursor to all-optical atomic clocks based on the Hg+ and Ca standards. Furthermore, when combined with previous measurements, we find no time variations of these atomic frequencies within the uncertainties of the absolute value of( partial differential f(Ca)/ partial differential t)/f(Ca) < or =8 x 10(-14) yr(-1) and the absolute value of(partial differential f(Hg)/ partial differential t)/f(Hg) < or =30 x 10(-14) yr(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Udem
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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14
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Vogel KR, Diddams SA, Oates CW, Curtis EA, Rafac RJ, Itano WM, Bergquist JC, Fox RW, Lee WD, Wells JS, Hollberg L. Direct comparison of two cold-atom-based optical frequency standards by using a femtosecond-laser comb. Opt Lett 2001; 26:102-104. [PMID: 18033520 DOI: 10.1364/ol.26.000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
With a fiber-broadened, femtosecond-laser frequency comb, the 76-THz interval between two laser-cooled optical frequency standards was measured with a statistical uncertainty of 2x10(-13) in 5 s , to our knowledge the best short-term instability thus far reported for an optical frequency measurement. One standard is based on the calcium intercombination line at 657 nm, and the other, on the mercury ion electric-quadrupole transition at 282 nm. By linking this measurement to the known Ca frequency, we report a new frequency value for the Hg(+) clock transition with an improvement in accuracy of ~10(5) compared with its best previous measurement.
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15
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Sullivan DB, Bergquist JC, Bollinger JJ, Drullinger RE, Itano WM, Jefferts SR, Lee WD, Meekhof D, Parker TE, Walls FL, Wineland DJ. Primary Atomic Frequency Standards at NIST. J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol 2001; 106:47-63. [PMID: 27500017 PMCID: PMC4865291 DOI: 10.6028/jres.106.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of atomic frequency standards at NIST is discussed and three of the key frequency-standard technologies of the current era are described. For each of these technologies, the most recent NIST implementation of the particular type of standard is described in greater detail. The best relative standard uncertainty achieved to date for a NIST frequency standard is 1.5×10(-15). The uncertainties of the most recent NIST standards are displayed relative to the uncertainties of atomic frequency standards of several other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. B. Sullivan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305-3328
| | - J. C. Bergquist
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305-3328
| | - J. J. Bollinger
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305-3328
| | - R. E. Drullinger
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305-3328
| | - W. M. Itano
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305-3328
| | - S. R. Jefferts
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305-3328
| | - W. D. Lee
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305-3328
| | - D. Meekhof
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305-3328
| | - T. E. Parker
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305-3328
| | - F. L. Walls
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305-3328
| | - D. J. Wineland
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305-3328
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16
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Rafac RJ, Young BC, Beall JA, Itano WM, Wineland DJ, Bergquist JC. Sub-dekahertz ultraviolet spectroscopy of 199Hg+. Phys Rev Lett 2000; 85:2462-2465. [PMID: 10978082 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.85.2462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Using a laser that is frequency locked to a Fabry-Perot etalon of high finesse and stability, we probe the 5d(10)6s (2)S(1/2)(F = 0)<-->5d(9)6s(2) (2)D(5/2)(F = 2) Deltam(F) = 0 electric-quadrupole transition of a single laser-cooled 199Hg+ ion stored in a cryogenic radio-frequency ion trap. We observe Fourier-transform limited linewidths as narrow as 6.7 Hz at 282 nm ( 1.06x10(15) Hz), yielding a line Q approximately 1.6x10(14). We perform a preliminary measurement of the 5d(9)6s(2) (2)D(5/2) electric-quadrupole shift due to interaction with the static fields of the trap, and discuss the implications for future trapped-ion optical frequency standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- RJ Rafac
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
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17
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Frech B, Wells JS, Oates CT, Mitchell J, Lan YP, Kurosu T, Zink L, Hollberg L, Zibrova T, Young BC, Bergquist JC. Sub-systems for optical frequency measurements: application to the 282-nm (199)Hg(+) transition and the 657-nm Ca line. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2000; 47:513-517. [PMID: 18238575 DOI: 10.1109/58.827445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We are developing laser frequency measurement technologies that should allow us to construct an optical frequency synthesis system capable of measuring optical frequencies with a precision limited by the atomic frequency standards. The system will be used to interconnect and compare new advanced optical-frequency references (such as Ca, Hg(+ ), and others) and eventually to connect these references to the Cs primary frequency standard. The approach we are taking is to subdivide optical frequency intervals into smaller and smaller pieces until we are able to use standard electronic-frequency-measurement technology to measure the smallest interval.
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18
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Cruz FC, Young BC, Bergquist JC. Diode-Pumped Nd:FAP Laser at 1.126 microm: A Possible Local Oscillator for a Hg+ Optical Frequency Standard. Appl Opt 1998; 37:7801-7804. [PMID: 18301621 DOI: 10.1364/ao.37.007801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We report the efficient operation of a continuous-wave, single-frequency, diode-pumped Nd:FAP laser at 1.126 mum. When frequency quadrupled, such a laser might be used as a local oscillator for an optical frequency standard based on the single-photon (2)S(1/2)-(2)D(5/2) electric quadrupole transition of a trapped and laser-cooled (199)Hg(+) ion. Since the frequencies of the atomic transition and the laser are harmonically related, this scheme helps to simplify the measurement of the S-D clock transition frequency by a phase-coherent chain to the cesium primary frequency standard.
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19
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Wineland DJ, Monroe C, Meekhof DM, King BE, Leibfried D, Itano WM, Bergquist JC, Berkeland D, Bollinger JJ, Miller J. Quantum state manipulation of trapped atomic ions. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 1998. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.1998.0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. J. Wineland
- Ion Storage Group, Time and Frequency Division, NIST, Div. 847, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - C. Monroe
- Ion Storage Group, Time and Frequency Division, NIST, Div. 847, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - D. M. Meekhof
- Ion Storage Group, Time and Frequency Division, NIST, Div. 847, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - B. E. King
- Ion Storage Group, Time and Frequency Division, NIST, Div. 847, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - D. Leibfried
- Ion Storage Group, Time and Frequency Division, NIST, Div. 847, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - W. M. Itano
- Ion Storage Group, Time and Frequency Division, NIST, Div. 847, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - J. C. Bergquist
- Ion Storage Group, Time and Frequency Division, NIST, Div. 847, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - D. Berkeland
- Ion Storage Group, Time and Frequency Division, NIST, Div. 847, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - J. J. Bollinger
- Ion Storage Group, Time and Frequency Division, NIST, Div. 847, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - J. Miller
- Ion Storage Group, Time and Frequency Division, NIST, Div. 847, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
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Abstract
Over 2 mW of continuous-wave tunable 194-nm light is produced by sum-frequency mixing approximately 500 mW of 792-nm and 500 mW of 257-nm radiation in beta-barium borate (BBO). The powers in both fundamental beams are enhanced in separate ring cavities whose optical paths overlap in the Brewster-cut BBO crystal. Due to the higher circulating fundamental powers, the sum-frequency-generated power is nearly 2 orders of magnitude greater than previously reported values.
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21
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Itano WM, Bergquist JC, Bollinger JJ, Gilligan JM, Heinzen DJ, Moore FL, Raizen MG, Wineland DJ. Erratum: Quantum projection noise: Population fluctuations in two-level systems. Phys Rev A 1995; 51:1717. [PMID: 9920631 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.51.1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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Itano WM, Bergquist JC, Bollinger JJ, Gilligan JM, Heinzen DJ, Moore FL, Raizen MG, Wineland DJ. Quantum projection noise: Population fluctuations in two-level systems. Phys Rev A 1993; 47:3554-3570. [PMID: 9909363 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.47.3554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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23
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Eichmann U, Bergquist JC, Bollinger JJ, Gilligan JM, Itano WM, Wineland DJ, Raizen MG. Young's interference experiment with light scattered from two atoms. Phys Rev Lett 1993; 70:2359-2362. [PMID: 10053542 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.70.2359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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25
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Wineland DJ, Bergquist JC, Bollinger JJ, Itano WM, Heinzen DJ, Gilbert SL, Manney CH, Raizen MG. Progress at NIST toward absolute frequency standards using stored ions. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 1990; 37:515-523. [PMID: 18285072 DOI: 10.1109/58.63107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Experiments directed toward the realization of frequency standards of high accuracy using stored ions are briefly summarized. In one experiment, an RF oscillator is locked to a nuclear spin-flip hyperfine transition (frequency approximately 3.03x10(8) Hz) in (9 )Be(+) ions that are stored in a Penning trap and sympathetically laser-cooled. Stability is better than 3x10(-12)tau(-(1/2)) and uncertainty in Doppler shifts is estimated to be less than 5x10(-15). In a second experiment, a stable laser is used to probe an electric quadrupole transition (frequency approximately 1.07x10(15) Hz) in a single laser-cooled (199)Hg(+) ion stored in a Paul trap. The measured Q value of this transition is approximately 10(13). Future possible experiments are discussed.
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Zhao P, Lichten W, Zhou ZX, Layer HP, Bergquist JC. Rydberg constant and fundamental atomic physics. Phys Rev A Gen Phys 1989; 39:2888-2898. [PMID: 9901580 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.39.2888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Itano WM, Bergquist JC, Wineland DJ. Photon antibunching and sub-Poissonian statistics from quantum jumps in one and two atoms. Phys Rev A Gen Phys 1988; 38:559-562. [PMID: 9900210 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.38.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Wineland DJ, Bergquist JC, Itano WM, Bollinger JJ, Manney CH. Atomic ion Coulomb clusters in an ion trap. Phys Rev Lett 1987; 59:2935-2938. [PMID: 10035691 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.59.2935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Itano WM, Bergquist JC, Hulet RG, Wineland DJ. Radiative decay rates in Hg+ from observations of quantum jumps in a single ion. Phys Rev Lett 1987; 59:2732-2735. [PMID: 10035634 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.59.2732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Wineland DJ, Itano WM, Bergquist JC, Hulet RG. Laser-cooling limits and single-ion spectroscopy. Phys Rev A Gen Phys 1987; 36:2220-2232. [PMID: 9899113 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.36.2220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Zhao P, Lichten W, Layer HP, Bergquist JC. Erratum: Remeasurement of the Rydberg constant. Phys Rev A Gen Phys 1987; 36:1511. [PMID: 9899026 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.36.1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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Bergquist JC, Itano WM, Wineland DJ. Recoilless optical absorption and Doppler sidebands of a single trapped ion. Phys Rev A Gen Phys 1987; 36:428-430. [PMID: 9898712 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.36.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Abstract
We investigate the sensitivity limit of absorption spectroscopy. An experiment is described in which the decrease in transmitted light intensity that is due to absorption by a single, electromagnetically confined atomic ion is observed.
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Larson DJ, Bergquist JC, Bollinger JJ, Itano WM, Wineland DJ. Sympathetic cooling of trapped ions: A laser-cooled two-species nonneutral ion plasma. Phys Rev Lett 1986; 57:70-73. [PMID: 10033360 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.57.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Bergquist JC, Wineland DJ, Itano WM, Hemmati H, Daniel H, Leuchs G. Energy and radiative lifetime of the 5d96s2 2D5/2 state in Hg II by Doppler-free two-photon laser spectroscopy. Phys Rev Lett 1985; 55:1567-1570. [PMID: 10031858 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.55.1567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Hemmati H, Bergquist JC, Itano WM. Generation of continuous-wave 194-nm radiation by sum-frequency mixing in an external ring cavity. Opt Lett 1983; 8:73-75. [PMID: 19714140 DOI: 10.1364/ol.8.000073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Several microwatts of tunable cw radiation near 194 nm in a linewidth of less than 2 MHz have been generated by sum-frequency mixing the radiation from a frequency-doubled argon-ion laser with the radiation from a ring dye laser in a crystal of potassium pentaborate. An external ring cavity resonant with the dye laser gives an enhancement factor of about 14 in the sum-frequency-generated radiation power. The Doppler-limited absorption spectrum of the 6s(2)S((1/2))-6p(2)P((1/2)) first resonance line of natural Hg II has been resolved, and the vacuum wave number for the mass-202 isotope has been measured to be 51485.904(20) cm(-1).
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Wineland DJ, Bergquist JC, Drullinger RE, Hemmati H, Itano WM, Walls FL. LASER COOLED, STORED ION EXPERIMENTS AT NBS AND POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS TO MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL FREQUENCY STANDARDS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1051/jphyscol:1981838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Wineland DJ, Bergquist JC, Itano WM, Drullinger RE. Double-resonance and optical-pumping experiments on electromagnetically confined, laser-cooled ions. Opt Lett 1980; 5:245-247. [PMID: 19693188 DOI: 10.1364/ol.5.000245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Experiments illustrating advantages and unique features of double-resonance and optical pumping on electromagnetically confined, laser-cooled ions are discussed. In certain cases, scattered light from the cooling transition can be used as a monitor in double-resonance experiments to give nearly 100% detection efficiency. Nonradiative relaxation rates are extremely small for stored ions, permitting nearly complete optical pumping, even in extremely weak pumping schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Wineland
- Frequency and Time Standards Group, National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
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