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Buellesbach J, Gadau J, Beukeboom LW, Echinger F, Raychoudhury R, Werren JH, Schmitt T. Cuticular hydrocarbon divergence in the jewel wasp Nasonia: evolutionary shifts in chemical communication channels? J Evol Biol 2013; 26:2467-78. [PMID: 24118588 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The evolution and maintenance of intraspecific communication channels constitute a key feature of chemical signalling and sexual communication. However, how divergent chemical communication channels evolve while maintaining their integrity for both sender and receiver is poorly understood. In this study, we compare male and female cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles in the jewel wasp genus Nasonia, analyse their chemical divergence and investigate their role as species-specific sexual signalling cues. Males and females of all four Nasonia species showed unique, nonoverlapping CHC profiles unambiguously separating them. Surprisingly, male and female phylogenies based on the chemical distances between their CHC profiles differed dramatically, where only male CHC divergence parallels the molecular phylogeny of Nasonia. In particular, N. giraulti female CHC profiles were the most divergent from all other species and very different from its most closely related sibling species N. oneida. Furthermore, although our behavioural assays indicate that female CHC profiles can generally be perceived as sexual cues attracting males in Nasonia, this function has apparently been lost in the highly divergent female N. giraulti CHC profiles. Curiously, N. giraulti males are still attracted to heterospecific, but not to conspecific female CHC profiles. We suggest that this striking discrepancy has been caused by an extensive evolutionary shift in female N. giraulti CHC profiles, which are no longer used as conspecific recognition cues. Our study constitutes the first report of an apparent abandonment of a sexual recognition cue that the receiver did not adapt to.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Buellesbach
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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2
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Gibson JD, Niehuis O, Peirson BRE, Cash EI, Gadau J. GENETIC AND DEVELOPMENTAL BASIS OF F2HYBRID BREAKDOWN INNASONIAPARASITOID WASPS. Evolution 2013; 67:2124-32. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. D. Gibson
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University; PO Box 874501 Tempe Arizona 85287
| | - O. Niehuis
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research; Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig; Adenauerallee 160 53113 Bonn Germany
| | - B. R. E. Peirson
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University; PO Box 874501 Tempe Arizona 85287
| | - E. I. Cash
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University; PO Box 874501 Tempe Arizona 85287
| | - J. Gadau
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University; PO Box 874501 Tempe Arizona 85287
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3
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Pannebakker BA, Niehuis O, Hedley A, Gadau J, Shuker DM. The distribution of microsatellites in the Nasonia parasitoid wasp genome. Insect Mol Biol 2010; 19 Suppl 1:91-8. [PMID: 20167020 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Microsatellites are important molecular markers used in numerous genetic contexts. Despite this widespread use, the evolutionary processes governing microsatellite distribution and diversity remain controversial. Here, we present results on the distribution of microsatellites of three species in the parasitic wasp genus Nasonia generated by an in silico data-mining approach. Our results show that the overall microsatellite density in Nasonia is comparable to that of the honey bee, but much higher than in eight non-Hymenopteran arthropods. Across the Nasonia vitripennis genome, microsatellite density varied both within and amongst chromosomes. In contrast to other taxa, dinucleotides are the most abundant repeat type in all four species of Hymenoptera studied. Whether the differences between the Hymenoptera and other taxa are of functional significance remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Pannebakker
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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4
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Abstract
Chemoreception is important for locating food, mates and other resources in many insects, including the parasitoid jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis. In the insect chemoreceptor superfamily, Nasonia has 58 gustatory receptor (Gr) genes, of which 11 are pseudogenes, leaving 47 apparently intact proteins encoded. No carbon dioxide receptors, two candidate sugar receptors, a DmGr43a orthologue, and several additional Gr lineages were identified, including significant gene subfamily expansions related to the 10 Grs found in the honey bee Apis mellifera. Nasonia has a total of 301 odorant receptor (Or) genes, of which 76 are pseudogenes, leaving 225 apparently intact Ors. Phylogenetic comparison with the 174 honey bee Ors reveals differential gene subfamily expansion in each hymenopteran lineage, along with a few losses from each species. The only simple orthologous relationship is the expected single DmOr83b orthologue. The large number of Nasonia Ors is the result of several major subfamily expansions, including one of 55 genes. Nasonia does not have the elaborate social chemical communication of honey bees, nor the diversity of floral odours honey bees detect, however, Nasonia wasps might need to detect a diversity of odours to find potential mates and hosts or avoid harmful substances in its environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Robertson
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Beukeboom LW, Niehuis O, Pannebakker BA, Koevoets T, Gibson JD, Shuker DM, van de Zande L, Gadau J. A comparison of recombination frequencies in intraspecific versus interspecific mapping populations of Nasonia. Heredity (Edinb) 2010; 104:302-9. [PMID: 20087389 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2009.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We present the first intraspecific linkage map for Nasonia vitripennis based on molecular markers. The map consists of 36 new microsatellite markers, extracted from the Nasonia genome sequence, and spans 515 cM. The five inferred linkage groups correspond to the five chromosomes of Nasonia. Comparison of recombination frequencies of the marker intervals spread over the whole genome (N=33 marker intervals) between the intraspecific N. vitripennis map and an interspecific N. vitripennis x N. giraulti map revealed a slightly higher (1.8%) recombination frequency in the intraspecific cross. We further considered an N. vitripennis x N. longicornis map with 29 microsatellite markers spanning 430 cM. Recombination frequencies in the two interspecific crosses differed neither between reciprocal crosses nor between mapping populations of embryos and adults. No major chromosomal rearrangements were found for the analyzed genomic segments. The observed differential F(2) hybrid male mortality has no significant effect on the genome-wide recombination frequency in Nasonia. We conclude that interspecific crosses between the different Nasonia species, a hallmark of Nasonia genetics, are generally suitable for mapping quantitative and qualitative trait loci for species differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Beukeboom
- Evolutionary Genetics, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands.
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6
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Gómez-Valero L, Latorre A, Gil R, Gadau J, Feldhaar H, Silva FJ. Patterns and rates of nucleotide substitution, insertion and deletion in the endosymbiont of ants Blochmannia floridanus. Mol Ecol 2009; 17:4382-92. [PMID: 19378410 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03912.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Genome reduction is a general process that has been studied in numerous symbiotic bacteria associated with insects. We investigated the last stages of genome degradation in Blochmannia floridanus, a mutualistic bacterial endosymbiont of the ant Camponotus floridanus. We determined the tempo (rates of insertion and deletion) and mode (size and number of insertion-deletion events) of the process in the last 200,000 years by analysing a total of 16 intergenic regions in several strains of this endosymbiont from different ant populations. We provide the first calculation of the reduction rate for noncoding DNA in this endosymbiont (2.2 x 10(-8) lost nucleotides/site/year) and compare it with the rate of loss in other species. Our results confirm, as it has been observed in other organisms like Buchnera aphidicola or Rickettsia spp., that deletions larger than one nucleotide can still appear in advanced stages of genome reduction and that a substitutional deletion bias exists. However, this bias is not due to a higher proportion of deletion over insertion events but to a few deletion events being larger than the rest. Moreover, we detected a substitutional AT bias that is probably responsible for the increase in the number of the small and moderate indel events in the last stages of genome reduction. Accordingly, we found intrapopulational polymorphisms for the detected microsatellites in contrast to the stability associated with these in free-living bacteria such as Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gómez-Valero
- Biologie des bactéries intracellulaires, Institute Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, France.
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Smith CR, Anderson KE, Tillberg CV, Gadau J, Suarez AV. Caste determination in a polymorphic social insect: nutritional, social, and genetic factors. Am Nat 2008; 172:497-507. [PMID: 18707530 DOI: 10.1086/590961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We examined how dietary, social, and genetic factors affect individual size and caste in the Florida harvester ant Pogonomyrmex badius, which has three discrete female castes. The diet that a larva consumed, as indicated by delta(13)C, delta(15)N, and C:N, varied with caste. Both N content and estimated trophic position of dietary input was higher for major than for minor workers and was highest for gynes (reproductive females). The size and resources of a colony affected the size of only minor workers, not that of gynes and major workers. Approximately 19% of patrilines showed a bias in which female caste they produced. There were significant genetic effects on female size, and the average sizes of a major worker and a gyne produced by a patriline were correlated, but neither was correlated with minor worker size. Thus, genetic factors influence both caste and size within caste. We conclude that environmental, social, and genetic variation interact to create morphological and physiological variation among females in P. badius. However, the relative importance of each type of factor affecting caste determination is caste specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Smith
- Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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Grillenberger BK, Koevoets T, Burton-Chellew MN, Sykes EM, Shuker DM, Van de Zande L, Bijlsma R, Gadau J, Beukeboom LW. Genetic structure of natural Nasonia vitripennis populations: validating assumptions of sex-ratio theory. Mol Ecol 2008; 17:2854-64. [PMID: 18482258 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03800.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B K Grillenberger
- Evolutionary Genetics, Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands.
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Niehuis O, Judson AK, Werren JH, Hunter WB, Dang PM, Dowd SE, Grillenberger B, Beukeboom LW, Gadau J. Species-diagnostic single-nucleotide polymorphism and sequence-tagged site markers for the parasitic wasp genus Nasonia (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). J Econ Entomol 2007; 100:1033-6. [PMID: 17849848 DOI: 10.1603/0022-0493(2007)100[1033:sspass]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Wasps of the genus Nasonia are important biological control agents of house flies and related filth flies, which are major vectors of human pathogens. Species of Nasonia (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) are not easily differentiated from one another by morphological characters, and molecular markers for their reliable identification have been missing so far. Here, we report eight single-nucleotide polymorphism and three sequence-tagged site markers derived from expressed sequenced tag libraries for the two closely related and regionally sympatric species N. giraulti and N. vitripennis. We studied variation of these markers in natural populations of the two species, and we mapped them in the Nasonia genome. The markers are species-diagnostic and evenly spread over all five chromosomes. They are ideal for rapid species identification and hybrid recognition, and they can be used to map economically relevant quantitative trait loci in the Nasonia genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Niehuis
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA.
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Abstract
The genetic architecture of fitness-relevant traits in natural populations is a topic that has remained almost untouched by quantitative genetics. Given the importance of parasitism for the host's fitness, we used QTL mapping to study the genetic architecture of traits relevant for host-parasite interactions in the trypanosome parasite, Crithidia bombi and its host, Bombus terrestris. The three traits analysed were the parasite's infection intensity, the strength of the general immune response (measured as the encapsulation of a novel antigen) and body size. The genetic architecture of these traits was examined in three natural, unmanipulated mapping populations of B. terrestris. Our results indicate that the intracolonial phenotypic variation of all three traits is based on a network of QTLs and epistatic interactions. While these networks are similar between mapping populations in complexity and number of QTLs, as well as in their epistatic interactions, the variability in the position of QTL and the interacting loci was high. Only one QTL for body size was plausibly found in at least two populations. QTLs for encapsulation and Crithidia infection intensity were located on the same linkage groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wilfert
- ETH Zürich, Institute for Integrative Biology (IBZ), Experimental Ecology Group, ETH-Zentrum CHN, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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11
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Abstract
Meiotic recombination is almost universal among sexually reproducing organisms. Because the process leads to the destruction of successful parental allele combinations and the creation of novel, untested genotypes for offspring, the evolutionary forces responsible for the origin and maintenance of this counter-intuitive process are still enigmatic. Here, we have used newly available genetic data to compare genome-wide recombination rates in a report on recombination rates among different taxa. In particular, we find that among the higher eukaryotes exceptionally high rates are found in social Hymenoptera. The high rates are compatible with current hypotheses suggesting that sociality in insects strongly selects for increased genotypic diversity in worker offspring to either meet the demands of a sophisticated caste system or to mitigate against the effects of parasitism. Our findings might stimulate more detailed research for the comparative study of recombination frequencies in taxa with different life histories or ecological settings and so help to understand the causes for the evolution and maintenance of this puzzling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wilfert
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, ETH Zürich, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), ETH-Zentrum CHN, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Sirviö A, Gadau J, Rueppell O, Lamatsch D, Boomsma JJ, Pamilo P, Page RE. High recombination frequency creates genotypic diversity in colonies of the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex echinatior. J Evol Biol 2006; 19:1475-85. [PMID: 16910978 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Honeybees are known to have genetically diverse colonies because queens mate with many males and the recombination rate is extremely high. Genetic diversity among social insect workers has been hypothesized to improve general performance of large and complex colonies, but this idea has not been tested in other social insects. Here, we present a linkage map and an estimate of the recombination rate for Acromyrmex echinatior, a leaf-cutting ant that resembles the honeybee in having multiple mating of queens and colonies of approximately the same size. A map of 145 AFLP markers in 22 linkage groups yielded a total recombinational size of 2076 cM and an inferred recombination rate of 161 kb cM(-1) (or 6.2 cM Mb(-1)). This estimate is lower than in the honeybee but, as far as the mapping criteria can be compared, higher than in any other insect mapped so far. Earlier studies on A. echinatior have demonstrated that variation in division of labour and pathogen resistance has a genetic component and that genotypic diversity among workers may thus give colonies of this leaf-cutting ant a functional advantage. The present result is therefore consistent with the hypothesis that complex social life can select for an increased recombination rate through effects on genotypic diversity and colony performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sirviö
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
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Rütten KB, Pietsch C, Olek K, Neusser M, Beukeboom LW, Gadau J. Chromosomal anchoring of linkage groups and identification of wing size QTL using markers and FISH probes derived from microdissected chromosomes in Nasonia (Pteromalidae: Hymenoptera). Cytogenet Genome Res 2004; 105:126-33. [PMID: 15218268 DOI: 10.1159/000078019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2003] [Accepted: 12/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasonia vitripennis is a small parasitic hymenopteran with a 50-year history of genetic work including linkage mapping with mutant and molecular markers. For the first time we are now able to anchor linkage groups to specific chromosomes. Two linkage maps based on a hybrid cross (N. vitripennis x N. longicornis) were constructed using STS, RAPD and microsatellite markers, where 17 of the linked STS markers were developed from single microdissected banded chromosomes. Based on these microdissections we anchored all linkage groups to the five chromosomes of N. vitripennis. We also verified the chromosomal specificity of the microdissection through in situ hybridization and linkage analyses. This information and technique will allow us in the future to locate genes or QTL detected in different mapping populations efficiently and fast on homologous chromosomes or even chromosomal regions. To test this approach we asked whether QTL responsible for the wing size in two different hybrid crosses (N. vitripennis x N. longicornis and N. vitripennis x N.giraulti) map to the same location. One QTL with a major effect was found to map to the centromere region of chromosome 3 in both crosses. This could indicate that indeed the same gene/s is involved in the reduction of wing in N. vitripennis and N. longicornis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Rütten
- Biopsytec Analytik GmbH, Rheinbach, Germany
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Kronauer DJC, Hölldobler B, Gadau J. Phylogenetics of the new world honey ants (genus Myrmecocystus) estimated from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2004; 32:416-21. [PMID: 15186826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2004.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2004] [Revised: 03/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D J C Kronauer
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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Gadau J, Strehl CP, Oettler J, Hölldobler B. Determinants of intracolonial relatedness in Pogonomyrmex rugosus (Hymenoptera; Formicidae): mating frequency and brood raids. Mol Ecol 2003; 12:1931-8. [PMID: 12803642 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01853.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The genus Pogonomyrmex is one of three ant genera with an effective mating frequency (me) > 2.0. We developed microsatellites to determine me for P. rugosus because mating frequency of P. rugosus was known only from observational data which do not allow an estimate of me. We genotyped 474 workers from 20 colonies for two microsatellite loci. Observed mating frequencies ranged from 3 to 12 and me for P. rugosus was 4.71. Observed patriline frequencies were significantly different from the expected patriline frequencies generated with a simulated data set under the assumption of equal patriline representation. The available mating frequency data and phylogenetic information of the genus Pogonomyrmex suggest that multiple mating is the ancestral state in the North American Pogonomyrmex sensu stricto. Established P. rugosus colonies raid and destroy smaller conspecific colonies. During these raids ant workers were observed carrying pupae and larvae from the raided colony into the nest of the raiding colony. However, it was not clear whether raided brood emerged in the raiding colony and were subsequently recruited into the work force (intraspecific slavery) or were used as food (predation). Our analyses indicate 6 of 14 field colonies contained foreign P. rugosus workers (43%). The range of the intracolonial frequency of foreign workers collected directly from the nest entrance was between 4 and 28%.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gadau
- Universität Würzburg-Biozentrum, Institut für Verhaltensphysiologie und Soziobiologie, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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Abstract
The New World honey ant species Myrmecocystus mimicus is well known for its highly stereotyped territorial tournaments, and for the raids on conspecific nests that can lead to intraspecific slavery. Our results from mitochondrial and nuclear markers show that the raided brood emerges in the raiding colony and is subsequently incorporated into the colony's worker force. We also found enslaved conspecifics in a second honey ant species, M. depilis, the sister taxon of M. mimicus, which occurs in sympatry with M. mimicus at the study site. Colonies of this species furthermore contained raided M. mimicus workers. Both species have an effective mating frequency that is not significantly different from 1. This study provides genetic evidence for facultative intra- and interspecific slavery in the genus Myrmecocystus. Slavery in ants has evolved repeatedly and supposedly by different means. We propose that, in honey ants, secondary contact between two closely related species that both exhibit intraspecific slavery gave rise to an early form of facultative interspecific slavery.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J C Kronauer
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology and Sociobiology, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Gadau J, Page RE, Werren JH. The genetic basis of the interspecific differences in wing size in Nasonia (Hymenoptera; Pteromalidae): major quantitative trait loci and epistasis. Genetics 2002; 161:673-84. [PMID: 12072464 PMCID: PMC1462138 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/161.2.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a 2.5-fold difference in male wing size between two haplodiploid insect species, Nasonia vitripennis and N. giraulti. The haploidy of males facilitated a full genomic screen for quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting wing size and the detection of epistatic interactions. A QTL analysis of the interspecific wing-size difference revealed QTL with major effects and epistatic interactions among loci affecting the trait. We analyzed 178 hybrid males and initially found two major QTL for wing length, one for wing width, three for a normalized wing-size variable, and five for wing seta density. One QTL for wing width explains 38.1% of the phenotypic variance, and the same QTL explains 22% of the phenotypic variance in normalized wing size. This corresponds to a region previously introgressed from N. giraulti into N. vitripennis that accounts for 44% of the normalized wing-size difference between the species. Significant epistatic interactions were also found that affect wing size and density of setae on the wing. Screening for pairwise epistatic interactions between loci on different linkage groups revealed four additional loci for wing length and four loci for normalized wing size that were not detected in the original QTL analysis. We propose that the evolution of smaller wings in N. vitripennis males is primarily the result of major mutations at few genomic regions and involves epistatic interactions among some loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gadau
- Institut für Verhaltensphysiologie und Soziobiologie, Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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Gadau J, Gerloff CU, Krüger N, Chan H, Schmid-Hempel P, Wille A, Page RE. A linkage analysis of sex determination in Bombus terrestris (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Heredity (Edinb) 2001; 87:234-42. [PMID: 11703515 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2540.2001.00919.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We constructed a linkage map of Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera, Apidae) phase unknown. The map contains 79 markers (six microsatellite and 73 RAPD markers) in 21 linkage groups and spans over 953.1 cM. The minimal recombinational size of the B. terrestris genome was estimated to be 1073 cM. Using flow cytometry, the physical size of the haploid genome of B. terrestris was calculated to be 274 Mb. This is the second linkage map for a social insect species. Bombus terrestris has on average five times less recombinational events per kb than the honey bee Apis mellifera. Male haploidy, chromosome size, and eusociality can now be excluded as reasons for the high recombination frequency of Apis mellifera. Finally, the sex determination locus of B. terrestris was placed on the map using bulked segregant analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gadau
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, USA.
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Sauer C, Stackebrandt E, Gadau J, Hölldobler B, Gross R. Systematic relationships and cospeciation of bacterial endosymbionts and their carpenter ant host species: proposal of the new taxon Candidatus Blochmannia gen. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2000; 50 Pt 5:1877-1886. [PMID: 11034499 DOI: 10.1099/00207713-50-5-1877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The systematic relationships of intracellular bacteria of 13 Camponotus species (carpenter ants) from America and Europe were compared to those of their hosts. Phylogenetic trees of the bacteria and the ants were based on 16S rDNA (rrs) gene sequences and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences, respectively. The bacterial endosymbionts of Camponotus spp. form a distinct lineage in the y-subclass of the Proteobacteria. The taxa most closely related to these bacteria are endosymbionts of aphids and the tsetse fly. The bacterial and host phylogenies deduced from the sequence data show a high degree of congruence, providing significant evidence for cospeciation of the bacteria and the ants and a maternal transmission route of the symbionts. The cloned rrs genes of the endosymbionts contain putative intervening sequences (IVSs) with a much lower G+C content than the mean of the respective rrs genes. By in situ hybridization specific 16S rDNA oligonucleotide probes verified the presence of the bacteria within tissues of three of the eukaryotic hosts. It is proposed that the endosymbionts of these three carpenter ants be assigned to a new taxon 'Candidatus Blochmannia gen. nov.' with the symbionts of the individual ants being species named according to their host, 'Candidatus Blochmannia floridanus sp. nov.', 'Candidatus Blochmannia herculeanus sp. nov.' and 'Candidatus Blochmannia rufipes sp. nov.'.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gadau
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Abstract
According to theory, F(2) hybrid breakdown (lethality or sterility) is due to incompatibilities between interacting genes of the different species (i.e., the breaking up of coadapted gene complexes). Detection of such incompatibilities is particularly straightforward in haplodiploid species, because virgin F(1) hybrid females will produce haploid recombinant F(2) males. This feature allows for screening of the complete genome for recessive genetic incompatibilities. Crosses were performed between Nasonia vitripennis (v) and its sibling species N. giraulti (g). First, a linkage map was produced using RAPD markers. RAPD markers showed an overall bias toward vitripennis alleles, a pattern not predicted by the basic two-interactor Dobzhansky-Muller model. Recovery patterns of visible markers were consistent with those of linked RAPD markers. If particular genetic interactions between two loci are causing hybrid lethality, then those genotypes should be underrepresented or absent among adult F(2) males. Four sets of significant incompatibilities were detected by performing pairwise comparisons of markers on different chromosomes. Likely explanations for the observed patterns are maternal effect-zygotic gene incompatibilities or clustering of incompatibility loci. Due to the short generation time, advantages of haplodiploidy, and availability of markers, Nasonia promises to be a productive system for investigating the genetics of hybrid inviability.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gadau
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Altschmied
- Physiological Chemistry I/Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Germany
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Abstract
The colony and population structure of the carpenter ant, Camponotus floridanus, were investigated by multilocus DNA fingerprinting using simple repeat motifs as probes [e.g. (GATA)4]. The mating frequency of 15 queens was determined by comparing the fingerprint patterns of the queen and 17-33 of her progeny workers. C. floridanus queens are most probably singly mated, i.e. this species is monandrous and monogynous (one queen per colony). C. floridanus occurs in all counties of mainland Florida and also inhabits most of the Key islands in the southern part of Florida. We tested whether the two mainland populations and the island populations are genetically isolated. Wright's FST and Nei's D-value of genetic distance were calculated from intercolonial bandsharing-coefficients. The population of C. floridanus is substructured (FST = 0.19 +/- 0.09) and the highest degree of genetic distance was found between one of the mainland populations and the island populations (D = 0.35). Our fingerprinting technique could successfully be transferred to 12 other Camponotus species and here also revealed sufficient variability to analyse the genetic structure. In three of these species (C. ligniperdus, C. herculeanus and C. gigas) we could determine the mating frequency of the queen in one or two colonies, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gadau
- Theodor-Boveri-Institut (Biozentrum der Universität), Lehrstuhl für Verhaltensphysiologie und Soziobiologie, Am Hubland, Germany.
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Heinze J, Gadau J, H�lldobler B, Nanda I, Schmid M, Scheller K. Genetic Variability in the Ant Camponotus floridanus Detected by Multilocus DNA Fingerprinting. Naturwissenschaften 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/s001140050025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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