1
|
Ponlawat A, Harwood JF, Putnam JL, Nitatsukprasert C, Pongsiri A, Kijchalao U, Linthicum KJ, Kline DL, Clark GG, Obenauer PJ, Doud CW, Mccardle PW, Richardson AG, Szumlas DE, Richardson JH. Field Evaluation of Indoor Thermal Fog and Ultra-Low Volume Applications For Control of Aedes aegypti in Thailand. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2017; 33:116-127. [PMID: 28590217 DOI: 10.2987/16-6594.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Efficacies of a handheld thermal fogger (Patriot™) and a backpack ultra-low volume (ULV) sprayer (Twister™) with combinations of 2 different adulticides (pyrethrin, deltamethrin) and an insect growth regulator (pyriproxyfen) were field-tested and compared for their impact on reducing indoor Aedes aegypti populations in Thailand. The effectiveness of the indoor space sprays was evaluated by sampling the natural Ae. aegypti population in houses and determining their physiological status, by monitoring mortality of sentinel caged mosquitoes (AFRIMS strain) and by assessing larval mortality in laboratory bioassays using water exposed to the spray. A total of 14,742 Ae. aegypti were collected from Biogents Sentinel traps in this study. The combination of ULD® BP-300 (3% pyrethrin) and NyGuard® (10% pyriproxyfen) sprayed either by the Patriot or Twister significantly reduced some Ae. aegypti populations up to 20 days postspray relative to the control clusters. The addition of pyriproxyfen to the adulticide extended how long household mosquito populations were suppressed. In 2 of the 4 products being compared, the Twister resulted in higher mortality of caged mosquitoes compared with the Patriot. However, neither machine was able to achieve high mortality among Ae. aegypti placed in hidden (protected) cages. The larval bioassay results demonstrated that the Twister ULV provided better adult emergence inhibition than the Patriot (thermal fogger), likely due to larger droplet size.
Collapse
|
2
|
Garcia PL, Miller AL, Kreitzburg KM, Council LN, Gamblin TL, Christein JD, Heslin MJ, Arnoletti JP, Richardson JH, Chen D, Hanna CA, Cramer SL, Yang ES, Qi J, Bradner JE, Yoon KJ. The BET bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 suppresses growth of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in patient-derived xenograft models. Oncogene 2015; 35:833-45. [PMID: 25961927 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the antitumor efficacy of the bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patient-derived xenograft (tumorgraft) models. A secondary aim of the study was to evaluate whether JQ1 decreases expression of the oncogene c-Myc in PDAC tumors, as has been reported for other tumor types. We used five PDAC tumorgraft models that retain specific characteristics of tumors of origin to evaluate the antitumor efficacy of JQ1. Tumor-bearing mice were treated with JQ1 (50 mg/kg daily for 21 or 28 days). Expression analyses were performed with tumors harvested from host mice after treatment with JQ1 or vehicle control. An nCounter PanCancer Pathways Panel (NanoString Technologies) of 230 cancer-related genes was used to identify gene products affected by JQ1. Quantitative RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and immunoblots were carried out to confirm that changes in RNA expression reflected changes in protein expression. JQ1 inhibited the growth of all five tumorgraft models (P<0.05), each of which harbors a KRAS mutation; but induced no consistent change in expression of c-Myc protein. Expression profiling identified CDC25B, a regulator of cell cycle progression, as one of the three RNA species (TIMP3, LMO2 and CDC25B) downregulated by JQ1 (P<0.05). Inhibition of tumor progression was more closely related to decreased expression of nuclear CDC25B than to changes in c-Myc expression. JQ1 and other agents that inhibit the function of proteins with bromodomains merit further investigation for treating PDAC tumors. Work is ongoing in our laboratory to identify effective drug combinations that include JQ1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P L Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - A L Miller
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - K M Kreitzburg
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - L N Council
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - T L Gamblin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - J D Christein
- Division of General Surgery, Gastrointestinal Surgery or Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - M J Heslin
- Division of General Surgery, Gastrointestinal Surgery or Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - J P Arnoletti
- Division of General Surgery, Gastrointestinal Surgery or Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - J H Richardson
- Division of General Surgery, Gastrointestinal Surgery or Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - D Chen
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - C A Hanna
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - S L Cramer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - E S Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - J Qi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J E Bradner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K J Yoon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Richardson JH, Steinmetz LL, Deutscher SB, Bookless WA, Schmelzinger WL. Measurement of Fluorescence Lifetimes of Coumarin Laser Dyes with a Mode-Locked Krypton Ion Laser. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/zna-1978-1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The fluorescence lifetime of four coumarin laser dyes (C-7, C-30, C-102, and C-120) were measured in three different solvents (methanol, ethanol and water) a t dilute and lasing concentrations. The lifetime generally decreases for the more hydrophobic dyes as the solvent polarity increases. There is little change with concentration due to the large Stokes shift.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. H. Richardson
- University of California, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| | - L. L. Steinmetz
- University of California, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| | - S. B. Deutscher
- University of California, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| | - W. A. Bookless
- University of California, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| | - W. L. Schmelzinger
- University of California, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Turell MJ, Lee JS, Richardson JH, Sang RC, Kioko EN, Agawo MO, Pecor J, O'Guinn ML. Vector competence of Kenyan Culex zombaensis and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes for Rift Valley fever virus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2007; 23:378-382. [PMID: 18240513 DOI: 10.2987/5645.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) continues to be a significant problem in Kenya as well as in Egypt, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia. In order to determine the ability of Kenyan mosquitoes to transmit RVF virus (RVFV), we collected mosquitoes in the Lake Naivasha region of Kenya and evaluated them for their potential to transmit RVFV under laboratory conditions. After feeding on a hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) with a viremia of 10(9.7) plaque-forming units of virus/ml of blood, Culex zombaensis were highly susceptible to infection with RVFV, with 89% becoming infected. In contrast, Cx. quinquefasciatus that were fed on the same hamsters were marginally susceptible, with only 20% becoming infected. Differences in percentages of mosquitoes that developed a disseminated infection were equally disparate, with 55% and 8%, for Cx. zombaensis and Cx. quinquefasciatus, respectively. Forty-eight percent of the Cx. zombaensis with a disseminated infection that fed on a susceptible hamster transmitted virus by bite, indicating a moderate salivary gland barrier. However, the presence of a salivary gland barrier could not be determined for Cx. quinquefasciatus because none of the 18 mosquitoes that took a 2nd blood meal had a disseminated infection. These studies illustrate the need to identify the ability of individual mosquito species to transmit RVFV so that correct decisions can be made concerning the application of appropriate control measures during an outbreak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Turell
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Richardson JH, Dering JP, Johnson DC, Hrubesh LW. Two-laser induced selective infrared-visible fluorescence for thin film analysis. Anal Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ac50056a048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
7
|
Richardson JH, Perone SP, Deutscher SB. Laser-induced photoelectrochemistry. Time-resolved coulostatic-flash studies of cadmium sulfide electrodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j150604a009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
8
|
Richardson JH, George SM, Harrar JE, Perone SP. Laser induced photoelectrochemistry. Dependence of photoemission-related currents on laser characteristics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100505a008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
9
|
Richardson JH, Rose NJ, Mann S, Ferguson-Smith M, Lever AM. Chromosomal positioning of human T-lymphotropic type 1 proviruses by fluorescence in situ hybridisation. J Virol Methods 2001; 93:65-74. [PMID: 11311345 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(00)00297-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) was employed to identify the chromosomal integration site of the human T-cell lymphotropic virus, type 1 (HTLV-1) present in T-cell clones derived from HTLV-1-infected individuals and a virally transformed cell line, C8166-45. Proviral sequences were detected in C8166-45 but not uninfected Jurkat cells. Integration sites were reliably detected in T-cell clones determined previously to be infected with HTLV-1. The results indicated that the transformed cell line and some of the T-cell clones possessed more than one proviral integration site. This hybridisation system is useful for determining the number of integration events and for localising proviruses to specific chromosomal regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J H Richardson
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Level 5, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rose NJ, Richardson JH, Desselberger U, Lever AM. Virus inactivation in a proportion of human T-cell leukaemia virus type I-infected T-cell clones arises through naturally occurring mutations. J Gen Virol 2000; 81:97-104. [PMID: 10640546 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-81-1-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukaemia virus type I (HTLV-I) is the aetiological agent of adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM). The trans-activating protein (Tax) of HTLV-I is strongly implicated in cellular proliferation. We examined the tax gene and 5' long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences in eight naturally infected T-cell clones derived from TSP/HAM-affected individuals who were either productively (proliferate spontaneously) or silently (do not proliferate spontaneously) infected. In two silently infected clones point mutations within the proviruses resulted in truncation of the Tax protein. One clone harboured both a deleterious tax gene mutation and a point mutation in an enhancer element of the 5' LTR. Sequence changes, immunological escape mutation, integration site context and host cell phenotype may all contribute to the high proportion of latently or silently infected T-cells found in vivo in virus carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N J Rose
- University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, Level 5, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Affiliation(s)
- W A Marasco
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Richardson JH, Hofmann W, Sodroski JG, Marasco WA. Intrabody-mediated knockout of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor in primary human T cells using a bicistronic lentivirus vector. Gene Ther 1998; 5:635-44. [PMID: 9797868 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3300644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A bicistronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-based vector is described in which the expression of a selectable marker and a second gene of interest are forcibly coupled by means of an internal ribosome entry site. The vector provides high-level expression of the coselected gene in approximately 90% of transduced cells and has been used to express an endoplasmic reticulum-targeted single-chain antibody (intrabody) directed against a subunit of the interleukin-2 receptor, IL-2R alpha. In the established T cell line Kit225 and also in primary human T cells stably transduced with the intrabody vector, the cell surface expression of IL-2R alpha could be reduced to a low or undetectable level. Responsiveness to IL-2 was reduced 10-fold in the IL-2R alpha-negative cells, consistent with a lack of high-affinity IL-2 receptors. Pseudotyping of the HIV-1 core with the vesicular stomatitis virus G protein improved particle stability by two- to three-fold and enhanced vector entry into established T cell lines up to 230-fold. Vector entry into primary human T cells was most efficient when the amphotropic murine leukemia virus envelope was used. The forced, high-expression capability of the bicistronic vector, together with the capacity of HIV-1 vectors to infect nondividing cells, make this an attractive tool for the genetic manipulation of primary cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J H Richardson
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Richardson JH, Waldmann TA, Sodroski JG, Marasco WA. Inducible knockout of the interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain: expression of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor is not required for the in vitro growth of HTLV-I-transformed cell lines. Virology 1997; 237:209-16. [PMID: 9356333 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Adult T cell leukemia (ATL) is an aggressive malignancy that is associated with HTLV-I infection and characterized by constitutive expression of the high-affinity interleukin-2 receptor. The alpha subunit of the high-affinity receptor (IL-2Ralpha), which is normally present only on activated T cells, is specifically upregulated by HTLV-I and constitutively expressed on fresh leukemic cells from ATL patients as well as cell lines transformed by HTLV-I in vitro. Here we directly address the functional significance of IL-2Ralpha expression in HTLV-I transformed cell lines by using an endoplasmic reticulum-targeted single-chain antibody to inhibit the cell surface expression of IL-2Ralpha. Using constitutive and tetracycline-repressible systems to express the ER-targeted antibody against IL-2Ralpha, we have reduced cell surface expression of IL-2Ralpha by more that 2 logs of mean fluorescence intensity to virtually undetectable levels in the IL-2-independent HTLV-I-transformed cell lines C8166-45 and HUT102. No toxicity was associated with the intracellular retention of IL-2Ralpha, and the growth rate of the IL-2Ralpha-negative cells was in each case comparable to that of the parental cell line. We conclude that cell surface expression of IL-2Ralpha is dispensable for the in vitro growth of these HTLV-I-transformed cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J H Richardson
- Division of Human Retrovirology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Richardson JH, Höllsberg P, Windhagen A, Child LA, Hafler DA, Lever AM. Variable immortalizing potential and frequent virus latency in blood-derived T-cell clones infected with human T-cell leukemia virus type I. Blood 1997; 89:3303-14. [PMID: 9129036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I)-infected T cells expanded in vitro by single-cell cloning provide a unique system for investigating virus-cell interactions in nonimmortalized T cells. By analysis of clones generated randomly from the blood of virus carriers, we confirm that CD4 T cells are the major reservoir of HTLV-I in vivo and show that most infected cells contain a single integrated provirus. Contrary to the situation in HTLV-I immortalized cell lines, the HTLV-I provirus was found to be transcriptionally silent in a high proportion of randomly generated T-cell clones and could not be reactivated by mitogenic stimulation. The spontaneous proliferation previously documented in HTLV-I-infected T-cell clones was not observed in silently infected cells, and therefore correlates directly with the expression of tax and other viral genes. The only cytokine mRNA found to be significantly elevated in the virus-producing clones was interleukin-6; however, receptor-blocking experiments argue against a role for IL-6 in the virus-induced cell proliferation. We observed a striking variation in the ability of individual HTLV-I-producing clones to immortalize fresh peripheral blood lymphocytes. This ability did not correlate with the levels of viral mRNA expression, gag p24 production, spontaneous proliferation, or tax-transactivation, possibly suggesting a role for host cell factors as determinants of viral infectivity or immortalization. Studies to elucidate the basis of this phenotypic heterogeneity should enhance our understanding of viral spread and pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J H Richardson
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Richardson JH, Barton WE, Williams DC. Survey of container-inhabiting mosquitoes in Clemson, South Carolina, with emphasis on Aedes albopictus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1995; 11:396-400. [PMID: 8825496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A total of 530 oviposition trap samples were collected within a 10-km radius of Clemson University between March 30 and October 19, 1993. From 19,664 larvae reared from collected eggs, 7 species were identified: Aedes albopictus (89%), Ae. triseriatus (6.5%), Culex restuans (2.7%), Cx. territans (0.6%), Cx. pipiens complex (0.7%), Toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis (0.2%), and Orthopodomyia signifera (0.1%). This is the first record of Ae. albopictus in Clemson. Aedes aegypti was not found. Of the 41 ovitrap locations, 100% were positive for Ae. albopictus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J H Richardson
- Department of Entomology, Clemson University, SC 29634-0365, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
We have previously described a series of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-based vectors in which efficient RNA encapsidation appeared to correlate with the presence of a 1.1-kb env gene fragment encompassing the Rev-responsive element (RRE). In this report, we explore in detail the role of the RRE and flanking env sequences in vector expression and RNA encapsidation. The analysis of a new series of vectors containing deletions within the env fragment failed to identify a discrete packaging signal, although the loss of certain sequences reduced packaging efficiency three- to fourfold. Complete removal of the env fragment resulted in a 100-fold decrease in the vector transduction titer but did not abolish RNA encapsidation. We conclude that the RRE and 3' env sequences are not essential for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vector encapsidation but may be important in vectors in which a heterologous gene has been placed adjacent to the 5' packaging signal, potentially disrupting its structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J F Kaye
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Single-chain antibodies, synthesized by the cell and targeted to a particular cellular compartment, can be used to interfere in a highly specific manner with cell growth and metabolism. Recent applications of this technology include the phenotypic knockout of growth-factor receptors, the functional inactivation of p21ras and the inhibition of HIV-1 replication. Intracellular antibodies are likely to have a widespread impact in biological research as a simple and effective alternative to other forms of gene inactivation; they demonstrate clear potential as reagents for cancer therapy and for the control of infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J H Richardson
- Division of Human Retrovirology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Richardson JH, Sodroski JG, Waldmann TA, Marasco WA. Phenotypic knockout of the high-affinity human interleukin 2 receptor by intracellular single-chain antibodies against the alpha subunit of the receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:3137-41. [PMID: 7724529 PMCID: PMC42120 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.8.3137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The experimental manipulation of peptide growth hormones and their cellular receptors is central to understanding the pathways governing cellular signaling and growth control. Previous work has shown that intracellular antibodies targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can be used to capture specific proteins as they enter the ER, preventing their transport to the cell surface. Here we have used this technology to inhibit the cell surface expression of the alpha subunit of the high-affinity interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R alpha). A single-chain variable-region fragment of the anti-Tac monoclonal antibody was constructed with a signal peptide and a C-terminal ER retention signal. Intracellular expression of the single-chain antibody was found to completely abrogate cell surface expression of IL-2R alpha in stimulated Jurkat T cells. IL-2R alpha was detectable within the Jurkat cells as an immature 40-kDa form that was sensitive to endoglycosidase H, consistent with its retention in a pre- or early Golgi compartment. A single-chain antibody lacking the ER retention signal was also able to inhibit cell surface expression of IL-2R alpha although the mechanism appeared to involve rapid degradation of the receptor chain within the ER. These intracellular antibodies will provide a valuable tool for examining the role of IL-2R alpha in T-cell activation, IL-2 signal transduction, and the deregulated growth of leukemic cells which overexpress IL-2R alpha.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J H Richardson
- Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Recombinant vectors based on the type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) can be used to deliver genes into cells expressing the HIV receptor, CD4. We have used a transient RNA packaging system to compare the safety and efficacy of HIV-1 vector transduction by wild-type and replication-deficient helper viruses. Helper virus-free vector transfer was consistently achieved when the helper virus gag-pol and env genes were expressed from separate plasmids such that two recombination events were required to form an infectious genome. Other forms of attenuation, such as deletion of the 5' phi region, were inadequate to prevent helper virus transmission. Vector transduction by the wild-type and non-replicating helper viruses occurred with comparable efficiency except in instances where efficient vector RNA expression was dependent upon transactivating factors supplied by the helper virus. These data demonstrate the feasibility of safe gene transfer using HIV-1 vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J H Richardson
- University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zoubak S, Richardson JH, Rynditch A, Höllsberg P, Hafler DA, Boeri E, Lever AM, Bernardi G. Regional specificity of HTLV-I proviral integration in the human genome. Gene X 1994; 143:155-63. [PMID: 8206368 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The location of HTLV-I (human T-cell leukemia virus type 1) proviral sequences in the genome of infected human cells was explored by hybridization of a viral probe with compositional fractions of host-cell DNAs. In the twelve cases examined, HTLV-I sequences were absent from the GC-poorest 40% of the host genome (namely, from isochores that are below 39% GC). Transcriptionally inactive proviral sequences were localized in GC-poor isochores (comprised between 39% and 42-44% GC) of the human genome, which are characterized by a constant and low gene concentration. In contrast, transcriptionally active proviral sequences were found in the GC-rich and very GC-rich isochores, which are gene rich, transcriptionally and recombinationally active, and endowed with an open chromatin structure. Since GC-rich isochores are present in R'-bands and very GC-rich isochores form T-bands, these results also provide information on the location of HTLV-I proviral sequences in human chromosomes. The results obtained with HTLV-I are in agreement with the non-random, compartmentalized integration of animal retroviral sequences that had been previously observed in other viral-host systems. They provide, however, much more detailed information on the regional location of proviral sequences in the host genome and on the correlation between their transcription and their location.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Zoubak
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
cis elements required for the encapsidation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA have been investigated by using a replication-competent helper virus to package a series of HIV-1-based vectors which had been stably transfected into human CD4 T-cell lines. A previously identified packaging signal in the 5' leader region was not sufficient for the encapsidation of small vectors containing heterologous genes. In contrast, vectors containing additional gag and env sequences were packaged with high efficiency and transduced into CD4-expressing target cells with titers exceeding 10(4) CFU/ml. The presence of gag sequences did not enhance vector packaging efficiency. A 1.1-kb env gene fragment encompassing the Rev-responsive element was absolutely required for the expression and encapsidation of vectors containing cis-acting repressive sequences and appeared also to contain an important packaging signal. Vectors as small as 2.6 kb were successfully packaged in this system. The presence of abundant, packageable vector RNA did not appear to interfere with encapsidation of the wild-type HIV-1 genome, suggesting that HIV-1 RNA packaging capacity is not saturated during acute infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J H Richardson
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wucherpfennig KW, Höllsberg P, Richardson JH, Benjamin D, Hafler DA. T-cell activation by autologous human T-cell leukemia virus type I-infected T-cell clones. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:2110-4. [PMID: 1549569 PMCID: PMC48606 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.6.2110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique feature of both human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) carriers and subjects with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), a chronic inflammatory disease of the nervous system, is the presence of large numbers of activated T cells that spontaneously proliferate in vitro. We have investigated the mechanisms of T-cell activation by HTLV-I in freshly isolated blood T cells and in naturally infected T-cell clones obtained by direct single-cell cloning from patients with HAM/TSP. Both CD4+ and CD8+ HTLV-I-infected T-cell clones showed the unusual ability to proliferate in the absence of exogenous interleukin 2 (IL-2). Nevertheless, HTLV-I-infected clones were not transformed, as they required periodic restimulation with phytohemagglutinin and feeder cells for long-term growth. Irradiated or fixed HTLV-I-infected clones were found to induce the proliferation of blood T cells when cocultured, which we refer to as THTLV-1-T cell activation. This THTLV-1-T cell-mediated activation was blocked by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against CD2/lymphocyte function-associated molecule 3 (LFA-3), LFA-1/intercellular cell-adhesion molecule (ICAM), and the IL-2 receptor but not by mAbs against class I or class II major histocompatibility complex molecules, HTLV-I gp46, or a high-titer HAM/TSP serum. Spontaneous proliferation of blood T cells from HAM/TSP patients could also be inhibited by mAbs to CD2/LFA-3, LFA-1/ICAM and to the IL-2 receptor (CD25). These results show at the clonal level that HTLV-I infection induces T-cell activation and that such activated T cells can in turn stimulate noninfected T cells by cognate THTLV-1-T cell interactions involving the CD2 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K W Wucherpfennig
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Affiliation(s)
- A M Lever
- Department of Communicable Diseases, St. George's Hospital, London, U.K
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Abstract
The biological safety cabinet is the one piece of laboratory and pharmacy equipment that provides protection for personnel, the product, and the environment. Through the history of laboratory-acquired infections from the earliest published case to the emergence of hepatitis B and AIDS, the need for health care worker protection is described. A brief description with design, construction, function, and production capabilities is provided for class I and class III safety cabinets. The development of the high-efficiency particulate air filter provided the impetus for clean room technology, from which evolved the class II laminar flow biological safety cabinet. The clean room concept was advanced when the horizontal airflow clean bench was manufactured; it became popular in pharmacies for preparing intravenous solutions because the product was protected. However, as with infectious microorganisms and laboratory workers, individual sensitization to antibiotics and the advent of hazardous antineoplastic agents changed the thinking of pharmacists and nurses, and they began to use the class II safety cabinet to prevent adverse personnel reactions to the drugs. How the class II safety cabinet became the mainstay in laboratories and pharmacies is described, and insight is provided into the formulation of National Sanitation Foundation standard number 49 and its revisions. The working operations of a class II cabinet are described, as are the variations of the four types with regard to design, function, air velocity profiles, and the use of toxins. The main certification procedures are explained, with examples of improper or incorrect certifications. The required levels of containment for microorganisms are given. Instructions for decontaminating the class II biological safety cabinet of infectious agents are provided; unfortunately, there is no method for decontaminating the cabinet of antineoplastic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R H Kruse
- MEDI, Inc., Lexington, Kentucky 40576-1486
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hecht MH, Richardson JH, Richardson DC, Ogden RC. De Novo Design, Expression and Characterization of Felix: A Four-Helix Bundle Protein of Native-Like Sequence. Science 1990. [DOI: 10.1126/science.249.4972.973-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
28
|
Cruickshank JK, Richardson JH, Morgan OS, Porter J, Klenerman P, Knight J, Newell AL, Rudge P, Dalgleish AG. Screening for prolonged incubation of HTLV-I infection in British and Jamaican relatives of British patients with tropical spastic paraparesis. BMJ 1990; 300:300-4. [PMID: 2106960 PMCID: PMC1661922 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.300.6720.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the prevalence of antibody to and proviral DNA of the retrovirus HTLV-I in relatives of 11 British patients with tropical spastic paraparesis who had migrated from Jamaica before they developed symptoms, and to examine factors possibly related to transmission of HTLV-I. DESIGN Migrant, family study. Antibody state was determined by several methods and confirmed by western blotting; the polymerase chain reaction was used to detect proviral DNA. SETTING Britain and Jamaica. SUBJECTS All available first degree relatives: those born and still resident in Jamaica (group 1); those born in Jamaica who migrated to Britain (group 2); and index patients' children who were born and resident in Britain (group 3). All had been breast fed and none had had blood transfusions. RESULTS Of the 66 living relatives, 60 were traced. Seroprevalence among those born in Jamaica (irrespective of current residence) was 22% (10/46; 95% confidence limits 9 to 34%) compared with zero among British born offspring (0/14) and was higher in group 2 at 33% (7/21; 12 to 55%) than in group 1 at 12% (3/25; 0 to 25%). (Patients in group 1 had the greatest mean age.) Proviral DNA was not detected in any subject negative for HTLV-I antibody, making prolonged viral incubation in those negative for the antibody unlikely. CONCLUSION In this sample factors related to place of birth and early residence were more important in transmission of HTLV-I than maternal or age effects. In areas with a low to moderate prevalence policies of preventing mothers who are carriers of the virus from breast feeding would be premature.
Collapse
|
29
|
Richardson JH, Wucherpfenning KW, Endo N, Rudge P, Dalgleish AG, Hafler DA. In Reply: PCR Analysis of DNA from Multiple Sclerosis Patients for the Presence of HTLV-I. Science 1989. [DOI: 10.1126/science.246.4931.821-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
30
|
|
31
|
Richardson JH. Effect of vitamin E on vitamin C-induced lymphocytopenia. Psychol Rep 1988; 62:963-4. [PMID: 3406315 DOI: 10.2466/pr0.1988.62.3.963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Large daily doses of vitamin C resulted in lymphocytopenia in stressed mice caused by excessive plasma levels of adrenal corticosteroids. Vitamin C plus E resulted in less severe lymphocytopenia because vitamin E has a lymphoproliferative effect.
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Aggressive and passive mice were placed together in one cage. Lymphocyte counts were taken for both groups over a 10-day period. Although lymphocyte damage occurred, there was no significant difference in the severity of lymphocyte damage between the two groups.
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
40 Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to stress by crowding and water immersion for five days. Three groups of animals were compared: controls ( n = 20), stressed animals dosed with ascorbic acid ( n = 20), and stressed animals not dosed with ascorbic acid ( n = 20). Ascorbic acid prevented both adrenal and pituitary hypertrophy in stressed animals. Ascorbic acid appears to act as a potentiating factor for ACTH when there is an increased demand for ACTH during stress.
Collapse
|
34
|
|
35
|
Richardson JH, Allen RB. Dietary supplementation with vitamin C delays the onset of fatigue in isolated striated muscle of rats. Can J Appl Sport Sci 1983; 8:140-2. [PMID: 6640816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assay the effect of prolonged vitamin C supplementation on contraction time and strength in the gastrocnemius muscle of the rat. Fifteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were given 30 mg of vitamin C orally per day for thirty days, while an additional fifteen animals served as controls. Contraction of the isolated gastrocnemius muscle was induced by electrical stimulation, and strength and time to fatigue was measured. Results indicate that the supplementation of vitamin C prolongs contraction time by 19% thus delaying fatigue but had no affect on muscle strength.
Collapse
|
36
|
Richardson JH, Smith S. A comparison of the effects of Dianabol and methyltestosterone on muscle contraction and fatigue. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1981; 21:279-81. [PMID: 7321559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
37
|
Richardson JH, Grindstaff JB. An in-vivo method of measuring strength and fatigue in small mammals. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1981; 21:231-2. [PMID: 7321552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
38
|
|
39
|
Richardson JH, Chenman M. The effect of vitamin B6 on muscle fatigue. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1981; 21:119-21. [PMID: 7300293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
40
|
Steinmetz LL, Bookless WA, Richardson JH. Recent pulse width and linewidth measurements on the mode-locked Kr(+)-ion laser. Appl Opt 1980; 19:2663-2664. [PMID: 20234487 DOI: 10.1364/ao.19.002663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
|
41
|
Richardson JH, Palmerton T, Chenan M. The effect of calcium on muscle fatigue. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1980; 20:149-51. [PMID: 7392582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
42
|
|
43
|
Richardson JH, Steinmetz LL, Deutscher SB, Bookless WA, Schmelzinger WL. Biochemical applications of a synchronously pumped krypton ion dye laser fluorescence system. Anal Biochem 1979; 97:17-23. [PMID: 484837 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(79)90321-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
44
|
Richardson JH, Drake PD. The effects of zinc on fatigue of striated muscle. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1979; 19:133-4. [PMID: 502525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
45
|
Richardson JH, Fuller N. The effects of vitamin B15 on contraction of striated muscle. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1979; 19:129-31. [PMID: 502524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
46
|
Richardson JH. Smallpox Eradication. Science 1978; 201:867. [PMID: 17729556 DOI: 10.1126/science.201.4359.867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
47
|
|
48
|
Richardson JH. A comparison of two drugs on strength increase in monkeys. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1977; 17:251-4. [PMID: 415180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
49
|
Abstract
36 Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to stress by immersion, erratic photoperiod and crowding for 28 days. Control and experimental animals were sacrificed and the thymus, spleen, adrenals, testis, and pituitary were removed and their weights were recorded as a ratio of organ weight to body weight. The pituitary was the most accurate measure of stress according to Z scores.
Collapse
|
50
|
Richardson JH, Ando ME. Sub-part-per-trillion detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by laser induced molecular fluorescence. Anal Chem 1977; 49:955-9. [PMID: 860839 DOI: 10.1021/ac50015a021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|