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Zaragoza R, Pemán J, Quindós G, Iruretagoyena JR, Cuétara MS, Ramírez P, Gómez MD, Camarena JJ, Viudes A, Pontón J. Clinical significance of the detection of Candida albicans germ tube-specific antibodies in critically ill patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 15:592-5. [PMID: 19438621 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02794.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study, comprising a prospective multicentre study including 53 non-neutropenic patients from intensive care units (ICU) in six Spanish tertiary-care hospitals, was carried out to determine the clinical significance and influence on mortality of Candida albicans germ tube-specific antibodies (CAGTA). There were 22 patients (41.5%) for whom the CAGTA results were positive, although none of had a blood culture positive for Candida. The intra-ICU mortality rate was significantly lower (p = 0.004) in CAGTA-positive patients (61.2% vs. 22.7%). Multivariate analysis confirmed that a positive CAGTA result was the only protective factor to be independently associated with ICU mortality (beta coefficient = -0.3856; 95% confidence interval = -0.648 to -0.123).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Zaragoza
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario Dr Peset, Valencia, Spain.
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Zaragoza R, Artero A, Camarena JJ, Sancho S, González R, Nogueira JM. The influence of inadequate empirical antimicrobial treatment on patients with bloodstream infections in an intensive care unit. Clin Microbiol Infect 2003; 9:412-8. [PMID: 12848754 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-0691.2003.00656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the occurrence of inadequate antimicrobial therapy among critically ill patients with bacteremia and the factors associated with it, to identify the microorganisms that received inadequate antimicrobial treatment, and to determine the relationship between inadequate treatment and patients outcome. METHODS From June 1995 to January 1999 we collected data on all clinically significant ICU-bacteremias in our teaching hospital. Clinical and microbiological characteristics were recorded and the adequacy of empirical antimicrobial treatment in each case was determined. We defined inappropriate empirical antimicrobial treatment as applying to infection that was not being effectively treated at the time the causative microorganism and its antibiotic susceptibility were known. Multivariate analysis was used to determine the variables associated with inappropriate empirical antimicrobial treatment and to evaluate the influence of this on the related mortality to bacteremia, using the SPSS package (9.0). RESULTS Among 166 intensive care unit patients with bacteremia, 39 (23.5%) received inadequate antimicrobial treatment. In this last group the mean age of patients was 64.1 +/- 13.2 years, and 64% were men. Bacteremia was hospital-acquired in 92% of these cases. Eleven percent developed septic shock and 37.7% severe sepsis, and ultimately fatal underlying disease was present in 28.2% of patients given inadequate empirical antimicrobial treatment. The main sources of bacteremias in this group were: a vascular catheter (15.3%), respiratory (7.6%) or unknown (53.8%). The microorganisms most frequently isolated in the group with inadequate empirical antimicrobial treatment were: coagulase-negative staphylococci (29.5%), Acinetobacter baumannii (27.3%), Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, and Candida species (4.5% each). The frequency of coagulase-negative staphylococci in the cases with inappropriate treatment was higher than in the group with appropriate treatment (OR 2.62; 95% CI: 1.10-6.21; P = 0.015). The global mortality rate was 56% and the related mortality was 30% in the group with inadequate empirical antimicrobial treatment. The only factor associated with inappropriate empirical antibiotic treatment was the absence of abdominal or respiratory focus (P = 0.04; OR = 0.35; 95% CI: 0.12-0.97). Septic shock was related to attributable mortality (P = 0.03; OR = 3.19; 95% CI: 1.08-9.40), but not inappropriate empirical antibiotic treatment (P = 0.24; OR = 1.71; 95% CI: 0.66-4.78). CONCLUSION Almost a quarter of critically ill patients with bloodstream infections were given inadequate empirical antibiotic treatment, but mortality was not higher in the group with inadequate treatment than in the group with adequate treatment. This fact was probably due to microbiological factors and clinical features, such as the type of microorganism most frequently isolated and the source of the bacteremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Zaragoza
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario Dr Peset, Avda Gaspar Aguilar, 90 46017 Valencia, Spain.
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Torres P, Camarena JJ, Gomez JR, Nogueira JM, Gimeno V, Navarro JC, Olmos A. Comparison of PCR mediated amplification of DNA and the classical methods for detection of Mycobacterium leprae in different types of clinical samples in leprosy patients and contacts. LEPROSY REV 2003; 74:18-30. [PMID: 12669929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Traditional staining and microscopic examination techniques for the detection of Mycobacterium leprae, DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of a 531-bp fragment of the M. leprae specific gene encoding the 36-kDa antigen, and serodiagnosis with M. leprae specific antigens (PGL-1 and D-BSA) were compared on different clinical specimens (serum samples, slit-skin smears, biopsies and swabs) from 60 leprosy patients attending the Sanatorium of Fontilles. Patients were divided into groups; (i) 20 multibacillary patients (MB) with positive bacteriological index (BI) by conventional methods and on WHO multidrug therapy (MDT); (ii) 30 MB patients with negative BI and completed minimum 2 years treatment MDT; (iii) 10 paucibacillary (PB) patients who had completed 6 months MDT at least 8 years ago. Control groups included four non-leprosy patients for PCR methods and 40 health control patients and 10 tuberculosis patients for serological methods. In the multibacillary BI positive group, there was a good correlation between all methods. All tests were negative in the paucibacillary group, although only a few patients were tested and all had been treated many years ago. One must be cautious concerning the diagnostic potential of these techniques in this type of leprosy. We also studied different combinations of leprosy diagnosis methods to determine the potential risk in a leprosy contact individuals group. The prevalence of antibodies to M. leprae antigens in serum was measured, together with the presence of M. leprae DNA in the nose and lepromin status in a group of 43 contacts of leprosy patients (12 household and 31 occupational) to evaluate the maintenance of infection reservoirs and transmission of the disease. Only two individuals were found to form a potential high risk group.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Torres
- Sanatorio San Francisco de Borja, Fontilles, Spain
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Torres P, Camarena JJ, Gomez JR, Nogueira JM, Gimeno V, Navarro JC, Olmos A. Comparison of PCR mediated amplification of DNA and the classical methods for detection of Mycobacterium leprae in different types of clinical samples in leprosy patients and contacts. LEPROSY REV 2003. [DOI: 10.47276/lr.74.1.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Franco J, Camarena JJ, Nogueira JM, Blanquer R, Ruiz MJ, Marín J. Serological response (Western blot) to fractions of Mycobacterium tuberculosis sonicate antigen in tuberculosis patients and contacts. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2001; 5:958-62. [PMID: 11605891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the serological response to fractions of Mycobacterium tuberculosis sonicate antigen by Western blot analysis in patients with tuberculosis and contacts. METHODS We studied 71 individuals including 43 patients with active tuberculosis, 16 contacts and 12 healthy blood donors. For Western blot analysis, M. tuberculosis (H37Rv strain) sonicate antigen extract was fractionated by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel (SDS-PAGE). RESULTS We obtained antibody responses directed against four antigenic fractions with molecular weights of 71, 65, 26-38 and 19 kDa. Sixty per cent of pleural tuberculosis and 52.4% of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis had whole responses against all four fractions; there were no partial responses in these groups. For patients with smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis whole responses were 17.6% and partial responses 41.2%. All contacts whose tuberculin tests converted from negative to positive (three cases) reacted exclusively against the 19 kDa fraction. CONCLUSIONS Western blot-positive results in patients with pleural and smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis were characterised by a whole pattern against all four antigenic fractions, whereas patients with smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis showed heterogeneous results. The exclusive response against the 19 kDa fraction observed in contacts with tuberculin conversion could help to identify candidates for preventive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Franco
- Department of Pneumology, University Hospital Dr Peset, Valencia, Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Artero
- Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
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Blasco-Navalpotro M, Jordán M, Camarena JJ, Borrás S. Clinical microbiological case: thermointolerant microorganism growth in blood cultures and catheter tip. Clin Microbiol Infect 2001; 7:273-4, 285. [PMID: 11422255 DOI: 10.1046/j.1198-743x.2001.00257.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Pyomyositis is most commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus. A 25-month-old child developed infection of the biceps brachialis muscle caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. The child had no underlying immune or anatomic defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Bretón
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
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Nogueira JM, Franco J, Camarena JJ, Navarro JC, Olmos A, Blanquer R, Artero A. Molecular approach to identifying route of Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission in a village. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2000; 4:91-2. [PMID: 10654651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
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Camarena JJ, Artero A, Nogueira JM, Navarro JC, Olmos A, Blanquer R. [Tuberculosis in AIDS patients: the contribution of an analysis of the restriction fragment length polymorphism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates]. Med Clin (Barc) 1998; 111:721-4. [PMID: 9922953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this report we study tuberculosis transmission in HIV infected patients using molecular epidemiological methods. PATIENTS AND METHODS We have studied 60 M. tuberculosis isolates from 30 HIV infected cases, and their clinical-epidemiological data. Susceptibility to tuberculostatic agents and electrophoretic patterns using RFLPs (restriction fragment length polymorphisms) method were evaluated. Dice's coefficient was used for the similarity analysis. RESULTS Over 73% studied patients were included in clusters using RFLPs analysis. This data show that nearly 60% of the tuberculosis cases in our area have a recent transmission. Forty per cent of these cases were included in the main cluster. The frequency of tuberculostatic-resistant strains in HIV infected patients was similar to the that of observed in other patients. We did not find correlation between RFLPs clusters and clinical-epidemiological data. CONCLUSIONS Tuberculosis transmission in HIV-positive patients using RFLPs as molecular marker shows that 60% of the cases are caused by recently acquired strains. We did not find multi-drug resistant strains in our isolates. However due to the high transmissibility of these circulating clones, control disease measures in this group of risk population are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Camarena
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Universidad de Valencia.
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Olmos A, Camarena JJ, Nogueira JM, Navarro JC, Risen J, Sánchez R. Application of an optimized and highly discriminatory method based on arbitrarily primed PCR for epidemiologic analysis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nosocomial infections. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:1128-34. [PMID: 9542953 PMCID: PMC104705 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.36.4.1128-1134.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The optimization of an arbitrarily primed PCR method for typing 96 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates was compared with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Identical results in the differentiation of MRSA clones and identification of the main cluster that included 82 strains (88% of patients) were obtained by both techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Olmos
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
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Camarena JJ, Nogueira JM, Dasi MA, Moreno F, Garcia R, Ledesma E, Llorca J, Hernandez J. DNA amplification fingerprinting for subtyping Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains. Sex Transm Dis 1995; 22:128-36. [PMID: 7624814 DOI: 10.1097/00007435-199503000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES DNA amplification fingerprinting is used in most epidemiologic studies as a substitute for conventional typing methods. DNA amplification fingerprinting and conventional typing methods were compared in this epidemiologic study of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. GOAL OF THIS STUDY To differentiate 70 Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from untreated patients with urogenital gonococcal infection. STUDY DESIGN Gonococcal strains were characterized by auxotyping, serotyping, plasmid profile, antibiotic sensitivity, and DNA amplification fingerprinting. The method of unweighted pair-group average linkage was used for cluster analysis. Discriminatory power was calculated applying Simpson's index. RESULTS Amplification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae DNA with primers OPA-03 and OPA-13 produced well-resolved patterns of 15 and 22 DNA fragments, respectively, with a discriminatory power (0.978 with OPA-13 and 0.967 with OPA-03) comparable to that obtained with auxotyping/serotyping combination (D:0.968) or with auxotype/serotype/plasmid profile combination (D:0.983). Correlation between DNA amplification fingerprinting pattern and auxotype/serotype class was not always uniform. Some strains with the same auxotype/serotype/plasmid profile were subdivided by DNA amplification fingerprinting, and vice versa. CONCLUSION Although auxotype/serotype class and DNA amplification fingerprinting can be used in the epidemiologic characterization of strains, DNA amplification fingerprinting offers a better discriminatory index than the separate serotyping. It is especially useful for differentiating serologically identical strains and nontypable strains. A combination of serotyping and DNA amplification fingerprinting seems to be the best way to differentiate Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains in epidemiologic studies, bringing together the most simple techniques and the best discriminatory power among isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Camarena
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain
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Nogueira JM, Dasi MA, Camarena JJ, Garcia R, Sanz J, Barbera JL. Suitability of Neisseria gonorrhoeae lipooligosaccharides for epidemiological studies. Genitourin Med 1994; 70:360-1. [PMID: 8001958 PMCID: PMC1195290 DOI: 10.1136/sti.70.5.360-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Dasi MA, Camarena JJ, Ledesma E, García R, Moreno F, Nogueira JM, Hernández J. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains. Genitourin Med 1993; 69:404-5. [PMID: 8244364 PMCID: PMC1195129 DOI: 10.1136/sti.69.5.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Dasi M, Nogueira JM, Camarena JJ, Gil C, Garcia-Verdú R, Barberá JL, Barberá J. Use of genomic fingerprinting in the characterization of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Valencia, Spain. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1992; 11:804-9. [PMID: 1468419 DOI: 10.1007/bf01960879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ninety-five Neisseria gonorrhoeae organisms isolated in Valencia, Spain, were characterized by antibiotic sensitivity testing, auxotyping, serotyping, plasmid analysis and restriction endonuclease fingerprinting (HindIII digestion). Cluster analysis of the restriction patterns revealed that 31 isolates (32.6%) formed 12 clearly defined clusters. Penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains formed four of these groups. Eight groups of gonococcal strains were identified by auxotyping, although 83% of isolates belonged to two auxotypes (Proto, Pro-). Twenty-three different serovars were identified by serotyping. The serovar pattern IB/rop was found in 38% of isolates. A 60% coincidence was found between gonococcal groupings obtained by combination of auxotyping, serotyping and plasmid analysis and those obtained with the restriction enzyme fingerprinting technique. The specificity of enzyme restriction patterns of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is confirmed to be of practical importance in the epidemiologic study of gonorrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dasi
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Valencia, Spain
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Dasi MA, Nogueira JM, Camarena JJ, Gil C, García-Verdú R, Barberá JL, Barberá J. Genomic fingerprinting of penicillinase-producing strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Valencia, Spain. Genitourin Med 1992; 68:170-3. [PMID: 1607193 PMCID: PMC1194849 DOI: 10.1136/sti.68.3.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the value of different markers and their combinations with the restriction enzyme technique in the differentiations of penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae (PPNG) strains. MATERIALS AND METHODS 17 PPNG strains isolated from symptomatic, untreated male patients with urethritis were characterised by antibiotic sensitivity testing, auxotyping, serotyping, plasmid profile, and restriction endonuclease fingerprinting (Hind III digestion). Cluster analysis with the method of unweighted pair-group average (UPGMA) linkage was used to calculate similarity or dissimilarity for PPNG strains. MAIN RESULTS Either auxotyping or plasmid profile alone differentiated three groups of PPNG strains, whereas the combination auxotyping/serotyping identified 10. Although the combination auxotyping/serotyping/plasmid profile and the restriction enzyme technique showed a similar discrimination ability (differentiation of 11 PPNG strains), genomic fingerprinting gave highly specific restriction patterns on individual gonococcal isolates. CONCLUSIONS The combination of different markers gave more epidemiological information than the use of only one. The sequence of discriminating ability for PPNG strains was: auxotyping/serotyping less than auxotyping/serotyping/plasmid profile less than restriction patterns of genomic DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Dasi
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Faculty of Medicine, Valencia, Spain
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Camarena JJ, Dasi MA, Nogueira JM, García Verdú R, Villanueva V, Barberá J. [Membrane proteins electrophoretic profiles study applied to Neisseria gonorrhoeae epidemiology]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 1992; 10:200-4. [PMID: 1606222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of electrophoretic profiles of membrane proteins is one of the epidemiological methods of bacterial typing. The profiles of membrane proteins of 95 isolates were studied for valuing their usefulness in the epidemiology of N. gonorrhoeae. The results were compared with the obtained using other characterization methods (auxotyping, serotyping and antimicrobial sensibility). The proteins I and II (PI and PII) showed clear differences between isolates. Only protein-I (PI) with constant molecular weight for each isolate was valid to discriminate between strains. It was observed correlation between serovariety IA and molecular weight of PI 33.6-36 kD, and the serovariety IB with molecular weight 35.5-37 kD. Though it wasn't possible discriminated between the different serovarieties. It was proved a sensibility decrease to penicillin, tetracycline and cloramfenicol in those strains with molecular weight of PI greater than 35.5 kD (serogroup WII/WIII). In the 80% of the isolates considered multiple antibiotic-resistant it was observed a significant increase of the membrane protein dough of 52 kD. All the strains with this protein increased were multiple antibiotic-resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Camarena
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia
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Chiner E, Marín J, Blanquer R, Camarena JJ. [Mycobacterium xenopi: apropos of a pulmonary case]. Rev Clin Esp 1988; 182:55-6. [PMID: 3375516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Nogueira JM, Garcia-de-Lomas J, Buesa FJ, Prat J, Mir A, Camarena JJ. Effect of cutaneous and digestive colonization in the induction of anti-Candida albicans antibodies: experimental study. Mycopathologia 1985; 92:31-5. [PMID: 3906405 DOI: 10.1007/bf00442656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans colonization induces antibodies, which must be taken into account in the serological diagnosis of candidiasis. In order to determine the degree of this effect, an experimental study in rabbits free of specific anti-Candida antibodies by cutaneous and digestive inoculation has been carried out. The evolution of humoral response was studied over 8 weeks by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF), direct agglutination (DA), counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and double diffusion (DD). The cutaneous colonization detectable by culture was maintained until the second week in 70% of the animals and the presence of antibodies detectable by IIF and DA was observed after the 2nd week. The highest antibody titre by IFF and DA was 1/64, and was reached in the 5th week, with a tendency to drop in the following weeks. Precipitins were only detected by CIE in 15% of the animals in the 7th week. Elimination of yeast in stools continued only in 20% of the animals in the 2nd week of the experiment. Antibodies were detected by IIF and DA after the 2nd week, with the highest titres detectable by IFF in the 5th week. Precipitant antibodies detectable by CIE appeared in 15% of the animals in the 8th week.
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