Analysis of adenovirus DNA detected in rodent species from the Democratic Republic of the Congo indicates potentially novel adenovirus types

Different species of adenoviruses (AdVs) infect humans and animals and are known for their role as pathogens, especially in humans, with animals, primarily rodents, often serving as model systems. However, although we know over 100 types of human AdVs, we know comparatively little about the diversity of animal AdVs. Due to the fact that rodents are the most diverse family of mammals and a standard model system for human disease, we set out to sample African rodents native to the Democratic Republic of the Congo and test them for AdV DNA using a semi-nested consensus PCR. A total of 775 animals were tested, and viral DNA was detected in four of them. The AdV DNA found belongs to three different AdVs, all being closely related to murine adenovirus 2 (MAdV-2). Considering the genetic differences of the amplicon were 9%, 11% and 19% from MAdV-2 and at least 10% from each other, they seem to belong to up to three different novel types within the Murine mastadenovirus B species. This evidence of genetic diversity highlights the opportunities to isolate and study additional AdVs that infect rodents as models for AdV biology and pathology.

Characterization of human rotavirus recovered from children with acute diarrhea in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Of Congo

Between July and October of 2003, 2004, and 2005, outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis occurred among children <5 years of age in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Stool specimens (67 in 2003, 108 in 2004, and 116 in 2005) were collected and screened for rotaviruses using either latex agglutination (Diarlex LAA; Orion Diagnostics) or enzyme immunoassay (IDEIA; DakoCytomation). The molecular characteristics of the rotavirus strains were then determined. Group A rotavirus was detected in 195 (76%) of 258 stool specimens. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to observe the 11 rotavirus double-stranded RNA segments in 83% of the 195 rotavirus-positive specimens. Six rotavirus group A electropherotypic patterns were noted, predominantly within the short classic pattern (111 [69%]) and the long pattern (37 [23%]). Mixed patterns were noted in the 14 remaining specimens (9%). Of the 29 samples subjected to subgrouping VP6 enzyme immunoassay, subgroup I predominated. Some of the specimens collected in 2003 (n = 26), 2004 (n = 38), and 2005 (n = 52) were analyzed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, which showed that t G8P[6] and G8P[8] strains predominated in 2003, and G1P[6] strains with short electropherotypic patterns predominated in 2004 and 2005. The emergence in Kinshasa of G8 serotypes, unusually associated with the P[6] genotype, as well as uncommon G1 rotavirus strains showing a short RNA pattern, is significant in relation to the introduction of a rotavirus vaccine and underscores the need for continued rotavirus serotype surveillance in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

[Virological surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis in Democratic Republic of Congo from 1997-2001]

The purpose of this report is to describe the results of virological surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), a war-torn country. A total of 3658 stool samples were collected from patients with AFP in provinces under government control and processed as recommended by WHO. The number of specimens tested increased from 32 in 1997 to 2471 in 2001 as the national epidemiologic surveillance program for AFP improved. The national reference laboratory accredited in 1999 was appraised on the basis of the annual rate of non-polio enterovirus isolation which rose from 10% in 1999 to 20% in 2001 and by the percentage of lab results reported within 28 days which rose from 50% in 1999 to over the 80% threshold required by WHO in 2001. From 1997 to 2001, 68 strains of wild poliovirus were isolated including 52 type 1 strains, one type 2 strain and 15 type 3 strains. Most cases of poliomyelitis (81%) reported between 1997 and 2001 involved children aged 0 to 5 years. Only 12% of cases involved children aged 6 to 14 years and 3% involved young adults. Sixty-seven percent of the 45 poliomyelitis patients with documented vaccine status had received 0 to 3 doses of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). Fifteen children (33%) developed the disease despite having received more than 4 required doses of OPV. Since 1997 three provinces of DRC, ie., Bas-Congo, Kinshasa city and Nord-Kivu, have been free of wild poliovirus. In 2001 wild poliovirus circulation had been stopped throughout the country thanks to implementation of routine immunization and especially of the national immunization days (NIDs) program.

[Prevalence of HIV and HBs antigen in blood donors. Residual risk of contamination in blood recipients in East Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo]

Between January and August 1999, a total of 7277 blood donors at various health centers in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo were screened for human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV1) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) using the ELISA technique. Findings showed an incidence of 6.4% for HIV1 antibodies, 9.2% for HbsAg, and 1% for HIV1 and HbsAg. Young females (under 39 years of age) from lower socio-economic classes were the most likely to be infected by HIV1. The risk of HIV transmission by transfusion of contaminated blood was 3%, which is close to the incidence of HIV in the general population. The findings of this study document the need to speed up implementation of blood donor screening in the city of Kinshasa and the rest of the country.