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Crow YJ, Jackson AP, Roberts E, van Beusekom E, Barth P, Corry P, Ferrie CD, Hamel BCJ, Jayatunga R, Karbani G, Kálmánchey R, Kelemen A, King M, Kumar R, Livingstone J, Massey R, McWilliam R, Meager A, Rittey C, Stephenson JBP, Tolmie JL, Verrips A, Voit T, van Bokhoven H, Brunner HG, Woods CG. Aicardi-Goutières syndrome displays genetic heterogeneity with one locus (AGS1) on chromosome 3p21. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67:213-21. [PMID: 10827106 PMCID: PMC1287108 DOI: 10.1086/302955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2000] [Accepted: 04/17/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied 23 children from 13 families with a clinical diagnosis of Aicardi-Goutières syndrome. Affected individuals had developed an early-onset progressive encephalopathy that was characterized by a normal head circumference at birth, basal ganglia calcification, negative viral studies, and abnormalities of cerebrospinal fluid comprising either raised white cell counts and/or raised levels of interferon-alpha. By means of genomewide linkage analysis, a maximum-heterogeneity LOD score of 5.28 was reached at marker D3S3563, with alpha=.48, where alpha is the proportion of families showing linkage. Our data suggest the existence of locus heterogeneity in Aicardi-Goutières syndrome and highlight potential difficulties in the differentiation of this condition from pseudo-TORCH (toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2) syndrome.
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MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Multiple/diagnosis
- Abnormalities, Multiple/epidemiology
- Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics
- Abnormalities, Multiple/physiopathology
- Age of Onset
- Brain Damage, Chronic/diagnosis
- Brain Damage, Chronic/epidemiology
- Brain Damage, Chronic/genetics
- Brain Damage, Chronic/physiopathology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3/genetics
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Female
- Genetic Heterogeneity
- Genetic Markers/genetics
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Lod Score
- Male
- Models, Genetic
- Pedigree
- Syndrome
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. J. Crow
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - A. P. Jackson
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - E. Roberts
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - E. van Beusekom
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - P. Barth
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - P. Corry
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - C. D. Ferrie
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - B. C. J. Hamel
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - R. Jayatunga
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - G. Karbani
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - R. Kálmánchey
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - A. Kelemen
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - M. King
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - R. Kumar
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - J. Livingstone
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - R. Massey
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - R. McWilliam
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - A. Meager
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - C. Rittey
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - J. B. P. Stephenson
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - J. L. Tolmie
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - A. Verrips
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - T. Voit
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - H. van Bokhoven
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - H. G. Brunner
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - C. G. Woods
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
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