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Colston SM, Barbato RA, Goodson MS, Karl JP, Kokoska RJ, Leary DD, Racicot K, Varaljay V, Soares JW. Current advances in microbiome sciences within the US Department of Defense: part 2 - enabling technologies and environmental microbiomes. BMJ Mil Health 2023:e002308. [PMID: 37336582 DOI: 10.1136/military-2022-002308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Microbiomes involve complex microbial communities wherein the micro-organisms interact with one another as well as their associated hosts or environmental niches. Much of the characterisation of these communities and the associations have been achieved through 'omics' technologies, such as metagenomics, metaproteomics and metametabolomics, and model systems. Recent research in host-associated microbiomes has been aimed at understanding the role microbes may play in host fitness or conversely how host activities/conditions may perturb the microbial community, which can further affect host health. These studies have led to the investigation of detection, intervention or modulation methods, which may serve to provide benefits to the host and advance our understanding of microbiome associations. With the clear implications on human health and disease, the US Department of Defense (DoD) has made microbiome research a priority, with the founding of the Tri-Service Microbiome Consortium (TSMC) to enhance collaboration, coordination,and communication of microbiome research among DoD organisations and partners in academia and industry. DoD microbiome research focuses mainly on the following themes: (1) human health and performance, (2) environmental microbiomes and (3) enabling technologies. This review provides an update of current DoD microbiome research efforts centred on enabling technologies and environmental microbiomes and highlights innovative research being done in academia and industry that can be leveraged by the DoD. These topics were also communicated and further discussed in the Fifth Annual TSMC Symposium. This paper forms part of the special issue of BMJ Military Health dedicated to personalised digital technology for mental health in the Armed Forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Colston
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - R A Barbato
- Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - M S Goodson
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, USA
| | - J P Karl
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - R J Kokoska
- Physical Sciences Directorate, US Army Research Office, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - D D Leary
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - K Racicot
- Soldier Effectiveness Directorate, US Army Combat Capabilities and Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - V Varaljay
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, USA
| | - J W Soares
- Soldier Effectiveness Directorate, US Army Combat Capabilities and Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
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Colston SM, Barbato RA, Goodson MS, Karl JP, Kokoska RJ, Leary DD, Racicot K, Varaljay V, Soares JW. Current advances in microbiome sciences within the US Department of Defense-part 1: microbiomes for human health and performance. BMJ Mil Health 2023:e002307. [PMID: 37321678 DOI: 10.1136/military-2022-002307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Microbiomes involve complex microbial communities where the microorganisms interact with one another as well as their associated hosts or environmental niches. The characterisation of these communities and associations have largely been achieved through 'omics' technologies, such as metagenomics, metaproteomics and metametabolomics, and model systems. Recent research in host-associated microbiomes have been aimed at understanding the roles microbes may play in host fitness or conversely how host activities/conditions may perturb the microbial community, which can further affect host health. These studies have led to the investigation of detection, intervention or modulation methods, which may serve to provide benefits to the host and advance our understanding of microbiome associations. With the clear implications on human health and disease, the US Department of Defense (DoD) has made microbiome research a priority, with the founding of the Tri-Service Microbiome Consortium (TSMC) to enhance collaboration, coordination and communication of microbiome research among DoD organisations and partners in academia and industry. DoD microbiome research focuses mainly on the following themes: (1) Human health and performance; (2) Environmental microbiomes; and (3) Enabling technologies. This review provides an update of current DoD microbiome research efforts centred on human health and performance and highlights innovative research being done in academia and industry that can be leveraged by the DoD. These topics were also communicated and further discussed during the fifth Annual TSMC Symposium. This paper forms part of the special issue of BMJ Military Health dedicated to Personalised Digital Technology for Mental Health in the Armed Forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Colston
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - R A Barbato
- Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - M S Goodson
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, USA
| | - J P Karl
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - R J Kokoska
- Physical Sciences Directorate, US Army Research Office, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - D D Leary
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - K Racicot
- Soldier Effectiveness Directorate, US Army Combat Capabilities and Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - V Varaljay
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, USA
| | - J W Soares
- Soldier Effectiveness Directorate, US Army Combat Capabilities and Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
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Carmichael OT, Pillai SR, Murray K, Shankapal P, Caldwell J, Vartanian O, Berryman CE, Karl JP, Harris M, Rood JC, Pasiakos SM, Lieberman HR. Effects of testosterone administration on fMRI responses to executive function, aggressive behavior, and emotion processing tasks during severe exercise- and diet-induced energy deficit. Neuroimage 2021; 243:118496. [PMID: 34425226 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical administration of testosterone is widely used due to a variety of claimed physical and cognitive benefits. Testosterone administration is associated with enhanced brain and cognitive function, as well as mood, in energy-balanced males, although such relationships are controversial. However, the effects of testosterone administration on the brains of energy-deficient males, whose testosterone concentrations are likely to be well below normal, have not been investigated. METHODS This study collected functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from 50 non-obese young men before (PRE) and shortly after (POST) 28 days of severe exercise-and-diet-induced energy deficit during which testosterone (200 mg testosterone enanthate per week in sesame oil, TEST) or placebo (sesame seed oil only, PLA) were administered. Scans were also collected after a post-energy-deficit weight regain period (REC). Participants completed five fMRI tasks that assessed aspects of: 1) executive function (Attention Network Task or ANT; Multi-Source Interference Task or MSIT; AXE Continuous Processing Task or AXCPT); 2) aggressive behavior (Provoked Aggression Task or AGG); and 3) latent emotion processing (Emotional Face Processing or EMO). RESULTS Changes over time in task-related fMRI activation in a priori defined task-critical brain regions during performance of 2 out of 5 tasks were significantly different between TEST and PLA, with TEST showing greater levels of activation during ANT in the right anterior cingulate gyrus at POST and during MSIT in several brain regions at REC. Changes over time in objective task performance were not statistically significant; testosterone-treated volunteers had greater self-reported anger during AGG at POST. CONCLUSIONS Testosterone administration can alter some aspects of brain function during severe energy deficit and increase levels of anger.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kori Murray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | - John Caldwell
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, MA, USA; Laulima Government Solutions, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Oshin Vartanian
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Claire E Berryman
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, MA, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Belcamp, MD, USA; Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - J P Karl
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, MA, USA
| | - Melissa Harris
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, MA, USA
| | - Harris R Lieberman
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, MA, USA
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Young AJ, Berryman CE, Montain SJ, Beidlemann BA, Pasiakos SM, Phillip Karl J. Variability in Human Plasma Volume Responses during High-Altitude Sojourn. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000560983.02413.9f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pearce SC, Coia HG, Karl JP, Pantoja-Feliciano IG, Zachos NC, Racicot K. Intestinal in vitro and ex vivo Models to Study Host-Microbiome Interactions and Acute Stressors. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1584. [PMID: 30483150 PMCID: PMC6240795 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is extremely important for maintaining homeostasis with host intestinal epithelial, neuronal, and immune cells and this host-microbe interaction is critical during times of stress or disease. Environmental, nutritional, and cognitive stress are just a few factors known to influence the gut microbiota and are thought to induce microbial dysbiosis. Research on this bidirectional relationship as it pertains to health and disease is extensive and rapidly expanding in both in vivo and in vitro/ex vivo models. However, far less work has been devoted to studying effects of host-microbe interactions on acute stressors and performance, the underlying mechanisms, and the modulatory effects of different stressors on both the host and the microbiome. Additionally, the use of in vitro/ex vivo models to study the gut microbiome and human performance has not been researched extensively nor reviewed. Therefore, this review aims to examine current evidence concerning the current status of in vitro and ex vivo host models, the impact of acute stressors on gut physiology/microbiota as well as potential impacts on human performance and how we can parlay this information for DoD relevance as well as the broader scientific community. Models reviewed include widely utilized intestinal cell models from human and animal models that have been applied in the past for stress or microbiology research as well as ex vivo organ/tissue culture models and new innovative models including organ-on-a-chip and co-culture models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Pearce
- Performance Nutrition Team, Combat Feeding Directorate, Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Heidi G Coia
- National Research Council, The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Washington, DC, United States.,711th Human Performance Wing, Airforce Research Laboratory, Airman Systems Directorate, Human-Centered ISR Division, Molecular Mechanisms Branch, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - J P Karl
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Ida G Pantoja-Feliciano
- Soldier Protection and Optimization Directorate, Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Nicholas C Zachos
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kenneth Racicot
- Performance Nutrition Team, Combat Feeding Directorate, Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, United States
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Castellani JW, Spitz MG, Karis AJ, Martini S, Young AJ, Margolis LM, Phillip Karl J, Murphy NE, Xu X, Montain SJ, Bohn JA, Teien HK, Stenberg PH, Gundersen Y, Pasiakos SM. Cardiovascular and thermal strain during 3-4 days of a metabolically demanding cold-weather military operation. Extrem Physiol Med 2017; 6:2. [PMID: 28878888 PMCID: PMC5586032 DOI: 10.1186/s13728-017-0056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular (CV) and thermal responses to metabolically demanding multi-day military operations in extreme cold-weather environments are not well described. Characterization of these operations will provide greater insights into possible performance capabilities and cold injury risk. METHODS Soldiers from two cold-weather field training exercises (FTX) were studied during 3-day (study 1, n = 18, age: 20 ± 1 year, height: 182 ± 7 cm, mass: 82 ± 9 kg) and 4-day (study 2, n = 10, age: 20 ± 1 year, height: 182 ± 6 cm, mass: 80.7 ± 8.3 kg) ski marches in the Arctic. Ambient temperature ranged from -18 to -4 °C during both studies. Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE, from doubly labeled water), heart rate (HR), deep body (Tpill), and torso (Ttorso) skin temperature (obtained in studies 1 and 2) as well as finger (Tfing), toe (Ttoe), wrist, and calf temperatures (study 2) were measured. RESULTS TDEE was 6821 ± 578 kcal day-1 and 6394 ± 544 for study 1 and study 2, respectively. Mean HR ranged from 120 to 140 bpm and mean Tpill ranged between 37.5 and 38.0 °C during skiing in both studies. At rest, mean Tpill ranged from 36.0 to 36.5 °C, (lowest value recorded was 35.5 °C). Mean Tfing ranged from 32 to 35 °C during exercise and dropped to 15 °C during rest, with some Tfing values as low as 6-10 °C. Ttoe was above 30 °C during skiing but dropped to 15-20 °C during rest. CONCLUSIONS Daily energy expenditures were among the highest observed for a military training exercise, with moderate exercise intensity levels (~65% age-predicted maximal HR) observed. The short-term cold-weather training did not elicit high CV and Tpill strain. Tfing and Ttoe were also well maintained while skiing, but decreased to values associated with thermal discomfort at rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Castellani
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Avenue, Bldg 42, Natick, MA 01760 USA
| | - Marissa G Spitz
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Avenue, Bldg 42, Natick, MA 01760 USA
| | - Anthony J Karis
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Avenue, Bldg 42, Natick, MA 01760 USA
| | - Svein Martini
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Andrew J Young
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Avenue, Bldg 42, Natick, MA 01760 USA
| | - Lee M Margolis
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Avenue, Bldg 42, Natick, MA 01760 USA
| | - J Phillip Karl
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Avenue, Bldg 42, Natick, MA 01760 USA
| | - Nancy E Murphy
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Avenue, Bldg 42, Natick, MA 01760 USA
| | - Xiaojiang Xu
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Avenue, Bldg 42, Natick, MA 01760 USA
| | - Scott J Montain
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Avenue, Bldg 42, Natick, MA 01760 USA
| | - Jamie A Bohn
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Avenue, Bldg 42, Natick, MA 01760 USA
| | - Hilde K Teien
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Pål H Stenberg
- General Defence Material/Catering and Combat Feeding Section, Norwegian Navy, Rodskferveien, Norway
| | | | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Avenue, Bldg 42, Natick, MA 01760 USA
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Margolis LM, Murphy NE, Martini S, Gundersen Y, Castellani JW, Karl JP, Carrigan CT, Teien HK, Madslien EH, Montain SJ, Pasiakos SM. Energy Not Protein Or Carbohydrate Intake Attenuates Whole-body Protein Loss During 4-d Arctic Military Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000486335.61666.0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pikosky MA, Smith TJ, Karl JP, Grediagin A, Glickman EL, Mathow MM, Young AJ. Exercise Induced Energy Deficit Does Not Impact Resting Plasma Free Fatty Acids and Glycerol. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006. [DOI: 10.1249/00005768-200605001-03137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Smith TJ, Lieberman HR, Karl JP, McGraw S, Pikosky MA, Glickman EL, Grediagin A, Young AJ. A High Protein Diet Exacerbates the Adverse Effects of an Energy Deficit on Mood State. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006. [DOI: 10.1249/00005768-200605001-01872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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