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Dhomse SS, Feng W, Montzka SA, Hossaini R, Keeble J, Pyle JA, Daniel JS, Chipperfield MP. Delay in recovery of the Antarctic ozone hole from unexpected CFC-11 emissions. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5781. [PMID: 31857594 PMCID: PMC6923372 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Antarctic ozone hole is decreasing in size but this recovery will be affected by atmospheric variability and any unexpected changes in chlorinated source gas emissions. Here, using model simulations, we show that the ozone hole will largely cease to occur by 2065 given compliance with the Montreal Protocol. If the unusual meteorology of 2002 is repeated, an ozone-hole-free-year could occur as soon as the early 2020s by some metrics. The recently discovered increase in CFC-11 emissions of ~ 13 Gg yr-1 may delay recovery. So far the impact on ozone is small, but if these emissions indicate production for foam use much more CFC-11 may be leaked in the future. Assuming such production over 10 years, disappearance of the ozone hole will be delayed by a few years, although there are significant uncertainties. Continued, substantial future CFC-11 emissions of 67 Gg yr-1 would delay Antarctic ozone recovery by well over a decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Dhomse
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO), University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - W Feng
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - S A Montzka
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Boulder, USA
| | - R Hossaini
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - J Keeble
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - J A Pyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - J S Daniel
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Boulder, USA
| | - M P Chipperfield
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
- National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO), University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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Portmann RW, Daniel JS, Ravishankara AR. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to nitrous oxide: influences of other gases. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 367:1256-64. [PMID: 22451111 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of anthropogenic emissions of nitrous oxide (N(2)O), carbon dioxide (CO(2)), methane (CH(4)) and the halocarbons on stratospheric ozone (O(3)) over the twentieth and twenty-first centuries are isolated using a chemical model of the stratosphere. The future evolution of ozone will depend on each of these gases, with N(2)O and CO(2) probably playing the dominant roles as halocarbons return towards pre-industrial levels. There are nonlinear interactions between these gases that preclude unambiguously separating their effect on ozone. For example, the CH(4) increase during the twentieth century reduced the ozone losses owing to halocarbon increases, and the N(2)O chemical destruction of O(3) is buffered by CO(2) thermal effects in the middle stratosphere (by approx. 20% for the IPCC A1B/WMO A1 scenario over the time period 1900-2100). Nonetheless, N(2)O is expected to continue to be the largest anthropogenic emission of an O(3)-destroying compound in the foreseeable future. Reductions in anthropogenic N(2)O emissions provide a larger opportunity for reduction in future O(3) depletion than any of the remaining uncontrolled halocarbon emissions. It is also shown that 1980 levels of O(3) were affected by halocarbons, N(2)O, CO(2) and CH(4), and thus may not be a good choice of a benchmark of O(3) recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Portmann
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO 80305-3328, USA.
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Hassler B, Daniel JS, Johnson BJ, Solomon S, Oltmans SJ. An assessment of changing ozone loss rates at South Pole: Twenty-five years of ozonesonde measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Hassler
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
- Chemical Sciences Division; NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J. S. Daniel
- Chemical Sciences Division; NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - B. J. Johnson
- Global Monitoring Division; NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - S. Solomon
- Chemical Sciences Division; NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - S. J. Oltmans
- Global Monitoring Division; NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
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Solomon S, Daniel JS, Neely RR, Vernier JP, Dutton EG, Thomason LW. The persistently variable "background" stratospheric aerosol layer and global climate change. Science 2011; 333:866-70. [PMID: 21778361 DOI: 10.1126/science.1206027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Recent measurements demonstrate that the "background" stratospheric aerosol layer is persistently variable rather than constant, even in the absence of major volcanic eruptions. Several independent data sets show that stratospheric aerosols have increased in abundance since 2000. Near-global satellite aerosol data imply a negative radiative forcing due to stratospheric aerosol changes over this period of about -0.1 watt per square meter, reducing the recent global warming that would otherwise have occurred. Observations from earlier periods are limited but suggest an additional negative radiative forcing of about -0.1 watt per square meter from 1960 to 1990. Climate model projections neglecting these changes would continue to overestimate the radiative forcing and global warming in coming decades if these aerosols remain present at current values or increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Solomon
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305, USA.
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Ravishankara AR, Daniel JS, Portmann RW. Nitrous Oxide (N2O): The Dominant Ozone-Depleting Substance Emitted in the 21st Century. Science 2009; 326:123-5. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1176985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2898] [Impact Index Per Article: 193.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Melamed ML, Langford AO, Daniel JS, Portmann RW, Miller HL, Eubank CS, Schofield R, Holloway J, Solomon S. Sulfur dioxide emission flux measurements from point sources using airborne near ultraviolet spectroscopy during the New England Air Quality Study 2004. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Daniel JS, Velders GJM, Solomon S, McFarland M, Montzka SA. Present and future sources and emissions of halocarbons: Toward new constraints. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Daniel JS, Portmann RW, Miller HL, Solomon S, Langford AO, Eubank CS, Schofield R, Turner DD, Shupe MD. Cloud property estimates from zenith spectral measurements of scattered sunlight between 0.9 and 1.7μm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Melamed ML, Solomon S, Daniel JS, Langford AO, Portmann RW, Ryerson TB, Nicks DK, McKeen SA. Measuring reactive nitrogen emissions from point sources using visible spectroscopy from aircraft. J Environ Monit 2003; 5:29-34. [PMID: 12619753 DOI: 10.1039/b204220g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Accurate measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a key trace gas in the formation and destruction of tropospheric ozone, are important in studies of urban pollution. Nitrogen dioxide column abundances were measured during the Texas Air Quality Study 2000 using visible absorption spectroscopy from an aircraft. The method allows for quantification of the integrated total number of nitrogen dioxide molecules in the polluted atmosphere and is hence a useful tool for measuring plumes of this key trace gas. Further, we show how such remote-sensing observations can be used to obtain information on the fluxes of nitrogen dioxide into the atmosphere with unique flexibility in terms of aircraft altitude, and the height and extent of mixing of the boundary layer. Observations of nitrogen dioxide plumes downwind of power plants were used to estimate the flux of nitrogen oxide emitted from several power plants in the Houston and Dallas metropolitan areas and in North Carolina. Measurements taken over the city of Houston were also employed to infer the total flux from the city as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Melamed
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Aeronomy Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Daniel JS, Solomon S, Portmann RW, Langford AO, Eubank CS, Dutton EG, Madsen W. Cloud liquid water and ice measurements from spectrally resolved near-infrared observations: A new technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Solomon
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | | | | | - E. G. Dutton
- NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - W. Madsen
- NOAA Environmental Technology Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
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Portmann RW, Solomon S, Sanders RW, Daniel JS, Dutton EG. Cloud modulation of zenith sky oxygen photon path lengths over Boulder, Colorado: Measurement versus model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Daniel JS, Solomon S, Portmann RW, Garcia RR. Stratospheric ozone destruction: The importance of bromine relative to chlorine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Daniel JS, Solomon S, Sanders RW, Portmann RW, Miller DC, Madsen W. Implications for water monomer and dimer solar absorption from observations at Boulder, Colorado. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Solomon S, Portmann RW, Sanders RW, Daniel JS, Madsen W, Bartram B, Dutton EG. On the role of nitrogen dioxide in the absorption of solar radiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Solomon S, Portmann RW, Sanders RW, Daniel JS. Absorption of solar radiation by water vapor, oxygen, and related collision pairs in the Earth's atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd03285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Slaper H, Velders GJ, Daniel JS, de Gruijl FR, van der Leun JC. Estimates of ozone depletion and skin cancer incidence to examine the Vienna Convention achievements. Nature 1996; 384:256-8. [PMID: 8918873 DOI: 10.1038/384256a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Depletion of the ozone layer has been observed on a global scale, and is probably related to halocarbon emissions. Ozone depletion increases the biologically harmful solar ultraviolet radiation reaching the surface of the Earth, which leads to a variety of adverse effects, including an increase in the incidence of skin cancer. The 1985 Vienna Convention provided the framework for international restrictions on the production of ozone-depleting substances. The consequences of such restrictions have not yet been assessed in terms of effects avoided. Here we present a new method of estimating future excess skin cancer risks which is used to compare effects of a 'no restrictions' scenario with two restrictive scenarios specified under the Vienna Convention: the Montreal Protocol, and the much stricter Copenhagen Amendments. The no-restrictions and Montreal Protocol scenarios produce a runaway increase in skin cancer incidence, up to a quadrupling and doubling, respectively, by the year 2100. The Copenhagen Amendments scenario leads to an ozone minimum around the year 2000, and a peak relative increase in incidence of skin cancer of almost 10% occurring 60 years later. These results demonstrate the importance of the international measures agreed upon under the Vienna Convention.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Slaper
- Laboratory of Radiation Research, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Daniel JS, Schauffler SM, Pollock WH, Solomon S, Weaver A, Heidt LE, Garcia RR, Atlas EL, Vedder JF. On the age of stratospheric air and inorganic chlorine and bromine release. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd01167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Moore KA, Daniel JS, Fierro M, Mozayani A, Poklis A. The detection of a metabolite of alpha-benzyl-N-methylphenethylamine synthesis in a mixed drug fatality involving methamphetamine. J Forensic Sci 1996; 41:524-6. [PMID: 8656199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A 37-year-old, white male collapsed at his home following a party. He reportedly had a history of unspecified cardiac arrhythmia. The ambulance crew found him unresponsive and an ECG revealed ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation. Following one hour of resuscitative efforts in the ambulance and emergency room of a local hospital, he was pronounced dead. An antemortem urine toxicology screen performed at the hospital was "positive" for benzodiazepines, cocaine and amphetamine/methamphetamine. At autopsy, there was generalized organ congestion with no evidence of trauma or other significant pathology except mild, left ventricular hypertrophy. Quantitation by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of methamphetamine in bile, blood, urine and gastric contents yielded 21.7, 0.7, 32.0 and 2.9 mg/L, respectively. Liver and brain contained 2.2 and 2.7 mg/kg, respectively. A trace amount of p-OH-alpha-benzyl-N-methylphenethylamine (p-OH-BNMPA), a metabolite of alpha-benzyl-N-methylphenethylamine (BNMPA), an impurity of illicit methamphetamine synthesis, was also detected in the urine. Since these impurities can be characteristic of a particular synthetic method, their presence in seized samples or their detection in biological samples from methamphetamine users can further be used to monitor the sales of precursor chemicals, group seized compounds to common sources of illicit production or provide links between manufacturers, dealers and users.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Moore
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, USA
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Gierczak T, Talukdar RK, Burkholder JB, Portmann RW, Daniel JS, Solomon S, Ravishankara AR. Atmospheric fate and greenhouse warming potentials of HFC 236fa and HFC 236ea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Heydorn WH, Daniel JS, Wade CE. A new look at pericardial substitutes. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1987; 94:291-6. [PMID: 3613629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pericardial adhesions may increase morbidity and mortality during reoperation for cardiac disease. Pericardial substitutes (patches) are commercially available, and reportedly they reduce or prevent adhesions. We implanted five (1984 to 1985) newer pericardial substitutes in dogs. A new polytetrafluoroethylene surgical membrane, two types of glutaraldehyde-stabilized bovine pericardium, formaldehyde-preserved bovine pericardium, and glutaraldehyde-stabilized equine pericardial patches were each implanted in six adult dogs (total 30 dogs) with two dogs from each of the five groups killed at 3, 9, and 18 months. At autopsy the condition of each patch was recorded photographically, and specimens were substituted for histologic examination. Adhesions and epicardial reactions were graded as none, minimal, moderate, or severe. None of the materials produced severe pericardial adhesions, and no adhesions were detected in nine dogs. Eleven dogs had no epicardial reaction and only one showed a severe reaction. Adhesions to portions of the suture line required sharp dissection in 11 dogs. If there is concern over the possibility of calcification in heterologous tissue, polytetrafluoroethylene may be chosen. Patch type did not significantly alter patch behavior.
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