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Meisenheimer PB, Steinhardt RA, Sung SH, Williams LD, Zhuang S, Nowakowski ME, Novakov S, Torunbalci MM, Prasad B, Zollner CJ, Wang Z, Dawley NM, Schubert J, Hunter AH, Manipatruni S, Nikonov DE, Young IA, Chen LQ, Bokor J, Bhave SA, Ramesh R, Hu JM, Kioupakis E, Hovden R, Schlom DG, Heron JT. Engineering new limits to magnetostriction through metastability in iron-gallium alloys. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2757. [PMID: 33980848 PMCID: PMC8115637 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22793-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetostrictive materials transduce magnetic and mechanical energies and when combined with piezoelectric elements, evoke magnetoelectric transduction for high-sensitivity magnetic field sensors and energy-efficient beyond-CMOS technologies. The dearth of ductile, rare-earth-free materials with high magnetostrictive coefficients motivates the discovery of superior materials. Fe1-xGax alloys are amongst the highest performing rare-earth-free magnetostrictive materials; however, magnetostriction becomes sharply suppressed beyond x = 19% due to the formation of a parasitic ordered intermetallic phase. Here, we harness epitaxy to extend the stability of the BCC Fe1-xGax alloy to gallium compositions as high as x = 30% and in so doing dramatically boost the magnetostriction by as much as 10x relative to the bulk and 2x larger than canonical rare-earth based magnetostrictors. A Fe1-xGax - [Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3]0.7-[PbTiO3]0.3 (PMN-PT) composite magnetoelectric shows robust 90° electrical switching of magnetic anisotropy and a converse magnetoelectric coefficient of 2.0 × 10-5 s m-1. When optimally scaled, this high coefficient implies stable switching at ~80 aJ per bit.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Meisenheimer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - R A Steinhardt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - S H Sung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - L D Williams
- Department of Materials Design and Innovation, University at Buffalo - The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - S Zhuang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - M E Nowakowski
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - S Novakov
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M M Torunbalci
- OxideMEMS Lab, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - B Prasad
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - C J Zollner
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Z Wang
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - N M Dawley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - J Schubert
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-9) and JARA Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - A H Hunter
- Michigan Center for Materials Characterization, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - S Manipatruni
- Components Research, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA
| | - D E Nikonov
- Components Research, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA
| | - I A Young
- Components Research, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA
| | - L Q Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - J Bokor
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - S A Bhave
- OxideMEMS Lab, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - R Ramesh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - J-M Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - E Kioupakis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - R Hovden
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - D G Schlom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Leibniz-Institut für Kristallzüchtung, Max-Born-Str. 2, Berlin, Germany
| | - J T Heron
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Vu NM, Luo X, Novakov S, Jin W, Nordlander J, Meisenheimer PB, Trassin M, Zhao L, Heron JT. Bulk-like dielectric and magnetic properties of sub 100 nm thick single crystal Cr 2O 3 films on an epitaxial oxide electrode. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14721. [PMID: 32895413 PMCID: PMC7477579 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The manipulation of antiferromagnetic order in magnetoelectric Cr2O3 using electric field has been of great interest due to its potential in low-power electronics. The substantial leakage and low dielectric breakdown observed in twinned Cr2O3 thin films, however, hinders its development in energy efficient spintronics. To compensate, large film thicknesses (250 nm or greater) have been employed at the expense of device scalability. Recently, epitaxial V2O3 thin film electrodes have been used to eliminate twin boundaries and significantly reduce the leakage of 300 nm thick single crystal films. Here we report the electrical endurance and magnetic properties of thin (less than 100 nm) single crystal Cr2O3 films on epitaxial V2O3 buffered Al2O3 (0001) single crystal substrates. The growth of Cr2O3 on isostructural V2O3 thin film electrodes helps eliminate the existence of twin domains in Cr2O3 films, therefore significantly reducing leakage current and increasing dielectric breakdown. 60 nm thick Cr2O3 films show bulk-like resistivity (~ 1012 Ω cm) with a breakdown voltage in the range of 150-300 MV/m. Exchange bias measurements of 30 nm thick Cr2O3 display a blocking temperature of ~ 285 K while room temperature optical second harmonic generation measurements possess the symmetry consistent with bulk magnetic order.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Vu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - X Luo
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - S Novakov
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - W Jin
- Department of Physics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - J Nordlander
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - P B Meisenheimer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - M Trassin
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L Zhao
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - J T Heron
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Meisenheimer PB, Kratofil TJ, Heron JT. Giant Enhancement of Exchange Coupling in Entropy-Stabilized Oxide Heterostructures. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13344. [PMID: 29042610 PMCID: PMC5645335 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13810-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Entropy-stabilized materials are stabilized by the configurational entropy of the constituents, rather than the enthalpy of formation of the compound. A unique benefit to entropy-stabilized materials is the increased solubility of elements, which opens a broad compositional space, with subsequent local chemical and structural disorder resulting from different atomic sizes and preferred coordinations of the constituents. Known entropy-stabilized oxides contain magnetically interesting constituents, however, the magnetic properties of the multi-component oxide have yet to be investigated. Here we examine the role of disorder and composition on the exchange anisotropy of permalloy/(Mg0.25(1-x)CoxNi0.25(1-x)Cu0.25(1-x)Zn0.25(1-x))O heterostructures. Anisotropic magnetic exchange and the presence of a critical blocking temperature indicates that the magnetic order of the entropy-stabilized oxides considered here is antiferromagnetic. Changing the composition of the oxide tunes the disorder, exchange field and magnetic anisotropy. Here, we exploit this tunability to enhance the strength of the exchange field by a factor of 10x at low temperatures, when compared to a permalloy/CoO heterostructure. Significant deviations from the rule of mixtures are observed in the structural and magnetic parameters, indicating that the crystal is dominated by configurational entropy. Our results reveal that the unique characteristics of entropy-stabilized materials can be utilized and tailored to engineer magnetic functional phenomena in oxide thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Meisenheimer
- University of Michigan, Department of Materials Science and Engineering 2300 Hayward St, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
| | - T J Kratofil
- University of Michigan, Department of Materials Science and Engineering 2300 Hayward St, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
| | - J T Heron
- University of Michigan, Department of Materials Science and Engineering 2300 Hayward St, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA.
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Heron JT, Trassin M, Ashraf K, Gajek M, He Q, Yang SY, Nikonov DE, Chu YH, Salahuddin S, Ramesh R. Electric-field-induced magnetization reversal in a ferromagnet-multiferroic heterostructure. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 107:217202. [PMID: 22181917 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.217202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A reversal of magnetization requiring only the application of an electric field can lead to low-power spintronic devices by eliminating conventional magnetic switching methods. Here we show a nonvolatile, room temperature magnetization reversal determined by an electric field in a ferromagnet-multiferroic system. The effect is reversible and mediated by an interfacial magnetic coupling dictated by the multiferroic. Such electric-field control of a magnetoelectric device demonstrates an avenue for next-generation, low-energy consumption spintronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Heron
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, USA
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Zhang JX, He Q, Trassin M, Luo W, Yi D, Rossell MD, Yu P, You L, Wang CH, Kuo CY, Heron JT, Hu Z, Zeches RJ, Lin HJ, Tanaka A, Chen CT, Tjeng LH, Chu YH, Ramesh R. Microscopic origin of the giant ferroelectric polarization in tetragonal-like BiFeO(3). Phys Rev Lett 2011; 107:147602. [PMID: 22107234 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.147602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We report direct experimental evidence for a room-temperature, ∼130 μC/cm(2) ferroelectric polarization from the tetragonal-like BiFeO(3) phase. The physical origin of this remarkable enhancement of ferroelectric polarization has been investigated by a combination of x-ray absorption spectroscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and first principles calculations. A large strain-induced Fe-ion displacement relative to the oxygen octahedra, combined with the contribution of Bi 6s lone pair electrons, is the mechanism driving the large ferroelectric polarization in this tetragonal-like phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- J X Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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