[Respiratory virus infection and its influence on outcome in children with septic shock]

Objective: To investigate respiratory virus infection in children with septic shock in pediatric care units (PICU) in China and its influence on clinical outcomes. Methods: The clinical data of children with septic shock in children's PICU from January 2018 to December 2019 in 10 Chinese hospitals were retrospectively collected. They were divided into the pre-COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 groups according to the onset of disease, and the characteristics and composition of respiratory virus in the 2 groups were compared. Matching age, malignant underlying diseases, bacteria, fungi and other viruses, a new database was generated using 1∶1 propensity score matching method. The children were divided into the respiratory virus group and non-respiratory virus group according to the presence or absence of respiratory virus infection; their clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment were compared by t-test, rank sum test and Chi-square test. The correlation between respiratory virus infection and the clinical outcomes was analyzed by logistic regression. Results: A total of 1 247 children with septic shock were included in the study, of them 748 were male; the age was 37 (11, 105) months. In the pre-and post-COVID-19 groups, there were 530 and 717 cases of septic shock, respectively; the positive rate of respiratory virus was 14.9% (79 cases) and 9.8% (70 cases); the seasonal distribution of septic shock was 28.9% (153/530) and 25.9% (185/717) in autumn, and 30.3% (161/530) and 28.3% (203/717) in winter, respectively, and the corresponding positive rates of respiratory viruses were 19.6% (30/153) and 15.7% (29/185) in autumn, and 21.1% (34/161) and 15.3% (31/203) in winter, respectively. The positive rates of influenza virus and adenovirus in the post-COVID-19 group were lower than those in the pre-COVID-19 group (2.1% (15/717) vs. 7.5% (40/530), and 0.7% (5/717) vs. 3.2% (17/530), χ2=21.51 and 11.08, respectively; all P<0.05). Rhinovirus virus were higher than those in the pre-Covid-19 group (1.7% (12/717) vs. 0.2% (1/530), χ2=6.51, P=0.011). After propensity score matching, there were 147 cases in both the respiratory virus group and the non-respiratory virus group. Rate of respiratory failure, acute respiratory distress, rate of disseminated coagulation dysfunction, and immunoglobulin usage of the respiratory virus group were higher than those of non-respiratory virus group (77.6% (114/147) vs. 59.2% (87/147), 17.7% (26/147) vs. 4.1% (6/147), 15.6% (25/147) vs. 4.1% (7/147), and 35.4% (52/147) vs. 21.4% (32/147); χ2=11.07, 14.02, 11.06 and 6.67, all P<0.05); and PICU hospitalization of the former was longer than that of the later (7 (3, 16) vs. 3 (1, 7)d, Z=5.01, P<0.001). Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of respiratory viral infection was associated with respiratory failure, disseminated coagulation dysfunction, the use of mechanical ventilation, and the use of immunoglobulin and anti-respiratory viral drugs (OR=2.42, 0.22, 0.25, 0.56 and 1.12, all P<0.05). Conclusions: The composition of respiratory virus infection in children with septic shock is different between pre and post-COVID-19. Respiratory viral infection is associated with organ dysfunction in children with septic shock. Decreasing respiratory viral infection through respiratory protection may improve the clinical outcome of these children.

[Mediating effect of unhealthy lifestyle and depressive symptom on association between life course factors and ageing health]

Objective: To explore the mediating effect of unhealthy lifestyle and depressive symptom on the associations between life course factors and aging health. Methods: The study included 6 217 participants (aged ≥45 years) from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). We used principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) to divide participants into six subgroups based on 70 life course factors. Five key life course factors were identified based on correlation analysis and their contribution to aging health. Physiological dysregulation (PD) was calculated by using eight biomarkers in the 2015 CHARLS biomarker dataset. Linear regression, logistic regression, and mediation models were used to explore the complex associations of life course subgroups, key factors, unhealthy lifestyle, depression symptom with PD. Results: Life course subgroups were significantly associated with PD after adjusting chronological age and gender (β: 0.08-0.17, all P<0.05). Life-course subgroups and key factors, including adverse experiences in adulthood and lower education level, were significantly associated with unhealthy lifestyle (β: 0.04-0.52, all P<0.05). Life-course subgroups and key factors, including childhood trauma, parental health in childhood, adverse experiences in adulthood, and lower education level, were significantly associated with depression symptom (OR: 1.16-4.76, all P<0.05). Mediation analysis showed that unhealthy lifestyle had partial mediating effect on the association of life course subgroups and key factors, including adverse experiences in adulthood, and lower education levels, with PD (3.1%-3.6%). Depression symptom had partial mediating effect on the association of life course subgroups and key factors, including childhood trauma, adverse experience in adulthood, and lower education level, with PD (6.0%-16.2%). Conclusions: Unhealthy lifestyle and depression symptom has partial mediating effect on the impact of life course factors on aging health. It is important to pay attention to these two modifiable factors while targeting childhood trauma and adverse experience in adulthood.

[Study on the 5-year trend and influencing factors of lipoprotein (a) concentration in community-based population]

Objective: To explore the trend and influencing factors of serum lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) concentration over time in Chinese community populations. Methods: This study is a prospective cohort study. The participants were enrolled from Chinese Multi-provincial Cohort Study- Beijing projects, completed the cardiovascular disease risk factor surveys in 2002 and 2007, and the serum Lp (a) concentration were measured. Based on the Lp(a) concentration at baseline (2002) and follow-up (2007), the participants were classified into subgroups of <30.0 mg/dl (1 mg/dl=0.01 g/L) group, 30.0 to 49.9 mg/dl group, and ≥50.0 mg/dl group, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify influencing factors associated with Lp (a) absolute change (≥20 mg/dl) and relative change (≥20%) within 5 years. Results: Among 1 955 participants with age of (56.5±8.0) years old and 821 male (42.0%) at baseline, there were 1 657 (84.8%), 184 (9.4%) and 114 (5.8%) participants in Lp(a)<30.0 mg/dl group, 30.0 to 49.9 mg/dl group and ≥50.0 mg/dl group, respectively. Among the baseline Lp(a) concentration of 30.0-49.9 mg/dl group, 68 (37.0%) participants progressed to Lp(a) ≥50.0 mg/dl after 5 years follow-up, and 102 (55.4%) remained at this level. Participants with baseline Lp(a)<30.0 mg/dl (92%, 1 524/1 657) or Lp(a)≥50.0 mg/dl (94.7%, 108/114) tended to be maintained at their respective levels. The results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that, in addition to the high level of baseline Lp(a) concentration, family history of cardiovascular disease, elevated fasting blood glucose and usage of oral lipid-lowering drugs were the influencing factors of Lp(a) changes over time (P<0.05). Conclusions: Adults with borderline-high Lp(a) concentrations (30.0 to 49.9 mg/dl) could be considered for repeated testing, especially for those with a family history of cardiovascular disease, elevated fasting blood glucose and usage of statins.

[Analysis on the allocation equality in occupational health technology service resource in Gansu Province]

Objective: To investigate and analyze the allocation equality of occupational health technology service resource of Gansu disease control and prevention institutions, providing reference basis for optimizing the allocation of occupational health technology service resources. Methods: Combined with the survey data in September 2021, Gansu Province was divided into five economic regions by geographical location and economic characteristics. Taking the service number of enterprises and workers as the analysis dimensions, the allocation level of occupational health technology service resources in different regions was compared. The allocation equality was analyzed through Lorentz curve, Gini coefficient and Theil index. Results: There were 301 occupational health technicians and 1914 sampling and testing equipments of Gansu Provincial disease control and prevention institutions in 2021. All of the technicians and equipments were used for serving 1952 enterprises and 465800 workers. The curvature of Lorentz curves and Gini coefficient which measured by the service number of enterprises and workers were: occupational health technicians>radioactive factor sampling and testing equipment >physical factor sampling and testing equipment >chemical factor sampling and testing equipment, and chemical factor sampling and testing equipment>physical factor sampling and testing equipment >radioactive factor sampling and testing equipment >occupational health technicians, respectively. Theil index of occupational health technology service resources suggested that differences in regions were the main unfair reason effected the allocation of occupational health technicians and radioactive factor sampling and testing equipment, while the differences between regions were the main unfair reason effected the allocation of chemical and physical factor sampling and testing equipment. Conclusion: The allocation equality in occupational health technology service resources of Gansu Provincial disease control and prevention institutions was not enough, and the differences in regions and between regions should be considered. This study suggests that it is necessary to introduce more occupational health technicians. The allocation of occupational health technology service resources should match with the number of local enterprises and the types of potential hazard factors of enterprises as far as possible.

[Attach importance to the moderate diagnosis and treatment of multiple pulmonary nodules]

With the popularization of chest computed tomography examination in physical examination, the detection rate of multiple pulmonary nodules has significantly increased. However, there are no unified guidelines or consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of multiple pulmonary nodules, and the clinical diagnosis and treatment of such patients are often inadequate or excessive. Therefore, it is of great clinical significance to attach importance to the moderate diagnosis and treatment of multiple pulmonary nodules and formulate unified clinical practice standards for the prevention of lung cancer and the diagnosis and treatment of multiple pulmonary nodules.

[Risk factors for pulmonary atelectasis in adults with tracheobronchial tuberculosis]

Objective: To investigate the risk factors for pulmonary atelectasis in adults with tracheobronchial tuberculosis(TBTB). Methods: Clinical data of adult patients (≥18 years old) with TBTB from February 2018 to December 2021 in Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 258 patients were included, with a male to female ratio of 1∶1.43. The median age was 31(24, 48) years. Clinical data including clinical characteristics, previous misdiagnoses/missed diagnoses before admission, pulmonary atelectasis, the time from symptom onset to atelectasis and bronchoscopy, bronchoscopy and interventional treatment were collected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients were divided into two groups according to whether they had pulmonary atelectasis. Differences between the two groups were compared. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors for pulmonary atelectasis. Results: The prevalence of pulmonary atelectasis was 14.7%, which was most common in the left upper lobe (26.3%). The median time from symptom onset to atelectasis was 130.50(29.75,358.50)d, and the median time from atelectasis to bronchoscopy was 5(3,7)d. The median age, the proportion of misdiagnosis of TBTB before admission, and the time from symptom onset to bronchoscopy in the atelectasis group were higher than those without atelectasis, and the proportion of receiving bronchoscopy examination and interventional therapy previously, and the proportion of pulmonary cavities were lower than those without atelectasis (all P<0.05). The proportions of cicatrices stricture type and lumen occlusion type in the atelectasis group were higher than those without atelectasis, while the proportions of inflammatory infiltration type and ulceration necrosis type were lower than those without atelectasis (all P<0.05). Older age (OR=1.036, 95%CI: 1.012-1.061), previous misdiagnosis(OR=2.759, 95%CI: 1.100-6.922), longer time from symptom onset to bronchoscopy examination (OR=1.002, 95%CI: 1.000-1.005) and cicatrices stricture type (OR=2.989, 95%CI: 1.279-6.985) were independent risk factors for pulmonary atelectasis in adults with TBTB (all P<0.05). Of the patients with atelectasis who underwent bronchoscopy interventional therapy, 86.7% had lung reexpansion or partial reexpansion. Conclusions: The prevalence of pulmonary atelectasis is 14.7% in adult patients with TBTB. The most common site of atelectasis is left upper lobe. The TBTB type of lumen occlusion is complicated by pulmonary atelectasis in 100% of cases. Being older, misdiagnosed as other diseases, longer time from onset of symptoms to bronchoscopy examination, and being the cicatrices stricture type are factors for developing pulmonary atelectasis. Early diagnosis and treatment are needed to reduce the incidence of pulmonary atelectasis and increase the rate of pulmonary reexpansion.

Mating-Type Genes Control Sexual Reproduction, Conidial Germination, and Virulence in Cochliobolus lunatus

Cochliobolus lunatus (anamorph: Curvularia lunata) is a major pathogenic fungus that causes the Curvularia leaf spot of maize. ClMAT1-1-1 and ClMAT1-2-1, the C. lunatus orthologs of C. heterostrophus ChMAT1-1-1 and ChMAT1-2-1, were investigated in the present study to uncover their functions in C. lunatus. Southern blot analysis showed that these mating-type MAT genes exist in the C. lunatus genome as a single copy. ClMAT1-1-1 and ClMAT1-2-1 were knocked out and complemented to generate ΔClmat1-1-1 and ΔClmat1-2-1 and ΔClmat1-1-1-C and ΔClmat1-2-1-C, respectively. The mutant strains had defective sexual development and failed to produce pseudothecia. There were no significant differences in growth rate or conidia production between the mutant and wild-type strains. However, the aerial mycelia and mycelial dry weight of ΔClmat1-1-1 and ΔClmat1-2-1 were lower than those of wild type, suggesting that MAT genes affect asexual development. ClMAT genes were involved in the responses to cell wall integrity and osmotic adaptation. ΔClmat1-2-1 had a lower conidial germination rate than the wild-type strain CX-3. The virulence of ΔClmat1-2-1 and ΔClmat1-1-1 was also reduced compared with the wild-type. Complementary strains could restore all the phenotypes.

[Application of oral fluid in SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid and antibody detection]

This study aimed to explore the application value of new biological specimen oral fluid in SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid and antibody detection. Oral fluid and paired respiratory and blood specimens from 7 confirmed cases of two COVID-19 cluster epidemic were collected in Beijing from October to November 2021. SARS-CoV-2 virus and IgG antibody were detected by real time PCR kits and serum antibody detection reagents, and SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody in oral fluids was detected by a new established method of magnetic particle chemiluminescence. The results showed that the nucleic acid amplification test of SARS-CoV-2 on nasopharyngeal swabs, throat swabs and oral fluid specimens from 3 confirmed cases of COVID-19 was positive, among which the Ct value for ORF1a/b and N gene of oral fluid samples in 2 cases was close to that of throat swab, and the Ct value of oral fluid sample for 1 case was higher than that of throat swab. The complete genome sequence of one oral fluid specimen was obtained, which belonged to the VOC/Delta variant strain. The SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies of the paired oral fluid and serum were all positive, and the S/CO values of oral fluid were all lower than those of serum. The series of oral fluid results showed that SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody level increased from 11 to 32 days after the onset of the disease.

[Application of acellular bovine pericardium patch in implant based immediate breast reconstruction]

Objective: To examine the clinical effect of acellular bovine pericardium patch in implant based immediate breast reconstruction. Methods: The clinicopathological information of 141 breast cancer patients, who admitted to Department of Breast Reconstruction and Oncoplastic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital, underwent immediate mammoplasty with implants combined with acellular bovine pericardium patches were analyzed from June 2016 to October 2019. All patients were female, with the age of (38.8±8.5) years (range: 13 to 60 years). The body mass index was (21.9±2.5) kg/m² (range: 16.0 to 32.3 kg/m²). There were 39 cases of duct carcinoma in situ, 46 cases of stage Ⅰ, 40 cases of stage Ⅱ and 16 cases of stage Ⅲ. All patients received nipple-areola-sparing mastectomy or skin-sparing mastectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsy or axillary lymph node dissection, and prosthesis implantation with sub-pectoralis combined with breast patch. The correlation of clinicopathological characters and complications was assessed by t test, χ² test, Fisher's exact probability method and Logistic regression. Pre-and post-operative aesthetic, quality of life scores were recorded. Results: The operation time (M(IQR)) was 3.6(1.5) hours (range: 3.0 to 6.5 hours). The early postoperative complication rate was 22.0% (31/141), prosthesis removal was the main postoperative complication, accounting for 64.5% (20/31) of the total complications, of which 15 cases occurred in the first 30 patients. The follow-up time was 28(8) months (range: 20 to 53 months), The most frequent long-term complications were capsular contracture and implant displacement, with the incidence of 11.2% (14/125) and 10.4% (13/125), respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that prosthesis volume ≥300 ml (OR=8.173, 95%CI: 1.302 to 51.315, P=0.021) and peri-areolar incision (OR=7.809, 95%CI: 2.162 to 28.211, P<0.01) were independent relative factors for the occurrence of short-term postoperative local complications. After 2 years of operation, the score of breast appearance satisfaction was 71.7±15.5, postoperative effect satisfaction was 90.4±9.5, psychological satisfaction was 90.7±17.1, sexual satisfaction was 70.1±25.1. The immediate postoperative satisfaction rate at discharge was 95.4% (134/141), and 17.6% (22/125) of patients had the intention to received revision surgery. Conclusions: Prosthesis volume ≥300 ml and peri-areolar incision were independent realtive factors for short-term local complications after bovine pericardium patch combined with prosthesis implantation in the immediate breast reconstruction. After completing the learning curve, the postoperative complications of the procedure could be decreased.

Effects of air pollutant exposure on lung function in exercisers: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study is to systematically evaluate the effect of air pollutant exposure on lung function in exercisers.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Computer search Web of Science, PubMed, EBSCO and Cochrane Library, MINORS scale for literature quality evaluation, and Stata 12.0 software for statistical analysis.

RESULTS

According to the literature inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 14 pieces of literature were screened and included in the Meta-analysis, and the literature quality was relatively high. Meta-analysis shows that air pollutant exposure has no significant effect on FVC, FEV1 and PEF of exercisers (p>0.05); but it can significantly increase the FeNO level of exercisers [Z=2.26, p = 0.024, SMD=-0.228, 95% CI= (-0.426, -0.031)]. Egger linear regression analysis shows that FVC [β=-4.64, p = 0.004, 95% CI= (-7.32,-1.95)] has the possibility of publication bias; FEV1, PEF and FeNO p>0.05 and 95% CI contains 0, there is no publication bias in the included literature. There is no sensitivity problem in the included literature, and the combined result is robust and reliable.

CONCLUSIONS

Exposure to air pollutants may cause allergic airway inflammation by increasing FeNO levels in exercised populations, and adversely affecting human health.

Generative design of bioinspired wings based on deployable hindwings of Anomala Corpulenta Motschulsky

In view of the application prospect of the hindwing of Anomala Corpulenta Motschulsky in the field of foldable Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAVs), this paper investigated the morphology, macro/microstructure of the hindwing, and the nanomechanical properties of the wing veins and the wing membrane. It revealed the variation of nanohardness and elastic modulus between different veins and different positions of the same wing veins. This paper established a 3D coupling model of the hindwing based on the principle of coupling bionics. This paper presents a simulation analysis of the structural statics (uniform load distribution) and aerodynamics (under different attack angles, flight velocities, and flapping frequencies). Two 3D coupling models (HW-I and HW-II) of the hindwing were discussed the deformation and flight aerodynamic performance of Workbenches and Fluent. On that basis, the bionic wing was generatively designed, and a 3D bionic wing (BioW) model was established using the generative design method. Simulation analyses were performed through structural statics and aerodynamics. The results showed that the stress distribution was relatively uniform and that the overall displacement deformation was minimal for the BioW model. Moreover, the BioW model had better flight efficiency and aerodynamic performance.

[Value of abnormal expression of Krüppel-like zinc-finger protein transcription factor 5 in the diagnosis and prognosis of liver cancer]

Objective: To explore the value of Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5), a family member of the zinc finger protein transcription factor, in the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: Cancerous and non-cancerous tissues were collected from 126 cases after HCC surgery by self-matching method with microarray fabrication. Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze the expression of KLF5, clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic value. The sera of 222 cases with chronic liver disease were collected and their KLF5 levels were quantitatively determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Simultaneously, 40 normal human sera were used as controls to evaluate the value of abnormal KLF5 in the diagnosis and differentiation of benign and malignant liver diseases. T-test, Z-test and χ (2) test were performed on the data. Results: The positive expression rate of KLF5 in the HCC group was 95.2% (120/126), which was significantly higher than the non-cancerous group 38.9% (49/126; χ (2) = 14.385, P < 0.001). KLF5 expression was significantly correlated with TNM stage (stage I 35%, stage II 40%, stage III 74.4%, stage IV 78.1%), tumor size, alpha fetoprotein (AFP) concentration, portal vein embolism, HBV infection and 5-year survival rate. Univariate/multivariate analysis showed that KLF5 high expression was an independent predictor of HCC prognosis. The serum KLF5 level was significantly higher in HCC patients than liver cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis and normal control group (P < 0.001). With the serum KLF5 > 800 ng/ml and AFP > 25 μg/L as limit, the positive rates for HCC diagnosis were 90.48% and 73.81%, respectively, which were lower than the AFP specificity and false positive rate, and was helpful for the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant liver diseases. Conclusion: The overexpression of KLF5 in liver cancer tissues and blood is closely related to the HCC clinical stage and prognosis. Moreover, KLF5 analysis is helpful for HCC diagnosis and differential diagnosis.

[Determination of manganese in urine by direct dilution-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry]

Objective: To establish a direct dilution-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method for the determination of manganese in urine. Methods: Using 1% nitric acid solution as diluent, the urine dilution factor and internal standard elements were determined by single factor rotation experiment. The linear range, correlation coefficient, precision, accuracy and detection limit of the direct dilution-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the determination of manganese in urine were evaluated. Results: The linear range of this method was 0.0-20 μg/L, the correlation coefficient was 0.999 9, the detection limit was 0.02 μg/L, the recoveries were 84.65%-103.40%, the relative standard deviations were 0.26%-8.17%. Conclusion: This method has the advantages of simple operation, high sensitivity and low detection limit. It can be used for the determination of urine manganese at the same time with other elements. It is suitable for the determination of urine manganese in workers and ordinary people.

[The relationship between premature atrial complexes and recurrence of atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis]

Objective: To explore the relationship between premature atrial complexes (PACs) and recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods: Published literature was searched in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, Weipu, China national knowledge infrastructure, Wanfang and China Biology Medicine disc up to 25 March 2020. RevMan5.3 software was used to analyzed the data and publication bias was performed by Stata 15.1. Results: A total of 8 studies were identified, including 1 252 AF patients with a mean age of 61.67 years, and male patients accounted for 70.6%. During follow-up, AF recurred in 425 cases. Meta-analysis showed that frequent PACs was an independent risk factor for recurrence of AF (HR=2.64, 95%CI:1.40-4.97). Subgroup analyses showed that PACs not only increasedthe risk of recurrence of AF after electrical cardioversion (HR=2.38, 95%CI:1.25-4.51), but also significantly increased the risk of recurrence of AF after catheter ablation cardioversion (HR=2.90, 95%CI:1.11-7.60). Conclusions: PACs is significantly associated with AF recurrence.

[A novel mutation of SCN4A gene causes hypokalemic periodic paralysis in a Chinese family]

Objective: To report a Chinese family with hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HOKPP) and investigate the clinical and pathogenic gene characteristics of the family. Methods: The clinical, electrophysiological and pathological data of the proband of the family were analyzed, and the information of the family was investigated in detail. The peripheral venous blood of the six members of the family was collected and their genomic DNA was extracted. The genes related to periodic paralysis analysis of the proband were performed by the second generation sequencing. The pathogenicity of the mutant protein was respectively analyzed by the bioinformatics software SIFT, Polyphen2 and Mutation Tasker. The cosegregation analysis of phenotype and genotype of the family was performed by the first generation sequencing. Results: There were 3 patients in the family with the onset age of 21 to 42 years old. All the patients manifested with vomiting as the first symptoms, then presented with muscle weakness accompanied by muscle soreness. The muscle weakness gradually relieved in 3 to 5 days. Creatine kinase (CK) of the proband significantly increased. Electromyographic exercise test was positive, however, electromyography and muscle pathological analysis were normal. The genes related to periodic paralysis analysis of the proband found a novel mutation (c.2458A>T (p.N.820Y)) of SCN4A gene which was located in the conservative region. The function analysis showed it was a pathogenic mutation. Moreover, the first generation sequencing confirmed that the mutation was cosegregated with patients in the family. Meanwhile, it was found that the proband's son carried the same mutation, but without any symptom, indicating that he was a pre-symptomatic patient. Conclusions: Vomiting can be one of the symptoms of the patients with HOKPP. The novel mutation of SCN4A gene c.2458 A>T is the pathogenic mutation of the family. Patients with periodic paralysis should be tested for blood potassium and genes as early as possible to facilitate early diagnosis and genetic counseling.

[A survey on sexual needs and factors of HIV risky sexual behaviors among elderly men at different ages in two communities of Qiandongnan Miao and Dong autonomous prefecture]

Objective: To understand sexual needs and factors of risky sexual behaviors among elderly men at different ages in two communities of Qiandongnan Miao and Dong autonomous prefecture and provide basis for targeted HIV prevention and intervention. Methods: Two communities in the prefecture were selected as study sites. Questionnaire surveys were carried out among elderly men aged 50 and over who visited or consulted in the communities from June to December 2018, and they were tested for HIV and syphilis antibodies. Results: Among 400 elderly men, 209 (52.2%) were 50-64 years old, and 191(47.8%) were above 65 years old. They were mainly Miao people, accounting for 66.3% (265/400), and 235 (58.8%) had an education no more than 6 years. HIV awareness of the two age groups were only 25.8% (54/199) and 26.2% (50/191), respectively. Among those aged 50-64, 142 (68.0%) felt normal sexual desire, and 153 (73.6%) reported penile erections or erections in most cases whenever sex, and 52.9% (110) ejaculated most of the time. HIV prevalence was 1.0% (4/400). Compared with the over 65-year-old group, the proportion of having sex with spouse/stable partners (89.5%, 179/200), proportion of no condom use with their spouse/stable sexual partners during the most recent sex (93.8%, 168/179), proportion of having casual sex (11.0%, 23/209) and commercial sex (3.8%, 8/209) were all higher among 50-64 age group. In comparison to those aged over 65 years old, average monthly income>3 000, and use of sex helper, aged 50-64 (OR=2.70, 95%CI: 1.22-5.95), average monthly income ≤1 000 yuan (OR=2.79, 95%CI: 1.25-6.21), and no use of sex helper (OR=3.78) (95%CI: 1.65-8.67) were related factors of HIV risky sexual behavior last time. Conclusion: Elderly men in the minority prefecture had low HIV awareness. Compared with those≥65 years old, the 50-64 age group had more active sexual behaviors and higher sexual needs. Those from 50-64 age group, with lower economic level and good sexual ability were more likely to have HIV risky sexual behaviors.

[Assessment of schistosomiasis transmission risk in Nanjian County of Yunnan Province in 2019]

OBJECTIVE

To assess the schistosomiasis transmission risk in Nanjing County, so as to provide the scientific evidence for the development of the schistosomiasis control strategy and consolidation of the control achievements.

METHODS

On May 2019, the Deqiu Village in Deqiu Town and Baiyun Village in Nanjing Town of Yunnan Province, where schistosomiasis were historically relatively highly endemic, were selected to assess the risk of transmission of schistosomiasis by means of a retrospective review of the data pertaining to the historical endemic situation and schistosomiasis control, combined with a cross-sectional survey of snail and wild feces distribution.

RESULTS

During the period between 2017 and 2018, the mean sero-prevalence rates of Schistosoma japonicum infections were 6.76% (202/2 990) and 2.86% (142/4 971) in humans and 0 (0/1 160) and 10.65% (31/291) in bovines in Deqiu and Baiyun villages of Nanjian County, respectively; however, no egg-positives were identified; in addition, there were 21.06 hm² snail habitats found, but no S. japonicum infections were detected in snails. In 2019, there was 6.17 hm² snail habitats detected, with 2.17% (245/11 298) occurrence of frames with snails and a 0.06 snails/0.1 m² density of living snails; however, no positives for nucleic acid detection were seen in snails; among the 136 wild fecal samples captures from 23 settings, no S. japonicum infections were identified.

CONCLUSIONS

The risk of schistosomiasis transmission remains at a low level in Nanjian County; however, the factors affecting the transmission of schistosomiasis have not been completed eliminated. The integrated schistosomiasis control strategy with an emphasis on the control of the source of S. japonicum infections requires to be reinforced to consolidate the control achievements.

[Clinicopathological features and prognosis of 59 patients with platelet-derived growth factor α-mutant gastrointestinal stromal tumor]

Objective: Platelet-derived growth factor α (PDGFRA)-mutant gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is a relatively rare disease, whose clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis have been poorly studied. In this paper, the clinicopathological features and prognostic factors of PDGFRA-mutant GIST are investigated to provide more data for its understanding and treatment. Methods: A retrospective case-control study was used to collect the medical records of patients with GIST who underwent surgical resection in Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University from January 2015 to August 2019. Patients with PDGFRA-mutant GIST were enrolled, and those with synonymous PDGFRA mutations, non-tumor-related deaths, and lack of clinicopathological data were excluded. The clinicopathological data were collected and the risk factors associated with prognosis were analyzed. Results: Among the enrolled 59 patients, there were 41 males (69.5%) and 18 females (30.5%) with the median age of 60 (25-79) years. All tumors originated from the stomach. The tumor size was 5 (3-7) cm, and the mitotic count was 2 (1-4)/50 high-power fields (HPF). According to the modified NIH risk stratification, 8 cases were classified as very low risk (13.6%), 25 cases as low risk (42.4%), 14 cases as moderate risk (23.7%), and 12 cases as high risk (20.3%). There were 7 cases of exon 12 mutation and 52 cases of exon 18 mutation (including 36 cases of D842V mutation). A comparison of clinicopathological features between the D842V mutation group and the non-D842V mutation group showed no statistically significant difference (all P>0.05). During a median follow-up of 21 (0-59) months, the 1- and 3-year relapse-free survival (RFS) rates of all the patients were 96.6% and 91.5%, respectively. There were 8 cases of recurrence and 3 cases of death. Six GIST patients with D842V mutation had tumor recurrence after operation, of whom 4 cases achieved varying degrees of tumor remission after being treated with dasatinib or avapritinib. Log-rank analysis showed that the overall survival (OS) of male was better than that of female (100% vs. 83.3%, P=0.046), but there was no significant difference in OS among patients with different risk grades (P=0.057). The RFS and OS of patients with D842V mutation and non-D842V mutation, exon 12 and exon 18 mutation were similar (all P>0.05). Univariate Cox analysis showed that RFS was associated with gender (P=0.010), tumor size (P=0.042), mitotic count (P=0.003), and the modified NIH risk stratification (P=0.042), while multivariate analysis revealed that higher risk grade was an independent risk factor for recurrence of PDGFRA-mutant GIST (HR=12.796, 95%CI: 1.326-123.501, P=0.028). Gender was an independent factor for recurrence, and the risk of recurrence in males was lower than that in females (HR=0.154, 95%CI: 0.028-0.841, P=0.031). Conclusions: Gender and the modified NIH risk stratification are independent risk factors for recurrence of PDGFRA-mutant GIST, while patients with D842V and non-D842V mutation, and exon 12 and exon 18 mutation have a similar risk of recurrence and death.

[Research advance of liquid biopsy in gastrointestinal stromal tumors]

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common mesenchymal tumors in the gastrointestinal tract. Surgical resection is the only curative treatment, while imatinib is the first-line therapy for recurrent, metastatic, and unresectable GIST. However, more than half of GIST patients suffer from secondary resistance to imatinib within 2 years after treatment initiation. Therefore, early diagnosis, drug resistance and recurrence surveillance are critical for GIST patients. Liquid biopsy is a new method which utilizes the detection of tumor biomarkers in peripheral blood for early diagnosis and therapeutic efficacy assessment. In recent years, liquid biopsy has achieved significant research progress in several kinds of malignancy. This review aims at presenting an overview on research advance of liquid biopsy in GIST and may provide a new method for early diagnosis and therapeutic efficacy assessment of GIST.

Effects of pterostigma structure on vibrational characteristics during flight of Asian ladybird Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

The hind wings of beetles are deployable and play an essential role in flight. In the Asian ladybird Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), the pterostigma (pst) is found in the middle of the hind wing instead of at the tip of the hind wing. This paper investigates the effect of the pst on the vibrational characteristics during the flight of H. axyridis. Based on cross sections of the pst and veins as well as the morphology and nanomechanical properties of the hind wing, including the wing membrane and veins, three three-dimensional coupling models, Models I-III, of hind wings with/without pst structures and veins with varying or uniform reduced moduli are established. Modal analysis results for these three models show that the vibrational characteristics and deformation tendencies change the flight performance of the hind wing models with pst structures compared with that of the other models. The results in this paper reveal that the pst structure has an important influence on vibrational characteristics and deformation tendencies and, hence, on flight performance; the relationships between the body mass and the area of the hind wing, which have significant implications for the design of biomimetic deployable wing structures for micro air vehicles (MAVs), are also analyzed.

[Trends regarding the 30-day readmission rates in patients discharged for acute myocardial infarction in Beijing]

Objective: To examine the characteristics and trends regarding the 30-day coronary heart disease (CHD) readmission rates in patients discharged for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Beijing, during 2007-2012. Methods: Patients hospitalized for AMI in Beijing from 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2012 were identified from "The Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance System in Beijing". In total, 64 355 patients aged 25 years and over with permanent Beijing residency survived and discharged for AMI in Beijing during the above-said six years. After excluding duplicate and validation for the completeness and accuracy of the records, clinical features and 30-day CHD readmission rates for those AMI discharged patients were analyzed. Trends regarding the 30-day CHD readmission rates in patients discharged for AMI were analyzed by Poisson regression models. Results: The overall age-standardized average 30-day CHD readmission rate for AMI discharged patients was 7.7% in patients aged 25 years and over in Beijing. During the six years under study, an increasing trend was observed on the 30-day CHD readmission rates for AMI discharged patients after adjusting the age and gender (P<0.001). The age-standardized 30-day CHD readmission rates for AMI discharged patients increased by 21.3% in the past six years, from 7.0% in 2007 to 8.5% in 2012. The increase of 30-day CHD readmission rates was noted in both men and women during the six years, whereas it appeared higher in women (8.4%) than in men (7.4%), after adjusting for age. Among the AMI discharged patients, the 30-day CHD readmission rates were higher in patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) than those with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients (P<0.01), and higher in discharged patients with multiple comorbidities than those without multiple comorbidities (P<0.01). Conclusions: An increasing trend in the 30-day CHD readmission rates for AMI discharged patients was observed during 2007-2012 among Beijing residents aged 25 years and over. It called for an urgent need in improving the secondary prevention of AMI discharged patients, particularly in women, with NSTEMI and those with multiple comorbidities. Findings from these unselected "real-world" data in Beijing may help to guide the management of AMI in the country as well as in other developing countries.

[Molecular identification of Tricula spp. and the parasitized trematode cercariae in schistosomiasis-endemic areas of Yunnan Province]

OBJECTIVE

To characterize a species of the genus Tricula and parasitized trematodes in schistosomiasis-endemic areas of Yunnan Province using a molecular analysis, so as to understand their taxonomic positions.

METHODS

Tricula spp. and Oncomelania snails were collected from Xiangyun County, Yunnan Province, and cercaria parasitizing snails were observed using crushing followed by microscopy. Cercaria parasitizing Tricula snails at various morphologies were sampled using a shedding method. Genomic DNA was extracted from snail soft tissues and cercariae, and the 16S rRNA, COI, 28S rDNA genes in snails and the ND1 and 28S rDNA genes in cercariae were amplified using a PCR assay and sequenced. The species of Tricula snails and their parasitized trematodes was characterized using sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis.

RESULTS

Among 382 Tricula snails detected, there were three types of trematode cercariae found, including the non-forked (20.94%, 80/382), double-forked (3.40%, 13/382) and swallow shapes (7.07%, 27/382). Sequence and phylogenetic analyses showed that the 16S rRNA, COI and 28S rDNA gene sequences of this species of Tricula had high homology to those in Delavaya dianchiensis, and were clustered in a branch. Sequencing analysis of the ND1 and 28S rDNA genes revealed that the non-forked cercariae belonged to the family Pleu- rogenidae, the swallow-shaped cercariae belonged to the family Opecoelidae, and the double-forked cercariae belonged to another species of the genus Schistosoma that was different from S. sinensium and S. ovuncatum.

CONCLUSIONS

The species and taxonomy of Triculla spp. and their parasitized trematodes are preliminarily determined in schistosomiasis-endemic areas of Yunnan Province; however, further studies are required to investigate the more definite taxonomy and pathogenicity.

[The humor characteristics of young epileptic patients and its correlation with depression]

Objective: To explore the characteristics of humor in young adult epileptic patients and examine the relationship between humor and depression. Methods: We recruited 55 young adult epileptic patients who visited outpatient clinic of the Department of Neurology of Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College between October 2018 and March 2019 and 44 healthy controls to complete the multidimensional humor scale (MSHS), humor style questionnaire (HSQ) and Beck depression scale-Ⅱ (BDI-Ⅱ), and compared their differences between the two groups. Results: The results showed that the young adult patients with epilepsy (PWEs) were affected in humor creation, coping with humor and the totally scores of MSHS. The scores of humor creation, coping with humor and the totally scores of MSHS in the young epilepsy patients were 25.3±5.9, 16.7±5.0 and 61±10, which were significantly lower than those in the control group 29.8±6.1, 21.1±2.6 and 71±8. As for the humor style, self-defeating humor scores in PWEs were higher than controls 14±5 vs 9±3, and the self-enhancing humor scores were lower than controls 18±7 vs 23±6. The scores of BDI-Ⅱ in PWEs were significantly higher than those of normal controls 13±7 vs 6±4. Pearson's correlation test showed that the scores of BDI-Ⅱ were negatively correlated with humor creation, coping with humor, the totally scores of MSHS and self-enhancing humor scores (r=-0.566--0.721, P<0.05), while it was positively correlated with self-defeating humor scores (r=0.818, P<0.05). Among the clinically relevant factors, the scores of BDI-Ⅱ were correlated with seizure control and gender. Multiple stepwise linear regression showed that coping with humor, self-defeating and self-enhancing humor scores were closely related with depression in young epileptic adults. Conclusion: The young adults with epilepsy are affected in sense of humor and humor style, which are closely related with depression.

[Hepatocellular carcinoma-derived exosomal miRNA expression and its clinical value]

The early diagnosis and effective treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) still remains a difficult problem that plagues the medical community. Exosomes are microvesicles with a diameter of 40~100 nm, and contains proteins, lipids and nucleic acids (mRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs, and microRNAs). They serve as an information exchange carrier, and play an important role in regulating and controlling the biomolecular function to maintain the stability of the intracellular environment. The function of exosomes in HCC includes intercellular communication, neoangiogenesis, cancer cell metastasis and multidrug resistance, which mediates the transformation of microRNAs (miRNA) and regulate the microenvironment of tumor progression, and then affect the pathophysiological behavior of cancer cells. Exosome-derived miRNA can be used for HCC monitoring or potential specific markers of early diagnosis. In addition, with the development and application prospects it could be a therapeutic goal for HCC. This paper summarizes the recent progress in the study of HCC-derived exosomal miRNA.

[Abnormal expression of Wnt3a and inhibiting role of its molecular-targeted intervening in hepatocellular carcinoma]

Objective: To investigate the Wnt3a expression in tissues of HCC and its gene knockout on effects of HepG2 cell proliferation or xenograft tumor growth. Methods: Hepatic Wnt3a expressions in 87 HCC and their matched surrounding tissues were observed by tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry for analyzing its clinicopathological characteristics; Wnt3a-knockout HepG2 cell lines were established by Crispr/cas9-sgRNA system and genomic cleavage efficiency was verified at gene level by surveyor assay. The relative proteins were confirmed by Western blotting; Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to examine cell proliferation after knocking-out Wnt3a successfully, and the nude mice HepG2 cell xenograft tumors delete that the relationship between Wnt3a and HCC growth. Results: The positive Wnt3a with brown staining particles was mainly distributed in cytosol and membrane of hepatocytes. The incidence of hepatic Wnt3a expression in cancerous tissues (95.4%) was significantly higher (χ (2) = 47.754, P < 0.001) than that in their surrounding tissues (49.4%). The high Wnt3a expression was 70.1% in the HCC and only 14.9% in the surrounding tissues. High Wnt3a expression was associated with poorly-differentiated grade, liver cirrhosis, HBV infection, portal vein invasion, TNM stage and 5-year survival rate. After knocked-out by Crispr/cas9-sgRNA system successfully, Wnt3a expression was down-regulated significantly at gene or protein level. Key molecule β-catenin in cytoplasma was obviously inhibited. HepG2 cell lines proliferation was suppressed in time-dependent manner. The nude mice HepG2 cell xenograft tumors confirmed that the knock-out of Wnt3a could significantly supressed HCC growth with slower speed (t = 6.418, P < 0.001), smaller volume(869.4 ± 222.5 mm(3) vs 355.0 ± 99.9 mm(3), t = 5.168, P < 0.001), and lighter weight (0.88 ± 0.20 g vs 0.35 ± 0.11 g, t = 5.628, P < 0.001)compared with the control group. Conclusion: Abnormal expression of Wnt3a could be expected as a promising target for HCC gene therapy.

Variations in submicron aerosol liquid water content and the contribution of chemical components during heavy aerosol pollution episodes in winter in Beijing

The aerosol liquid water content (ALWC) of submicron particles (PM₁) was calculated in this work by three methods based on the aerosol physical and chemical properties measurement campaigns in winter in Beijing, including (a) the PM₁ volume difference between the ambient and dry states by applying the particle number size distribution and particle hygroscopicity measurement; (b) the thermodynamic equilibrium model (ISORROPIA II) based on the chemical composition; and (c) the κ-Köhler theory of chemical composition with a volume mixing scheme. The three methods agreed well with reasonable uncertainties. The ALWC showed an exponential trend depending on the relative humidity (RH), and an abundant ALWC was also favored by the high PM₁ mass loading. The contribution of different chemical component to the ALWC was evaluated by the κ-Köhler method, which revealed that during the measurement, the inorganics and organics could contribute to ~80% and ~20%, respectively, under ambient RH conditions, with the largest contributor of ammonium nitrate. When the RH was above 85%, the mass concentration of ALWC was comparable to, or even larger than, that of the dry PM₁.

Low-temperature microstructural studies on superconducting CaFe2As2

Undoped CaFe₂As₂ (Ca122) can be stabilized in two slightly different non-superconducting tetragonal phases, PI and PII, through thermal treatments. Upon proper annealing, superconductivity with a T_c up to 25 K emerges in the samples with an admixture of PI and PII phases. Systematic low-temperature X-ray diffraction studies were conducted on undoped Ca122 samples annealed at 350 °C over different time periods. In addition to the diffraction peaks associated with the single-phase aggregation of PI and PII, a broad intermediate peak that shifts with annealing time was observed in the superconducting samples only. Our simulation of phase distribution suggests that the extra peak is associated with the admixture of PI and PII on the nanometer scale. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy confirms the existence of these nano-scale phase admixtures in the superconducting samples. These experimental results and simulation analyses lend further support for our conclusion that interfacial inducement is the most reasonable explanation for the emergence of superconductivity in undoped Ca122 single crystals.

Edge Effect in Hot Embossing and its Influence on Global Pattern Replication of Polymer-Based Microneedles

Hot embossing was used to fabricate a microneedle array on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) substrates. Both experimental and numerical researches were carried out to investigate the whole formation process. The results showed that the edge effect would significantly influence the replication rate of final products. An optimization design of convex flow barrier was proposed to improve the replication efficiency and structure uniformity. Furthermore, optimum parameters of the flow barrier were found to be 2 mm in length and 0.2 mm in height. Reasonable high molding temperature and force were conducive to reduce the filling time and increase the average height of microneedles.

[The association between plasma levels of 20 amino acids and risk of diabetes]

Objective: To investigate the association between the plasma levels of 20 amino acids and the risk of diabetes in middle-aged and elderly population. Methods: This study was a part of the Chinese multi-provincial cohort study conducted in communities of Shougang. In 2007 and 2012, the population was investigated for diabetes and other risk factors. Blood samples collected from 475 people were tested for various amino acid levels by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the association between plasma amino acid levels and diabetes risk. Results: The age of the selected population at baseline was (58.7±6.3) years, and the blood glucose level at baseline was (5.68±1.34) mmol/L. Among them, 56 (11.79%) subjects were diabetes. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that after adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, systolic blood pressure and dyslipidemia, individuals with plasma branched-chain amino acid (valine, leucine and isoleucine) and cysteine in the highest tertile levels were at high risk of diabetes with the ORs of 3.61 (95% CI 1.48-8.80), 3.27 (95% CI 1.34-7.99), 2.46 (95% CI 1.04-5.84) and 2.09 (95% CI 1.02-4.27), respectively. After 5 years' followed up, 5.73% (24/419) subjects developed diabetes. Compared with those in the lowest tertile, individuals with plasma branched-chain amino acid (total concentration), phenylalanine, and tyrosine levels at baseline in the highest tertile had 3.69 times, 3.61 times and 4.14 times higher risk to develop new diabetes, respectively. In contrast, individuals with plasma glycine level in the highest tertile had only 76% (OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.06-0.91) risk for the development of diabetes compared with those with plasma glycine level in the lowest tertile. Conclusions: The increase in plasma branched-chain amino acid and cysteine levels is significantly associated with an increase in incident diabetes. Subjects with higher levels of branched-chain amino acids and aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine) had a significantly higher risk of developing new-onset diabetes, while those with higher glycine levels had a significantly lower risk of developing diabetes in 5 years.

[Association between long-term blood pressure change and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases: a population-based cohort study]

Objective: To explore the association between long-term changes in blood pressure (BP) levels and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Methods: A total of 5 752 participants, who participated baseline examination in 1992-1993 and re-examination in 2007, were followed up till December 31, 2013 according to the study protocol of the Chinese Multi-provincial Cohort Study. Participants were stratified by baseline BP and re-examination BP and cross-combined into 9 subgroups. The 20-year incidence of acute cardiovascular events, acute coronary heart disease (CHD) and acute stroke events were analyzed and association between disease incidence and 15-year changes in BP were determined using the competing risk regression model. Results: (1) There were 523 CVD events (170 CHD, 373 stroke) during the 20 years follow up. The number of participants with baseline systolic blood pressure (SBP)/diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of <130/80 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), 130-139/80-89 mmHg, and hypertension were 2 892 (50.3%), 1 328 (23.1%) and 1 532 (26.6%), respectively. (2) Among participants with baseline SBP of 130-139 mmHg or DBP of 80-89 mmHg, 870 (65.5%) progressed to hypertension and 279 (21.0%) maintained at the same stratum over a 15-year follow up period. (3) After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, diabetes, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol at baseline, participants maintained SBP/DBP at 130-139/80-89 mmHg had a higher risk of developing acute cardiovascular events, CHD and stroke with the hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) of 2.04 (1.16, 3.57), 3.29 (1.30, 8.35) and 1.63 (0.80, 3.33), compared with those who maintained their SBP < 130 mmHg and DBP <80 mmHg. Participants whose BP increased from 130-139/80-89 mmHg to hypertension over the follow up period had 2.81-fold (1.84, 4.29), 3.17-fold (1.43, 7.03) and 2.71-fold (1.65, 4.44) higher risk for the incidence of acute cardiovascular events, CHD, and stroke, respectively, compared with participants who maintained their SBP <130 mmHg and DBP <80 mmHg. Conclusions: Participants with SBP/DBP of 130-139/80-89 mmHg have a high long-term risk for progression to hypertension. Sustained exposure to SBP/DBP of 130-139/80-89 mmHg or higher increases the risk of CVD incidence, and our results highlight the importance of early prevention for participants with this BP stratum.

[Trends in 30-day case fatality rate in patients hospitalized due to acute myocardial infarction in Beijing, 2007-2012]

Objective: To understand the distribution and trends in 30-day coronary heart disease (CHD) case fatality rate in patients hospitalized due to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Beijing during 2007-2012. Methods: The clinical data of patients hospitalized due to AMI in Beijing from 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2012 were collected from "The Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance System in Beijing" . A total of 77 943 local patients aged ≥25 years were hospitalized due to AMI in Beijing during the this period. After excluding duplicate records and validation for the completeness and accuracy of the records, the clinical characteristics of the patients and 30-day CHD case fatality rate in the patients were analyzed. Trends in 30-day CHD case fatality rate in the patients were analyzed with Poisson regression models. Results: The age-standardized average 30-day CHD case fatality rate was 9.7% in the 77 943 patients. During this period, a decreasing trend was observed in 30-day CHD case fatality rate after adjusting for age and gender (P<0.001). The age-standardized 30-day CHD case fatality rate decreased by 16.0%, from 10.8% in 2007 to 9.0% in 2012. The decreases of 30-day CHD case fatality rates were noted in both men and women, whereas 30-day CHD case fatality rate was higher in women (14.1%) than in men (7.6%) after adjusting for age. During this period, the proportion of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) decreased, while the proportion of non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) increased with year. A significant decline (20.1%) in 30-day case fatality rate of STEMI was found, but no decline was found for 30-day mortality rate of NSTEMI. Conclusion: A decreasing trend in 30-day CHD case fatality rate was observed in the patients aged ≥25 years and hospitalized due to AMI in Beijing during 2007-2012, indicating the improvement in short-term prognosis of patients hospitalized due to AMI. Our findings highlight the urgent need to improve the treatment for woman and NSTEMI patients.

[Impact of different intervention models on adherence to secondary prevention therapies in patients with acute coronary syndrome]

Objective: To evaluate the impact of different intervention models on adherence to secondary prevention therapies in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods: This multi-center cross-sectional study collected data from 34 hospitals covering 22 provinces in China. Hospitals were randomly divided into four groups: control group(routine treatment and care), promotional calendar group (routine treatment and care plus giving propaganda desk calendar to patients), education group (routine treatment and care add patients education by nurses) and combined intervention group (promotional calendar and education).At least 90 patients with ACS were consecutively enrolled from each involved hospital from April 15, 2012 to June 30, 2013. To reduce the impact of uneven distribution of inter-group variables on the results, 1∶1∶1∶1 propensity score matching method was used. The drug usage for secondary prevention and prognosis wasobtainedat 6 months after hospital discharge. Results: (1) A total of 3 391 patients were selected and 2 244 patients were included for the final analysisafter propensity score analysis. (2) At 6 months after discharge, the adherence rates of antiplatelet, statins, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor(ACEI)/angiotensin Ⅱ receptor blocker(ARB), β-blocker and the combination of 4 medications were similar between control group and promotional calendar group (all P>0.016).The adherence rates of antiplatelet and statins were 97.0% (526/542) and 91.0% (493/542) in the education group, 3.7% and 5.5% higher than in the control group (both P<0.016). The adherence rates of statins,ACEI/ARB and combined medication were 91.0% (496/545), 68.3% (372/545) and 53.2% (290/545) in the combined intervention group,significantly higher than in the control group (5.5%,8.3% and 9.6%, all P<0.016). (3) Poisson regression analysis showed that the adherence of antiplatelet drugs in the education group was 3.4%(OR=1.034, 95%CI 1.007-1.060,P<0.05) and 3.5%(OR=1.035, 95%CI 1.007-1.063, P<0.05) higher than in the control group and the promotional calendar group, and the statins adherence rate was 5.5%(OR=1.055, 95%CI 1.012-1.101,P<0.05) higher than in the control group. The antiplatelet drug adherence rates in the combined intervention group were 3.0% (OR=1.030, 95%CI 1.002-1.058,P<0.05) and 3.1% (OR=1.031, 95%CI 1.003-1.060,P<0.05) higher than in the control group and the promotional calendar group, respectively, and statin adherence was 6.1% (OR=1.061, 95%CI 1.017-1.107,P<0.01) higher than in the control group. The adherence rates of ACEI/ARB in combined intervention group were respectively 15.4%(OR=1.154, 95%CI 1.057-1.259, P<0.01),20.0%(OR=1.200, 95%CI 1.096-1.314, P<0.01) and 25.5%(OR=1.255, 95%CI 1.142-1.380, P<0.01) higher than in the control group, promotional calendar group and education group. The adherence rates of combined medication in combined intervention group were respectively 21.6%(OR=1.216, 95%CI 1.079-1.371, P<0.01),21.5%(OR=1.215, 95%CI 1.077-1.371, P<0.01) and 27.8%(OR=1.278, 95%CI 1.126-1.450, P<0.01) higher than in the control group, promotional calendar group and education group. (4) At 6 months after discharge, the control rates of blood pressure (<140/90 mmHg,1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) in the education group were significantly higher than in the control group and promotional calendar group (78.7% (398/506) vs. 70.2%(373/531) and 71.1% (354/498) , all P<0.016),and the control rates of blood pressure in combined intervention group were higher than in the control group and promotional calendar group (78.2% (376/481) vs. 70.2%(373/531) and 71.1% (354/498) , all P<0.016).The rehospitalization rates were 7.0% (39/561) in the promotional calendar group, and 7.6% (42/561) in the education group, both significantly higher than in the control group (3.8% (21/561), all P<0.016).The rate of the low density lipoprotein cholesterol<2.07 mmol/L and the rate for all-cause mortality were similar among groups (all P>0.016) . Conclusion: Post-discharge medication adherence in ACS patients can be enhanced by either promotional calendaror nurses education strategy, and the efficacy is better by nurse education as compared with promotional calendar, the combination of both methods can further increase the post-discharge medication adherence rates in ACS patients.

[Comparison of two quantitative methods of endobronchial ultrasound real-time elastography for evaluating intrathoracic lymph nodes]

Objective: To compare the clinical value of two quantitative methods in analyzing endobronchial ultrasound real-time elastography (EBUS-RTE) images for evaluating intrathoracic lymph nodes. Methods: From January 2014 to April 2014, EBUS-RTE examination was performed in patients who received EBUS-TBNA examination in Shanghai Chest Hospital. Each intrathoracic lymph node had a selected EBUS-RTE image. Stiff area ratio and mean hue value of region of interest (ROI) in each image were calculated respectively. The final diagnosis of lymph node was based on the pathologic/microbiologic results of EBUS-TBNA, pathologic/microbiologic results of other examinations and clinical following-up. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy were evaluated for distinguishing malignant and benign lesions. Results: Fifty-six patients and 68 lymph nodes were enrolled in this study, of which 35 lymph nodes were malignant and 33 lymph nodes were benign. The stiff area ratio and mean hue value of benign and malignant lesions were 0.32±0.29, 0.62±0.20 and 109.99±28.13, 141.62±17.52, respectively, and statistical differences were found in both of those two methods (t=-5.14, P<0.01; t=-5.53, P<0.01). The area under curves was 0.813, 0.814 in stiff area ratio and mean hue value, respectively. The optimal diagnostic cut-off value of stiff area ratio was 0.48, and the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy were 82.86%, 81.82%, 82.86%, 81.82% and 82.35%, respectively. The optimal diagnostic cut-off value of mean hue value was 126.28, and the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy were 85.71%, 75.76%, 78.95%, 83.33% and 80.88%, respectively. Conclusion: Both the stiff area ratio and mean hue value methods can be used for analyzing EBUS-RTE images quantitatively, having the value of differentiating benign and malignant intrathoracic lymph nodes, and the stiff area ratio is better than the mean hue value between the two methods.

[Effects of trabecular metal augments for the reconstruction of Paprosky type Ⅲ acetabulum bone defects]

Objective: To investigate the methods and short-time clinical results of reconstruction of Paprosky type Ⅲ acetabulum bone defects by using tantalum augments. Methods: A total of 17 patients (17 hips) with Paprosky type Ⅲ acetabulum bone defects, treated with tantalum augments in revision of total hip arthroplasty at Department of Orthopedics Surgery in General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army were retrospectively analyzed from March 2014 to May 2016.There were 6 males and 11 females aged from 23 to 74 years with an average of (50.2±16.3) years. Tantalum augments or TM-Cup augment (the cup-on-cup technique) were used to reconstruct the defects.The TM-Cup augment was the tantalum revision cup which was removed titanium ring. The cup-on-cup technique combined TM-Cup augment and biological acetabulum cup. Augments were served as the nonresorptive structural allograft in revision of total hip arthroplasty. Harris hip score was used to evaluate clinical effects. The vertical position of the rotation center was measured and analyzed. Radiographic assessments of the acetabular components were performed by DeLee-Charnley and the Anderson criteria and recorded postoperative complications. Results: All the patients were followed up from 3 to 29 months with an average of (16.2±5.4) months, tantalum augments and biological acetabulum cup were used in 13 patients, the TM-Cup augment and biological acetabulum cup were used in 4 patients. At the time of the latest follow-up, the mean Harris hip score increased compared to preoperatively (86.8±8.3 vs. 30.0±12.0) (t=12.78, P<0.01), the average vertical location of the center of rotation was decreased ((25.3±9.8) mm vs.(47.6±10.5)) mm (t=4.95, P<0.01). All the tantalum augments and biological acetabulum cups were stable, there were no infection, dislocation and other complications. Conclusions: The use of tantalum augments could be considered as an effective management of Paprosky type Ⅲ defects providing good clinical and radiographic outcomes in the short term.The cup-on-cup technique which was used in reconstruction of severe superior-invagination acetabular bone defects and restoration relatively normal center of rotation had special application value.

The influence of emission control on particle number size distribution and new particle formation during China's V-Day parade in 2015

Temporary strict emission control strategies were conducted to ensure good air quality for China's V-Day parade (August 20-September 3, 2015) in Beijing and nearby cities. The influence of the emission control on particle number size distribution (PNSD) was evaluated based on the long-term measurements of PNSD at a rural site (Shangdianzi) located northeast of Beijing. This study also presented the comparison results of PNSD during the parade in 2015 and the Olympics in 2008 (August 8-23), as well as the same period without strict emission control in 2010-2013 (August 20-September 3). Compared with the same period in 2010-2013 and 2008 Olympics, the accumulation mode particle number concentration showed a significant reduction in 2015, and the PM₁ mass concentration decreased by approximately 60-90%. The alleviation of the PM₁ was also associated with the weather conditions. The back trajectories analysis results showed that the southerly air mass passing through the polluted areas accounted for 14% of the total back trajectories in 2015, which contributed to approximately 60% in the other years. During the control period in 2015, there were six new particle formation (NPF) events observed, with a higher frequency, but a lower formation rate and growth rate than the same period in 2010-2013. The comparison of the condensation sink (CS), sulfuric acid, solar radiation and relative humidity among the different years indicated that at Shangdianzi station, the first factor in determining the NPF occurrence was the CS, and the second factor could be the concentration level of precursor vapors participating in the NPF event (e.g., sulfuric acid).

Role of GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 IIe105Val gene polymorphisms in the response to chemotherapy and overall survival of advanced non-small cell lung cancer

We evaluated the association between GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 IIe105Val gene polymorphisms and treatment outcomes of advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma. Between January 2010 and December 2012, a total of 244 patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma were recruited from Yiwu Central Hospital. The GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 IIe105Val gene polymorphisms were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and the results were statistically analyzed. Conditional regression analysis, showed that individuals carrying the null GSTM1 were associated with an increased risk of response to chemotherapy when compared to the present GSTM1 (odds ratio = 1.88, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01-3.47). Moreover, the GG genotype of GSTP1 IIe105Val was associated with a better response to chemotherapy compared to the AA genotype (odds ratio = 2.77, 95%CI = 1.14-6.64). The null GSTM1 genotype was associated with a lower risk of death from all causes when compared with the present GSTM1 genotype (hazard ratio = 2.16, 95%CI = 1.10-4.38). Moreover, the GG genotype of GSTP1 IIe105Val was correlated with a reduced risk of death from all causes compared with the AA genotype (hazard ratio = 2.94, 95%CI = 1.11-8.68). In conclusion, we found that the null GSTM1 and the GG genotype of GSTP1 IIe105Val were correlated with a good response to chemotherapy and improved overall survival of advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma patients.

Proteome analysis of the liver in the Chinese fire-bellied newt Cynops orientalis

The Chinese fire-bellied newt, Cynops orientalis, belonging to Amphibia, Caudata, Salamandridae is a species endemic to China. The liver, which is an important digestive gland and the largest amphibian organ, has various functions, including detoxification, glycogen storage, protein synthesis, and hormone production. However, the newt liver has rarely been studied at the molecular level. We performed histomorphology and high-throughput proteomic analysis of the Chinese fire-bellied newt liver, using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry. The H&E staining showed that the newt liver nuclei are large and round, are located in the lateral cytoplasm, and contain a large quantity of lipid droplets. Melanins were abundantly present throughout the hepatic parenchyma. The proteome analysis showed a total of 545 proteins detected in the newt liver. Furthermore, a gene ontology analysis suggested that these proteins were associated with metabolism, immune response, cellular homeostasis, etc. Among these, proteins with metabolic functions were found to be the most abundant and highly expressed. This supports the role of the liver as the metabolic center. The proteomic results provide new insights into the aspects of the liver proteomes of the Chinese fire-bellied newt. The identification of a more global liver proteome in the newt may provide a basis for characterizing and comparing the liver proteomes from other amphibian species.

Characterization and parameterization of aerosol cloud condensation nuclei activation under different pollution conditions

To better understand the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activation capacity of aerosol particles in different pollution conditions, a long-term field experiment was carried out at a regional GAW (Global Atmosphere Watch) station in the Yangtze River Delta area of China. The homogeneity of aerosol particles was the highest in clean weather, with the highest active fraction of all the weather types. For pollution with the same visibility, the residual aerosol particles in higher relative humidity weather conditions were more externally mixed and heterogeneous, with a lower hygroscopic capacity. The hygroscopic capacity (κ) of organic aerosols can be classified into 0.1 and 0.2 in different weather types. The particles at ~150 nm were easily activated in haze weather conditions. For CCN predictions, the bulk chemical composition method was closer to observations at low supersaturations (≤0.1%), whereas when the supersaturation was ≥0.2%, the size-resolved chemical composition method was more accurate. As for the mixing state of the aerosol particles, in haze, heavy haze, and severe haze weather conditions CCN predictions based on the internal mixing assumption were robust, whereas for other weather conditions, predictions based on the external mixing assumption were more accurate.

Differential regulation of the expression of aquaporins 3 and 9 by Auphen and dbcAMP in the SMMC-7721 hepatocellular carcinoma cell line

Aquaglycero-aquaporins (agAQPs) are the structural foundation of rapid water transport and they appear to participate in cancer proliferation and malignancy. AQP3 expression is increased and AQP9 expression is decreased in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) compared to normal liver, which suggests their possible use as targets for cancer treatment. AQP-based modifiers, such as Auphen and dibutyryladenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (dbcAMP), might be used to treat several diseases and as chemical tools for assessing the functions of AQPs in biological systems. We investigated the effects of both Auphen on AQP3 and dbcAMP on AQP9 in SMMC-7721 cells. We used western blotting, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry to evaluate changes in AQP3 and AQP9 expression in SMMC-7721 cells after culturing with Auphen and dbcAMP, respectively. We also determined the proliferation of SMMC-7721 cells. We found that compared to HL-7702 (L02) liver cells, Auphen increased AQP3 expression in tumor cells, whereas dbcAMP decreased expression of AQP9 in these cells. Also, high concentrations of Auphen and dbcAMP inhibited proliferation of SMMC-7721 cells in vitro. Auphen and dbcAMP may inhibit HCC development and could be considered targets for HCC diagnosis and therapy.