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Wang B, Fitzpatrick JR, Brookfield A, Fielding AJ, Reynolds E, Entwistle J, Tong J, Spencer BF, Baldock S, Hunter K, Kavanagh CM, Tapia-Ruiz N. Electron paramagnetic resonance as a tool to determine the sodium charge storage mechanism of hard carbon. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3013. [PMID: 38589362 PMCID: PMC11001870 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Hard carbon is a promising negative electrode material for rechargeable sodium-ion batteries due to the ready availability of their precursors and high reversible charge storage. The reaction mechanisms that drive the sodiation properties in hard carbons and subsequent electrochemical performance are strictly linked to the characteristic slope and plateau regions observed in the voltage profile of these materials. This work shows that electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is a powerful and fast diagnostic tool to predict the extent of the charge stored in the slope and plateau regions during galvanostatic tests in hard carbon materials. EPR lineshape simulation and temperature-dependent measurements help to separate the nature of the spins in mechanochemically modified hard carbon materials synthesised at different temperatures. This proves relationships between structure modification and electrochemical signatures in the galvanostatic curves to obtain information on their sodium storage mechanism. Furthermore, through ex situ EPR studies we study the evolution of these EPR signals at different states of charge to further elucidate the storage mechanisms in these carbons. Finally, we discuss the interrelationship between EPR spectroscopy data of the hard carbon samples studied and their corresponding charging storage mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK
- The Faraday Institution, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Quad One, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK
| | - Jack R Fitzpatrick
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK
- The Faraday Institution, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Quad One, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Adam Brookfield
- The National Research Facility for Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Alistair J Fielding
- Centre for Natural Products Discovery, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moore University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Emily Reynolds
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Spallation Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, Oxford, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Jake Entwistle
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Jincheng Tong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Ben F Spencer
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Sara Baldock
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Katherine Hunter
- Deregallera Ltd, Unit 2 De Clare Court, Pontygwindy Industrial Estate, Caerphilly, Wales, CF83 3HU, UK
| | - Christopher M Kavanagh
- Deregallera Ltd, Unit 2 De Clare Court, Pontygwindy Industrial Estate, Caerphilly, Wales, CF83 3HU, UK
| | - Nuria Tapia-Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK.
- The Faraday Institution, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Quad One, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK.
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
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Ying B, Fitzpatrick JR, Teng Z, Chen T, Lo TWB, Siozios V, Murray CA, Brand HEA, Day S, Tang CC, Weatherup RS, Merz M, Nagel P, Schuppler S, Winter M, Kleiner K. Monitoring the Formation of Nickel-Poor and Nickel-Rich Oxide Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries with Synchrotron Radiation. Chem Mater 2023; 35:1514-1526. [PMID: 36873624 PMCID: PMC9979376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c02639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The syntheses of Ni-poor (NCM111, LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2) and Ni-rich (NCM811 LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2) lithium transition-metal oxides (space group R3̅m) from hydroxide precursors (Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3(OH)2, Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1(OH)2) are investigated using in situ synchrotron powder diffraction and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. The development of the layered structure of these two cathode materials proceeds via two utterly different reaction mechanisms. While the synthesis of NCM811 involves a rock salt-type intermediate phase, NCM111 reveals a layered structure throughout the entire synthesis. Moreover, the necessity and the impact of a preannealing step and a high-temperature holding step are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bixian Ying
- MEET,
Battery Research Center, University of Muenster, Corrensstr. 46, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Jack R. Fitzpatrick
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, W12 0BZLondon, U.K.
| | - Zhenjie Teng
- MEET,
Battery Research Center, University of Muenster, Corrensstr. 46, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Tianxiang Chen
- Department
of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, 999077Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tsz Woon Benedict Lo
- Department
of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, 999077Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vassilios Siozios
- MEET,
Battery Research Center, University of Muenster, Corrensstr. 46, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Claire A. Murray
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science
& Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DEOxfordshire, U.K.
| | - Helen E. A. Brand
- Australian
Synchrotron ANSTO, 800
Blackburn Rd., Clayton, 3168Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Day
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science
& Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DEOxfordshire, U.K.
| | - Chiu C. Tang
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science
& Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DEOxfordshire, U.K.
| | - Robert S. Weatherup
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PHOxford, U.K.
| | - Michael Merz
- Institute
for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe
Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), 76344Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Peter Nagel
- Institute
for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe
Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), 76344Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schuppler
- Institute
for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe
Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), 76344Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Winter
- MEET,
Battery Research Center, University of Muenster, Corrensstr. 46, 48149Münster, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute
Münster, Forschungszentrum Jülich
GmbH, 48149Muenster, Germany
| | - Karin Kleiner
- MEET,
Battery Research Center, University of Muenster, Corrensstr. 46, 48149Münster, Germany
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Fitzpatrick JR, Costa SIR, Tapia-Ruiz N. Sodium-Ion Batteries: Current Understanding of the Sodium Storage Mechanism in Hard Carbons : Optimising properties to speed commercialisation. Johnson Matthey Technology Review 2022. [DOI: 10.1595/205651322x16250408525547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) have been explored as an alternative technology to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their cost-effectiveness and promise in mitigating the energy crisis we currently face. Similarities between both battery systems have enabled fast development
of NIBs, however, their full commercialisation has been delayed due to the lack of an appropriate anode material. Hard carbons (HCs) arise as one of the most promising materials and are already used in the first generation of commercial NIBs. Although promising, HCs exhibit lower performance
compared to commercial graphite used as an anode in LIBs in terms of reversible specific capacity, operating voltage, initial coulombic efficiency and cycling stability. Nevertheless, these properties vary greatly depending on the HC in question, for example surface area, porosity, degree
of graphitisation and defect amount, which in turn are dependent on the synthesis method and precursor used. Optimisation of these properties will bring forward the widespread commercialisation of NIBs at a competitive level with current LIBs. This review aims to provide a brief overview of
the current understanding of the underlying reaction mechanisms occurring in the state-of-the-art HC anode material as well as their structure-property interdependence. We expect to bring new insights into the engineering of HC materials to achieve optimal, or at least, comparable electrochemical
performance to that of graphite in LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara I. R. Costa
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YB UK
| | - Nuria Tapia-Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YB UK
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