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Toda T, Bedrosian TA, Schafer ST, Cuoco MS, Linker SB, Ghassemzadeh S, Mitchell L, Whiteley JT, Novaresi N, McDonald AH, Gallina IS, Yoon H, Hester ME, Pena M, Lim C, Suljic E, AlFatah Mansour A, Boulard M, Parylak SL, Gage FH. Long interspersed nuclear elements safeguard neural progenitors from precocious differentiation. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113774. [PMID: 38349791 PMCID: PMC10948021 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Long interspersed nuclear element-1 (L1 or LINE-1) is a highly abundant mobile genetic element in both humans and mice, comprising almost 20% of each genome. L1s are silenced by several mechanisms, as their uncontrolled expression has the potential to induce genomic instability. However, L1s are paradoxically expressed at high levels in differentiating neural progenitor cells. Using in vitro and in vivo techniques to modulate L1 expression, we report that L1s play a critical role in both human and mouse brain development by regulating the rate of neural differentiation in a reverse-transcription-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Toda
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Laboratory of Neural Epigenomics, Institute of Medical Physics and Micro-tissue Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Nuclear Architecture in Neural Plasticity and Aging Laboratory, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Tracy A Bedrosian
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Simon T Schafer
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; TUM Center for Organoid Systems (COS), Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Garching, Germany
| | - Michael S Cuoco
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Computational Neural DNA Dynamics Lab, Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sara B Linker
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Saeed Ghassemzadeh
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lisa Mitchell
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jack T Whiteley
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicole Novaresi
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aidan H McDonald
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Iryna S Gallina
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hyojung Yoon
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Mark E Hester
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Monique Pena
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; TUM Center for Organoid Systems (COS), Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Garching, Germany
| | - Christina Lim
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Emelia Suljic
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Abed AlFatah Mansour
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthieu Boulard
- Epigenetics & Neurobiology Unit, EMBL Rome, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Sarah L Parylak
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Whiteley JT, Fernandes S, Sharma A, Mendes APD, Racha V, Benassi SK, Marchetto MC. Reaching into the toolbox: Stem cell models to study neuropsychiatric disorders. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:187-210. [PMID: 35063127 PMCID: PMC8828548 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in genetics, molecular biology, and stem cell biology have accelerated our understanding of neuropsychiatric disorders, like autism spectrum disorder (ASD), major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), and schizophrenia (SZ). This progress highlights the incredible complexity of both the human brain and mental illnesses from the biochemical to the cellular level. Contributing to the complexity of neuropsychiatric disorders are their polygenic nature, cellular and brain region interconnectivity, and dysregulation of human-specific neurodevelopmental processes. Here, we discuss available tools, including CRISPR-Cas9, and the applications of these tools to develop cell-based two-dimensional (2D) models and 3D brain organoid models that better represent and unravel the intricacies of neuropsychiatric disorder pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack T Whiteley
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Doctoral Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, Jerome L. Greene Science Center, 3227 Broadway, L7-028, MC 9872, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Sarah Fernandes
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Amandeep Sharma
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ana Paula D Mendes
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Vipula Racha
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Simone K Benassi
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maria C Marchetto
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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