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Hallam J, Berdeni D, Grayson R, Guest EJ, Holden J, Lappage MG, Prendergast-Miller MT, Robinson DA, Turner A, Leake JR, Hodson ME. Effect of earthworms on soil physico-hydraulic and chemical properties, herbage production, and wheat growth on arable land converted to ley. Sci Total Environ 2020; 713:136491. [PMID: 31962242 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Effects of earthworms on soil physico-hydraulic and chemical properties, herbage production and wheat growth in long-term arable soils following conversion to ley were investigated. Seven intact soil monoliths were collected from each of four arable fields. One monolith per field served as a control. The other six were defaunated by deep-freezing; three were left defaunated (DeF) and three (DeF+E) were repopulated with earthworms to mimic pasture field density and diversity. The monoliths were planted with a grass-clover ley and inserted into pre-established ley strips in their original fields for 12 months. Hydraulic conductivity measurements at -0.5 cm tension (K0.5) were taken five times over the year. K0.5 significantly increased in summer 2017 and spring 2018 and decreased in winter 2017-18. K0.5 was significantly greater (47%) for DeF+E than DeF monoliths. By the end of the experiment, pores >1 mm diameter made a significantly greater contribution to water flow in DeF+E (98%) than DeF (95%) monoliths. After only a year of arable to ley conversion, soil bulk density significantly decreased (by 6%), and organic matter (OM) content increased (by 29%) in the DeF treatments relative to the arable soil. Earthworms improved soil quality further. Compared to DeF monoliths, DeF+E monoliths had significantly increased water-holding capacity (by 9%), plant-available water (by 21%), OM content (by 9%), grass-clover shoot dry biomass (by 58%), water-stable aggregates >250 μm (by 15%) and total N (by 3.5%). In a wheat bioassay following the field experiment, significantly more biomass (20%) was produced on DeF+E than DeF monolith soil, likely due to the changed soil physico-hydraulic properties. Our results show that earthworms play a significant role in improvements to soil quality and functions brought about by arable to ley conversion, and that augmenting depleted earthworm populations can help the restoration of soil qualities adversely impacted by intensive agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Hallam
- University of York, Department of Environment and Geography, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York YO10 5NG, UK; National Institute of Agricultural Research of Morocco, Avenue des FAR. B.P. 124 CRRA, Agadir, Morocco.
| | - Despina Berdeni
- The University of Sheffield, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Richard Grayson
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Emily J Guest
- The University of Sheffield, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Joseph Holden
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | | | - Miranda T Prendergast-Miller
- University of York, Department of Environment and Geography, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York YO10 5NG, UK; Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - David A Robinson
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Deiniol Road, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK.
| | - Anthony Turner
- The University of Sheffield, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Jonathan R Leake
- The University of Sheffield, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Mark E Hodson
- University of York, Department of Environment and Geography, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York YO10 5NG, UK.
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Canio GD, Stoyanov S, Larsen JC, Hallam J, Kovalev A, Kleinteich T, Gorb SN, Manoonpong P. A robot leg with compliant tarsus and its neural control for efficient and adaptive locomotion on complex terrains. Artif Life Robotics 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10015-016-0296-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Barr BW, Edgar MP, Nelson J, Plissi MV, Huttner SH, Sorazu B, Strain KA, Burmeister O, Britzger M, Friedrich D, Schnabel R, Danzmann K, Hallam J, Freise A, Clausnitzer T, Brückner F, Kley EB, Tünnermann A. Translational, rotational, and vibrational coupling into phase in diffractively coupled optical cavities. Opt Lett 2011; 36:2746-2748. [PMID: 21765529 DOI: 10.1364/ol.36.002746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
All-reflective optical systems are under consideration for future gravitational wave detector topologies. A key feature of these all-reflective systems is the use of Fabry-Perot cavities with diffraction gratings as input couplers; however, theory predicts and experiment has shown that translation of the grating surface across the incident laser light will introduce additional phase into the system. This translation can be induced through simple side-to-side motion of the coupler, yaw motion of the coupler around a central point (i.e., rotation about a vertical axis), and even via internal resonances (i.e., vibration) of the optical element. In this Letter we demonstrate on a prototype-scale suspended cavity that conventional cavity length-sensing techniques used to detect longitudinal changes along the cavity axis will also be sensitive to translational, rotational, and vibrational motion of the diffractive input coupler. We also experimentally verify the amplitude response and frequency dependency of the noise coupling as given by theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Barr
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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Hallam J, Chelkowski S, Freise A, Barr BW, Hild S, Strain KA, Burmeister O, Schnabel R. Lateral input-optic displacement in a diffractive Fabry-Perot cavity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/228/1/012022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Yannakakis G, Maragoudakis M, Hallam J. Preference Learning for Cognitive Modeling: A Case Study on Entertainment Preferences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1109/tsmca.2009.2028152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hallam J, Chelkowski S, Freise A, Hild S, Barr B, Strain KA, Burmeister O, Schnabel R. Coupling of lateral grating displacement to the output ports of a diffractive Fabry–Perot cavity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1088/1464-4258/11/8/085502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
We describe a method for non-parametric regression which combines regression trees with radial basis function networks. The method is similar to that of Kubat, who was first to suggest such a combination, but has some significant improvements. We demonstrate the features of the new method, compare its performance with other methods on DELVE data sets and apply it to a real world problem involving the classification of soybean plants from digital images.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Orr
- Division of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Scotland
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Abstract
In this paper, different methods for training radial basis function (RBF) networks for regression problems are described and illustrated. Then, using data from the DELVE archive, they are empirically compared with each other and with some other well known methods for machine learning. Each of the RBF methods performs well on at least one DELVE task, but none are as consistent as the best of the other non-RBF methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Orr
- Division of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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McFadzen I, Baynes S, Hallam J, Beesley A, Lowe D. Histopathology of the skin of UV-B irradiated sole (Solea solea) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) larvae. Mar Environ Res 2000; 50:273-277. [PMID: 11460703 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-1136(00)00085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Larval stages of two economically important flatfish, the sole (Solea solea) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) were exposed to ambient and elevated levels of UV-B. Sole larvae, which naturally occur in the plankton in early spring, demonstrated skin lesions at elevated levels of UV-B. Histopathology of the sole revealed cellular changes in the integument, characteristic of sunburn damage, with a reduction in the size of mucus-secreting cells and an increased epidermal thickening, especially at the highest doses of UV-B (2.15 KJ bio eff/m2). Pigmentation in the sole is restricted to a few isolated melanocytes. The integrity of the heavily pigmented skin of turbot appeared to be unaffected by comparable doses of UV-B. Both species have protective mechanisms, which minimize the effects of naturally-occurring levels of UV-B. However, sole appear to be poorly adapted to accommodate any further increase in solar radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I McFadzen
- Centre for Coastal and Marine Sciences, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Hoe, Plymouth, Devon PL1 3DH, UK.
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Abstract
In this paper we present an acoustic motion detection system to be used in a small mobile robot. While the first purpose of the system has been to be a reliable computational implementation, cheap enough to be built in hardware, effort has also been taken to construct a biologically plausible solution. The motion detector consists of a neural network composed of motion-direction sensitive neurons with a preferred direction and a preferred region of the azimuth. The system was designed to produce a higher response when stimulated by motion in the preferred direction than in the null direction and that is in fact what the system does, which means that, as desired, the system can detect motion and distinguish its direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cavaco
- Departamento de Informática, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte da Caparica, Portugal.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The results suggest social cognitive theory variables associated with the adoption of exercise are changeable in a brief worksite intervention. Self-regulation techniques and outcome-expectancy value improved, but self-efficacy did not improve for the treatment group. One possible explanation is, the intervention did not adequately address the ability to overcome barriers to exercise faced by participants in the intervention. Another explanation may be the effect of experiencing the barriers to exercise faced by subjects during the first 4 weeks of a self-regulated exercise program. Before engaging in exercise, the participants had a perceived level of confidence to overcome barriers to exercise. Once faced with real barriers to exercise, the subjects may have reevaluated their ability to overcome these barriers. It is interesting that the comparison group reported small decreases in all social cognitive theory variables measured in this study. The comparison group received a program of assessment, instruction, and access to facilities that is common to many worksite-based fitness promotion programs. Clearly, this approach did not have a favorable impact on psychosocial variables associated with exercise adherence. These results may be explained by a reevaluation of beliefs and perceived capabilities to exercise, once faced with the real experiences and barriers related to the adoption of an exercise program. The small decreases in social cognitive theory variables in the comparison group may explain high dropout rates in many fitness center programs and warrant further study. IMPLICATIONS Health promotion specialists at the worksite need intervention programs that are safe, effective, and efficient for their employees. This intervention was based in the classroom, and no exercise was performed during class. This is appealing to employees who do not have access to shower facilities at the worksite. Moreover, in many interventions, subjects exercise during class and have limited time to learn specific skills to help them adopt and maintain exercise outside the structure of the intervention. Having established favorable changes in social cognitive theory constructs attributable to the intervention, a follow-up study should be conducted to determine the extent to which these changes predict adherence to regular exercise. These studies would establish the causal linkages between social cognitive theory constructs and regular exercise. LIMITATIONS There were specific limitations, and the results should be interpreted cautiously. The sample size was relatively small, although similar to other exercise intervention research reviewed by Dishman. Another limitation of the sample was no random assignment to treatment or comparison group. The results apply only to the subjects who volunteered for this study. The measure of outcome-expectancy value is the most vulnerable of those used to measure outcome expectations and outcome expectancies. It is possible that the results of the study would be substantially altered if a better measure were available. The data were collected through self-administered questionnaires. It was assumed the subjects would provide accurate information, but reliance on self-reported data introduces potential sources of error.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hallam
- Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
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Abstract
The spectrogram correlation and transformation (SCAT) receiver has been proposed as a model for the receiver structure used by fm bats. The main contribution of this paper lies in the analysis of which features of the proposed model are responsible for its high accuracy in estimating arrival times of overlapping echoes. Apart from providing an answer to this question, the analysis will also indicate the limitations of the SCAT receiver. In particular, it is shown that the temporal block of the SCAT receiver returns erroneous results for interecho delays < 20 microseconds and for interecho amplitude ratios > 6 dB. It is also shown that the spectral block of the SCAT receiver generates spurious arrival times if more than two overlapping echoes are present. Finally, it is discussed how the characteristic measurement errors predicted by this analysis can be used to further investigate the accuracy of the SCAT receiver as a model of the receiver structure used by fm bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Peremans
- Barco M. V., R & D Department, Kortrijk, Belgium.
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Abstract
The public image of nursing is an important barometer of how the profession is valued in society. Recent research into images of nurses tends to use content analysis to substantiate claims that the mass media misrepresent the profession, perpetuating outmoded conceptions of nursing work. Such a strategy treats the nature of nursing itself as unproblematic, an object to be more or less accurately 'represented'. But these are assumptions that need to be questioned. The systems of belief and value that produce representations of nursing both reveal and constitute the institutional practices that regulate nursing as a profession, which in turn shape the material form and substance of representational constructs. Drawing on fictional and factual popular and official representations of nursing and nursing work on film, television and in recruitment literature, it is argued that although nursing was consistently constructed as 'women's work' for much of the 20th century, a noticeable shift is perceivable in the status of nursing's public image between the late 1930s and early 1970s.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hallam
- Department of Communication Studies, Liverpool University, UK
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Abstract
Behavioral experiments with crickets show that female crickets respond to male calling songs with syllable rates within a certain bandwidth only. We have made a robot model in which we implement a simple neural controller that is less complex than the controllers traditionally hypothesized for cricket phonotaxis and syllable rate preference. The simple controller, which had been successfully used with a slowed and simplified signal, is here demonstrated to function, using songs with identical parameters to those found in real male cricket song, using an analog electronic model of the peripheral auditory morphology of the female cricket as the sensor. We put the robot under the same experimental conditions as the female crickets, and it responds with phonotaxis to calling songs of real male Gryllus bimaculatus. Further, the robot only responds to songs with syllable rates within a bandwidth similar to the bandwidth found for crickets. By making polar plots of the heading direction of the robot, we obtain behavioral data that can be used in statistical analyses. These analyses show that there are statistically significant differences between the behavioral responses to calling songs with syllable rates within the bandwidth and calling songs with syllable rates outside the bandwidth. This gives the verification that the simple neural control mechanism (together with morphological auditory matched filtering) can account for the syllable rate preference found in female crickets. With our robot system, we can now systematically explore the mechanisms controlling recognition and choice behavior in the female cricket by experimental replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Lund
- Danish National Centre for IT-Research, University of Aarhus, Denmark.
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Abstract
Marr's proposal for the functioning of the neocortex (Marr, 1970) is the least known of his various theories for specific neural circuitries. He suggested that the neocortex learns by self-organization to extract the structure from the patterns of activity incident upon it. He proposed a feedforward neural network in which the connections to the output cells (identified with the pyramidal cells of the neocortex) are modified by a mechanism of competitive learning. It was intended that each output cell comes to be selective for the input patterns from a different class and is able to respond to new patterns from the same class that have not been seen before. The learning rule that Marr proposed was underspecified, but a logical extension of the basic idea results in a synaptic learning rule in which the total amount of synaptic strength of the connections from each input ("presynaptic") cell is kept at a constant level. In contrast, conventional competitive learning involves rules of the "postsynaptic" type. The network learns by exploiting the structure that Marr assumed to exist within the ensemble of input patterns. For this case, analysis is possible that extends that carried out by Marr, which was restricted to the binary classification task. This analysis is presented here, together with results from computer simulations of different types of competitive learning mechanisms. The presynaptic mechanism is best known in the computational neuroscience literature. In neural network applications, it may be a more suitable mechanism of competitive learning than those normally considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Willshaw
- Centre for Cognitive Science, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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Tanaka Y, Albelda SM, Horgan KJ, van Seventer GA, Shimizu Y, Newman W, Hallam J, Newman PJ, Buck CA, Shaw S. CD31 expressed on distinctive T cell subsets is a preferential amplifier of beta 1 integrin-mediated adhesion. J Exp Med 1992; 176:245-53. [PMID: 1377224 PMCID: PMC2119293 DOI: 10.1084/jem.176.1.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD31 (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 [PECAM-1]/endothelial cell adhesion molecule [endoCAM]) molecule expressed on leukocytes, platelets, and endothelial cells is postulated to mediate adhesion to endothelial cells and thereby function in immunity, inflammation, and wound healing. We report the following novel features of CD31 which suggests a role for it in adhesion amplification of unique T cell subsets: (a) engagement of CD31 induces the adhesive function of beta 1 and beta 2 integrins; (b) adhesion induction by CD31 immunoglobulin G (IgG) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is sensitive, requiring only bivalent mAb; (c) CD31 mAb induces adhesion rapidly, but it is transient; (d) unique subsets of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells express CD31, including all naive (CD45RA+) CD8 T cells; and (e) CD31 induction is selective, inducing adhesive function of beta 1 integrins, particularly very late antigen-4, more efficiently than the beta 2 integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1. Conversely, CD3 is more effective in inducing beta 2-mediated adhesion. Taken together, these findings indicate that unique T cell subsets express CD31, and CD31 has the capacity to induce integrin-mediated adhesion of T cells in a sensitive and selective fashion. We propose that, in collaboration with other receptors/ligands, CD31 functions in an "adhesion cascade" by amplifying integrin-mediated adhesion of CD31+ T cells to other cells, particularly endothelial cells.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/physiology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/physiology
- CD3 Complex
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/physiology
- Histocompatibility Antigens/analysis
- Humans
- Integrin beta1
- Integrins/physiology
- Leukocyte Common Antigens
- Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1/physiology
- Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Receptors, Very Late Antigen/physiology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tanaka
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Abstract
Smoking-cessation programs have been shown to produce unreliable long-term results. Thus, efficient methods still need to be identified. One way of getting relevant information on successful smoking cessation is to study the quitting methods of unaided, long-term, successful quitters. A structured questionnaire was designed specifically for this purpose. Results from 70 self-quitters indicated that self-quitters typically had high motivation before attempting to quit and used aversive and operant methods currently stressed in the literature. Graded habituation and nicotine-based methods were used by some self-quitters. The findings suggest a two-stage model of quit-smoking program which gives greater attention initially to the systematic development of motivation to quit. This model, it is postulated, might enhance the long-term efficacy of smoking cessation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Oei
- Department of Psychology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
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Hallam J, St Denis H, Kendall M, Twinn M, Kirk A. The need to talk. Nursing 1989; 3:3. [PMID: 2601912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Abstract
Various forms of team organisation are described. These are based on the concepts of vertical and horizontal structure. Task factors of complexity and organisation are introduced and their relationships with various forms of multiman-machine system are discussed. Experimental work is briefly described and then two case study analyses of operational systems are presented. The first, an examination of airport air traffic control, illustrates how a multiman system can be reorganised to yield a more balanced distribution of task demands. The second, a study of an ambulance control room, shows the implications for team organisation of a shared computer data-base. These case studies demonstrate that the concepts developed in the laboratory context can be applied to operational multiman-machine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Stammers
- Department of Applied Psychology, University of Aston in Birmingham, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
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Bryant PM, Hallam J, Hemming CR, Jones JA. Risks of local and global public health effects from the purge of krypton-85 at Three Mile Island in 1980. Health Phys 1982; 43:598-601. [PMID: 7152922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Forrest J, Slaney G, Crocker J, Hallam J, Taylor AM. Multiple malignancy with a familial tendency. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 1981; 7:357-64. [PMID: 7318279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Abstract
In order to examine the effects of highly erotic stimuli on aggression against females, male subjects were angered by a male or female confederate and exposed to an erotic film, an aggressive film, or a nonfilm condition. Subjects were given two opportunities to aggress against the confederate. It was found that both the aggressive and the erotic films increased aggression against both targets during the first and second aggression opportunities. However, the erotic film facilitated aggression against the female target across the two aggression sessions. The processes operating to cause this increase are discussed in terms of reducing restraints against aggressive behavior and the specific cue value of erotic films.
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Abstract
In order to examine the effects of highly erotic stimuli on aggression against females, male subjects were angered by a male or female confederate and exposed to an erotic film, an aggressive film, or a nonfilm condition. Subjects were given two opportunities to aggress against the confederate. It was found that both the aggressive and the erotic films increased aggression against both targets during the first and second aggression opportunities. However, the erotic film facilitated aggression against the female target across the two aggression sessions. The processes operating to cause this increase are discussed in terms of reducing restraints against aggressive behavior and the specific cue value of erotic films.
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Hallam J. Treatment of Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis. West J Med 1948. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.4549.521-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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