Diffuse cutaneous melanosis is an under-recognized sign with a poor prognosis in patients with melanoma

We report the largest single-centre case series of diffuse cutaneous melanosis in the literature. This is a rare clinical presentation seen in patients with malignant melanoma that is important to recognize as it may be the first sign of distant metastases and has a very poor prognosis.

Autoinflammation: Interferonopathies and Other Autoinflammatory Diseases

The family of autoinflammatory diseases (AIDs) continues to expand and now includes over 40 genetically defined disorders. Their defining feature is a dysregulated inflammatory innate immune response. Many AIDs have overlapping clinical characteristics, and dermatological manifestations are common. Autoinflammatory features have also been recognized in more common dermatological conditions such as psoriasis. Furthermore, there is an increasing understanding that immunodeficiencies, autoimmune disorders, and even some allergic disorders share overlapping autoinflammatory features. The discovery that certain somatic mutations, arising within the bone marrow and restricted to the myeloid cell lineage can cause acquired AID heralds a new era of discoveries in this field.

OP0196-PARE #ARTHRITISATWORK: USING TWITTER TO ENGAGE THE INTERNATIONAL ARTHRITIS COMMUNITY

Background:

In 2019, EULAR launched the #Time2Work campaign [1] to raise awareness of the impact of rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases on individuals, society, and the economy. Building on this theme, the Canadian Arthritis Patient Alliance (CAPA) developed a social media campaign and Twitter chat in collaboration with international patient advocates and organizations. The Twitter chat built upon CAPA’s successful development of workplace resources for people living with arthritis [2].

Objectives:

To deliver an international #ArthritisAtWork social media campaign on Twitter, in support of the #Time2Work campaign.

Methods:

A one-hour Twitter Chat was held on World Arthritis Day (October 12, 2019) on arthritis in the workplace (#ArthritisAtWork) from 18:00 to 19:00 UTC. The chat was hosted by CAPA and co-hosted by Simon Stones, a patient advocate from the United Kingdom (UK) and CreakyJoints, patient-driven arthritis organization in the United States (US). The Twitter Chat questions were co-developed in advance by the hosts, and blog posts were shared from CAPA’s website. Each host also promoted the Twitter Chat through their websites, newsletters and online communities. A social media analytical tool, Symplur, was used to measure audience engagement using the hashtag #ArthritisAtWork. In addition, pertinent Tweets before, during, and after the chat were obtained. The analysis of themes was undertaken to identify common issues and questions.

Results:

One hundred and ten users participated in the Twitter chat between 17:20 and 19:20 UTC. Participants included people living with arthritis, researchers, patient organizations, health information outlets and academic institutions. During this period, 565 tweets were shared between participants in Australia, Canada, Ireland, Spain, UK and US. There were 3.352 million Twitter impressions. This represents the number of times a tweet appears to users in either their timeline or search results. Emergent themes of the analysis include:

Conclusion:

The social media campaign was successful in reaching a diverse audience and supporting the #Time2Work campaign. Social media tools can provide an important social support for people living with arthritis as they navigate workplace challenges. It also offers a more contemporary platform to engage the international community on issues of common interest. Working together, internationally helps expand reach and reduce barriers in communication. Research can be conducted to measure potential behavior change that leverages digital social support for people living with arthritis.

References:

[1]EULAR (2019). Press release “EULAR launches Time2Work campaign to highlight the importance of keeping people with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases in work. Available from:https://www.eular.org/sysModules/obxContent/files/www.eular.2015/1_42291DEB-50E5-49AE-5726D0FAAA83A7D4/time2work_campaign_press_release_final.pdf2. CAPA (2019). Arthritis in the Workplace: Resources for Patients by Patients. Available from:http://arthritispatient.ca/arthritis-in-the-workplace-resources-for-patients-by-patients/

Disclosure of Interests:

Laurie Proulx Grant/research support from: Sources of grants and support received by the Canadian Arthritis Patient Alliance (including in-kind support) in the last two years include: AbbVie Canada, Alliance for Safe Biologic Medicines, Amgen Canada, Arthritis Alliance of Canada, The Arthritis Society, Best Medicines Coalition, CADTH, Canadian Rheumatology Association, Eli Lilly Canada, European League Against Rheumatism, Janssen Canada, Manulife, Novartis Canada, Ontario Rheumatology Association, Pfizer Canada (including Pfizer Hospira), Purdue Pharma Canada, Sanofi, and UCB Pharma., Speakers bureau: I have provided speaking services to Sanofi and Eli Lilly. These engagements do not relate to this abstract., Simon Stones Consultant of: I have been a paid consultant for Envision Pharma Group and Parexel. This does not relate to this abstract., Speakers bureau: I have been a paid speaker for Actelion and Janssen. These do not relate to this abstract., Joseph Coe: None declared, Dawn Richards Grant/research support from: Sources of grants and support received by the Canadian Arthritis Patient Alliance (including in-kind support) in the last two years include: AbbVie Canada, Alliance for Safe Biologic Medicines, Amgen Canada, Arthritis Alliance of Canada, The Arthritis Society, Best Medicines Coalition, CADTH, Canadian Rheumatology Association, Eli Lilly Canada, European League Against Rheumatism, Janssen Canada, Manulife, Novartis Canada, Ontario Rheumatology Association, Pfizer Canada (including Pfizer Hospira), Purdue Pharma Canada, Sanofi, and UCB Pharma., Consultant of: Dawn has done small consulting projects on patient engagement for companies., Speakers bureau: Dawn has been a paid speaker for several companies., Linda Wilhelm Grant/research support from: Sources of grants and support received by the Canadian Arthritis Patient Alliance (including in-kind support) in the last two years include: AbbVie Canada, Alliance for Safe Biologic Medicines, Amgen Canada, Arthritis Alliance of Canada, The Arthritis Society, Best Medicines Coalition, CADTH, Canadian Rheumatology Association, Eli Lilly Canada, European League Against Rheumatism, Janssen Canada, Manulife, Novartis Canada, Ontario Rheumatology Association, Pfizer Canada (including Pfizer Hospira), Purdue Pharma Canada, Sanofi, and UCB Pharma., Nathalie Robertson Grant/research support from: Sources of grants and support received by the Canadian Arthritis Patient Alliance (including in-kind support) in the last two years include: AbbVie Canada, Alliance for Safe Biologic Medicines, Amgen Canada, Arthritis Alliance of Canada, The Arthritis Society, Best Medicines Coalition, CADTH, Canadian Rheumatology Association, Eli Lilly Canada, European League Against Rheumatism, Janssen Canada, Manulife, Novartis Canada, Ontario Rheumatology Association, Pfizer Canada (including Pfizer Hospira), Purdue Pharma Canada, Sanofi, and UCB Pharma., Janet Gunderson Grant/research support from: Sources of grants and support received by the Canadian Arthritis Patient Alliance (including in-kind support) in the last two years include: AbbVie Canada, Alliance for Safe Biologic Medicines, Amgen Canada, Arthritis Alliance of Canada, The Arthritis Society, Best Medicines Coalition, CADTH, Canadian Rheumatology Association, Eli Lilly Canada, European League Against Rheumatism, Janssen Canada, Manulife, Novartis Canada, Ontario Rheumatology Association, Pfizer Canada (including Pfizer Hospira), Purdue Pharma Canada, Sanofi, and UCB Pharma., Alexandra Sirois Grant/research support from: Sources of grants and support received by the Canadian Arthritis Patient Alliance (including in-kind support) in the last two years include: AbbVie Canada, Alliance for Safe Biologic Medicines, Amgen Canada, Arthritis Alliance of Canada, The Arthritis Society, Best Medicines Coalition, CADTH, Canadian Rheumatology Association, Eli Lilly Canada, European League Against Rheumatism, Janssen Canada, Manulife, Novartis Canada, Ontario Rheumatology Association, Pfizer Canada (including Pfizer Hospira), Purdue Pharma Canada, Sanofi, and UCB Pharma., Annette McKinnon Grant/research support from: Sources of grants and support received by the Canadian Arthritis Patient Alliance (including in-kind support) in the last two years include: AbbVie Canada, Alliance for Safe Biologic Medicines, Amgen Canada, Arthritis Alliance of Canada, The Arthritis Society, Best Medicines Coalition, CADTH, Canadian Rheumatology Association, Eli Lilly Canada, European League Against Rheumatism, Janssen Canada, Manulife, Novartis Canada, Ontario Rheumatology Association, Pfizer Canada (including Pfizer Hospira), Purdue Pharma Canada, Sanofi, and UCB Pharma.

Development and validation of a multiplex fluorescent microsphere immunoassay assay for detection of porcine cytokines

Cytokines are cell signalling proteins that mediate a number of different physiological responses. The accurate measurement of cytokine profiles is important for a variety of diagnostic and prognostic scenarios in relation to animal health and welfare. Simultaneous quantification of cytokine profiles in a single sample is now possible using fluorescent microsphere immunoassays (FMIA). We describe the development and validation of a novel multiplex assay using the Bio-Plex® 200 system to quantify cytokines in five different porcine tissues (brain, placenta, synovial tissue and fluid, plasma). The cytokine profiles are both tissue, and research hypothesis, -dependent but include Interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), Interleukin-4 (IL-4), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α).

This methods paper is reported in two parts: the development of a FMIA for porcine tissues and validation of pre-treatment for optimal cytokine recovery in porcine brain, placenta, synovial tissue and plasma. Validation steps are critical in ensuring an assay is suitable for novel sample types.

This technique advances traditional ELISAs by:

•

FMIA provides insight into the profiles of multiple porcine cytokines in certain situations (e.g. disease, parturition).

•

Use of the Bio-Plex® 200 system to investigate novel sample types, including brain, placenta and synovial tissue.

•

Multiplexing utilises a fraction of the sample volume compared with multiple ELISAs.

Prevalence of and risk factors for hock and knee injuries on dairy cows in tiestall housing in Canada

Leg injuries on dairy cows are a common and highly visible welfare concern on commercial dairy farms. With greater attention being placed on food animal welfare and limited research being conducted on tiestall farms, this study aimed to identify prevalence and risk factors for hock and knee injuries on dairy cows housed in tiestall barns in Ontario (n=40) and Quebec (n=60). A sample of 40 cows was purposively selected per farm and several animal- and farm-based measures were taken. Both hocks and both knees on each cow were scored as injured (presence of lesions or swelling) or not injured (no alterations or hair loss), and the highest score of each of the 2 knees and the 2 hocks was considered the cow's hock or knee score. Possible animal- and farm-based risk factors were incorporated into 2 separate multivariable logistic models for hock injuries and knee injuries respectively at the cow level. Mean (±SD) percentage of cow with hock injuries per farm was found to be 56±18% and mean percentage of knee injuries per farm was found to be 43±23%. Animal-based factors found to be associated with a greater odds of hock injuries at the cow level were increased days in milk (DIM), lower body condition score (BCS), lameness, higher parity, higher cow width, median lying bout duration, and median number of lying bouts. Environmental factors found to be associated with hock injuries at the cow level were province, stall width, tie rail position, stall base, chain length, and age of stall base. Animal-based factors found to be associated with knee injuries at the cow level were DIM, BCS, and median lying time. Environmental factors found to be associated with knee injuries at the cow level were stall width, chain length, province, stall base, and bed length. Quadratic and interaction terms were also identified between these variables in both the hock and knee models. This study demonstrates that hock and knee injuries are still a common problem on tiestall dairy farms in Canada. Several animal- and housing-based factors contribute to their presence. Further research to confirm causal relationships between these factors would help identify the cause of knee and hock injuries and determine how to best reduce the incidence of injuries in cows on commercial tiestall dairy farms in Canada.

Integrative review on the non-invasive management of lower urinary tract symptoms in men following treatments for pelvic malignancies

AIM

To develop a non-invasive management strategy for men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) after treatment for pelvic cancer, that is suitable for use in a primary healthcare context.

METHODS

PubMed literature searches of LUTS management in this patient group were carried out, together with obtaining a consensus of management strategies from a panel of authors for the management of LUTS from across the UK.

RESULTS

Data from 41 articles were investigated and collated. Clinical experience was sought from authors where there was no clinical evidence. The findings discussed in this paper confirm that LUTS after the cancer treatment can significantly impair men's quality of life. While many men recover from LUTS spontaneously over time, a significant proportion require long-term management. Despite the prevalence of LUTS, there is a lack of consensus on best management. This article offers a comprehensive treatment algorithm to manage patients with LUTS following pelvic cancer treatment.

CONCLUSION

Based on published research literature and clinical experience, recommendations are proposed for the standardisation of management strategies employed for men with LUTS after the pelvic cancer treatment. In addition to implementing the algorithm, understanding the rationale for the type and timing of LUTS management strategies is crucial for clinicians and patients.

Development of UK guidance on the management of erectile dysfunction resulting from radical radiotherapy and androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer

AIM

To develop a management strategy (rehabilitation programme) for erectile dysfunction (ED) after radiotherapy (RT) or androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer that is suitable for use in a UK NHS healthcare context.

METHODS

PubMed literature searches of ED management in this patient group together with a survey of 28 experts in the management of treatment-induced ED from across the UK were conducted.

RESULTS

Data from 19 articles and completed questionnaires were collated. The findings discussed in this article confirm that RT/ADT for prostate cancer can significantly impair erectile function. While many men achieve erections through PDE5-I use, others need combined management incorporating exercise and lifestyle modifications, psychosexual counselling and other erectile aids. This article offers a comprehensive treatment algorithm to manage patients with ED associated with RT/ADT.

CONCLUSION

Based on published research literature and survey analysis, recommendations are proposed for the standardisation of management strategies employed for ED after RT/ADT. In addition to implementing the algorithm, understanding the rationale for the type and timing of ED management strategies is crucial for clinicians, men and their partners.

Development of UK recommendations on treatment for post-surgical erectile dysfunction

AIM

To develop a management strategy (rehabilitation programme) for postsurgical erectile dysfunction (ED) among men experiencing ED associated with treatment of prostate, bladder or rectal cancer that is suitable for use in a UK NHS healthcare context.

METHODS

PubMed literature searches of ED management together with a survey of 13 experts in the management of ED from across the UK were conducted.

RESULTS

Data from 37 articles and completed questionnaires were collated. The results discussed in this study demonstrate improved objective and subjective clinical outcomes for physical parameters, sexual satisfaction, and rates of both spontaneous erections and those associated with ED treatment strategies.

CONCLUSION

Based on the literature and survey analysis, recommendations are proposed for the standardisation of management strategies employed for postsurgical ED.

Prospects, problems and pitfalls of urban water reuse: a case study

This paper presents a successful water reclamation and reuse project in the San Francisco Bay area. The project, which includes a water reclamation facility and a separate distribution system, is operated by a wastewater utility and reclaims approximately 4% of its dry-weather flow. Project history, its design and implementation are further discussed. Planning, and especially demand analysis, was critical for project development. Earlier attempts of water reuse were not successful because reclaimed water quality did not match the requirements of potential large industrial customers. Current customers are a mix of public, commercial and residential users who apply the reclaimed water solely for landscape irrigation. In addition, a large fraction of the reclaimed water is used internally in the main wastewater treatment plant. Early connection of largest customers, innovative collaboration with a neighboring reclamation project and cooperation of the local water supplier were very important for project success. Distribution of internal process water consumes most energy. The second major energy use is for the treatment of reclaimed water while distribution of reclaimed water to external customers requires least energy.

Preferential association of syntaxin 8 with the early endosome

Members of the syntaxin family play a fundamental role in vesicle docking and fusion of diverse transport events. We have molecularly characterized syntaxin 8, a novel member of the syntaxin family. The nucleotide sequence of cloned rat cDNA predicts a polypeptide of 236 residues with a carboxyl-terminal 18-residue hydrophobic domain that may function as a membrane anchor. Characteristic of syntaxins, syntaxin 8 also contain regions that have the potential to form coiled-coil structures. Among the known syntaxins, syntaxin 8 is most homologous to syntaxin 6 which is predominantly associated with the trans-Golgi network (TGN). The syntaxin 8 transcript is detected in all rat tissues examined by northern blot. Antibodies against recombinant syntaxin 8 recognize a 27 kDa protein that is enriched in membrane fractions containing the Golgi apparatus and the endosomal/lysosomal compartments. Syntaxin 8 in membrane extract could be incorporated into a 20S protein complex in a way that is dependent on the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) and soluble NSF attachment protein ((alpha)-SNAP), suggesting that syntaxin 8 is indeed a SNAP receptor (SNARE). Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy reveals that the majority of syntaxin 8 is localized to the early endosome marked by Rab5. This is corroborated by immunogold labeling experiments showing enrichment of syntaxin 8 in the early endosome and its co-labeling with Rab5.

A role for retinoblastoma protein in potentiating transcriptional activation by the glucocorticoid receptor

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae SNF2/SWI2 protein is essential for the regulated expression of a variety of genes. A human SWI2/SNF2 homologue, hBrm, is a positive participant in glucocorticoid-receptor-mediated transcription, but its mechanism of action is not known. The retinoblastoma protein, RB, has also been shown to stimulate the transcription of several genes, although the target for RB has not been identified in any of these transcriptional events. Here we show that RB upregulates glucocorticoid-receptor-mediated transcription. The effect of either RB or hBrm is dependent on the presence of the other. Furthermore, we demonstrate that RB and hBrm interact with one another in vitro and in vivo. These results highlight a new role for RB, which is to interact with hBrm in order to potentiate glucocorticoid-receptor-activated transcription.

Spine injuries in combat troops--Panama, 1989

Operation Just Cause was until recently the largest American combat operation since Vietnam, and remains the largest nighttime parachute operation since World War II. All 252 casualties were airlifted to San Antonio, Texas, for medical treatment. Greater than 80% sustained orthopedic injuries. Sixteen patients were admitted for injuries to the back or neck. Three of the four patients with significant fractures or fracture-dislocations were paraplegic. Two of the three patients with gunshot wounds to the back required extensive reconstruction for wound management. In addition to the 252 casualties, there were 23 fatalities, among whom 7 suffered major injuries to the spine. Spine injuries represented the most significant source of long-term morbidity among those soldiers wounded in combat in Panama, and were common among the fatalities. Noteworthy in these cases was the high percentage of severe neurologic injuries in patients with significant fractures (75%), particularly fractures associated with gunshot wounds. Also of interest were the cases of major soft tissue injury associated with high-velocity gunshot wounds (66%) and the extensive soft tissue surgery needed to treat these injuries.

Immune complex glomerulonephritis in experimental kala-azar. II: Detection and characterization of parasite antigens and antibodies eluted from kidneys of Leishmania donovani-infected hamsters

In a previous report analysing kidney sections by immunofluorescence we showed that hamsters infected with L. donovani develop a glomerulonephritis (GN) associated with deposition of hamster immunoglobulins and parasite antigens in the glomeruli. In this study we characterize these immune components eluted from the kidneys. The eluted immunoglobulins showed specificity for L. donovani antigens and hamster immunoglobulins (rheumatoid factor-like activity). The four isotypes IgG1, IgG2, IgA and IgM were detected. Several L. donovani antigens were detected in the renal eluates by Western blot and immunoprecipitation using 125I-labelled eluates. Proteins with mol. wt of 134, 82, 52, 31, and 26 kD were detected by Western blot and proteins with 134, 110, 93, 89 and 48 kD were detected by immunoprecipitation. With the exception of the 134 kD protein which was recognized by both rabbit anti-promastigote and rabbit anti-amastigote sera all the others were recognized only by the anti-amastigote serum. The 134 kD protein was the only one isolated from the kidneys of infected hamster immunocomplexed with IgG and was the only one detected in a promastigote lysate using IgG from L. donovani-infected hamsters.

Use of the Green transfer in treatment of patients with spastic cerebral palsy: 17-year experience

We retrospectively reviewed Green procedures and transfer of the flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) in treatment of spastic forearm pronation, wrist volarflexion, and ulnar deviation deformities. Patient's ages ranged from 3 years 5 months to 16 years 5 months. Surgically, a single volar incision was made and the extensor carpi radialis brevis and/or longus (ECRB, ECRL) were used for insertion. The FCU was tensioned at neutral against gravity and immobilized in 5 degrees of dorsiflexion and 45 degrees of supination. Arc of flexion (47 degrees) did not change but was centered about neutral. Supination improved markedly when operation included a pronator procedure. Quadraplegia athetosis and intellectual impairment did not affect the operative result adversely. Patients aged greater than 12 years showed less functional improvement. Eighty-eight percent had cosmetic improvement, and 79% improved functionally. None had a decreased functional rating.

Hemodynamic effects of flestolol, a titratable short-acting intravenous beta-adrenergic receptor blocker

The hemodynamic effects of flestolol were evaluated in 30 patients undergoing routine cardiac catheterization. Hemodynamic measurements were obtained during baseline (prior to flestolol), at steady state during IV flestolol infusion (1, 5, and 10 micrograms/kg/min) and at 20 to 30 minutes after discontinuation (postinfusion). Flestolol-induced hemodynamic changes were similar to those induced by other beta blockers without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. Significant dose-dependent reduction in heart rate, rate pressure product, and increase in peripheral vascular resistance were seen. Flestolol produced clinically insignificant decrease in myocardial contractility as shown by slight decrease in LVdp/dt, CI, and LVEF. Hemodynamic data from patients with paced heart rate, further confirms a direct mild cardiac depressant effect of flestolol, a finding common to other beta blockers. Consistent with the short elimination half-life of flestolol (t1/2 = 6.5 minutes), most of the hemodynamic changes rapidly returned to preinfusion level within 20 to 30 minutes following its discontinuation. Thus flestolol, with its unique pharmacokinetic profile and titrability, may be beneficial in the treatment of critically ill patients.

Electrostatic control of enzyme reactions: effect of ionic strength on the pKa of an essential acidic group on glucose oxidase

The dissociation constant of an essential acidic group on the reduced form of glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger (K4) has been found to be extremely sensitive to ionic strength. Increasing the ionic strength from 0.025 to 0.225 causes a decrease in pK4,obsd of 0.9 pH unit, from 8.2 to 7.3. Analysis of the ionic strength dependence of pK4,obsd, making the assumption that the enzyme is a homogeneously charged impenetrable sphere [Edsall, J. T., & Wyman, J. (1958) Biophysical Chemistry, Vol. 1, pp 282-289, 512-514, Academic Press, New York], predicts that the intrinsic pKa of the acidic group is 6.7 and that the charge on the protein is -78. The enzyme was titrated from its isoelectric point (pH 4.05) to pH 7.7, the pH at which the ionic strength dependence was determined. It was found to have an actual charge at that pH of -77, in remarkable agreement with the theoretical prediction. Thus, glucose oxidase exerts electrostatic control on pK4,obsd as though it were a uniformly charged sphere. The group responsible for pK4,obsd has not been identified. However, its measured delta H degrees obsd of 8.0 kcal mol-1 and delta S degrees obsd of -6.1 cal mol-1 K-1, together with its pKa of 6.7, are consistent with the group being a histidine residue.

The Immune Response in the Hamster

Hamster 7Sγ1 and 7Sγ2 antibodies to hen-egg albumin (HEA) were tested for their ability to fix complement and mediate passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA). Only 7Sγ2 anti-HEA bound complement in the micro-complement-fixation test and hemolysed HEA-sensitized sheep red blood cells. In addition, only 7Sγ2 anti-HEA mediated the PCA reaction in guinea pigs, which could be blocked with 7Sγ2 globulin from normal hamster sera. Hamster antibody did not produce detectable PCA reactions in hamsters, and hamsters with circulating 7Sγ1 anti-HEA did not show signs of active anaphylaxis after intravenous challenge with the antigen.

Biologic Activities of Peromyscus 7Sγ1 and 7Sγ2 Globulins

Peromyscus 7Sγ1- and 7Sγ2-globulins which contained antibody to hen egg albumin (HEA) were isolated, quantitated, and tested for their ability to mediate passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and to fix complement. Peromyscus antibody of the 7Sγ2 class induced a PCA reaction in guinea pigs with as little as 4.9 ABC units of antibody/milliliter. With 40 times as much 7Sγ1 antibody, however, no PCA reaction was produced in guinea pigs. In contrast, only Peromyscus 7Sγ1 anti-HEA induced the PCA reaction in Peromyscus. Complement fixation and hemolysis of HEA-conjugated erythrocytes were found only with antibodies of the 7Sγ2 class.