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Dickmann J, Shelling Neto L, Gaedtke M, Kroker S. Levitating the noise performance of ultra-stable laser cavities assisted by a deep neural network: the non-intuitive role of the mirrors. Opt Express 2023; 31:15953-15965. [PMID: 37157685 DOI: 10.1364/oe.483550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The most precise measurand available to science is the frequency of ultra-stable lasers. With a relative deviation of 4 × 10-17 over a wide range of measuring times between one second and 100 seconds, the smallest effects in nature can thus be made measurable. To enable cutting-edge precision, the laser frequency is stabilized to an external optical cavity. This complex optical device must be manufactured to the highest standards and shielded from environmental influences. Given this assumption, the smallest internal sources of perturbation become dominant, namely the internal noise of the optical components. In this work, we present the optimization of all relevant noise sources from all components of the frequency-stabilized laser. We discuss the correlation between each individual noise source and the different parameters of the system and discover the significance of the mirrors. The optimized laser offers a design stability of 8 × 10-18 for an operation at room temperature for measuring times between one second and 100 seconds.
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Dedes G, Drosten H, Götz S, Dickmann J, Sarosiek C, Pankuch M, Krah N, Rit S, Bashkirov V, Schulte RW, Johnson RP, Parodi K, DeJongh E, Landry G. Comparative accuracy and resolution assessment of two prototype proton computed tomography scanners. Med Phys 2022; 49:4671-4681. [PMID: 35396739 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improving the accuracy of relative stopping power (RSP) in proton therapy may allow reducing range margins. Proton computed tomography (pCT) has been shown to provide state-of-the-art RSP accuracy estimation, and various scanner prototypes have recently been built. The different approaches used in scanner design are expected to impact spatial resolution and RSP accuracy. PURPOSE The goal of this study was to perform the first direct comparison, in terms of spatial resolution and RSP accuracy, of two pCT prototype scanners installed at the same facility and by using the same image reconstruction algorithm. METHODS A phantom containing cylindrical inserts of known RSP was scanned at the phase-II pCT prototype of the U.S. pCT collaboration and at the commercially oriented ProtonVDA scanner. Following distance-driven binning filtered backprojection reconstruction, the radial edge spread function of high-density inserts was used to estimate the spatial resolution. RSP accuracy was evaluated by the mean absolute percent error (MAPE) over the inserts. No direct imaging dose estimation was possible, which prevented a comparison of the two scanners in terms of RSP noise. RESULTS In terms of RSP accuracy, both scanners achieved the same MAPE of 0.72% when excluding the porous sinus insert from the evaluation. The ProtonVDA scanner reached a better overall MAPE when all inserts and the body of the phantom were accounted for (0.81%), compared to the phase-II scanner (1.14%). The spatial resolution with the phase-II scanner was found to be 0.61 lp/mm, while for the ProtonVDA scanner somewhat lower at 0.46 lp/mm. CONCLUSIONS The comparison between two prototype pCT scanners operated in the same clinical facility showed that they both fulfill the requirement of an RSP accuracy of about 1%. Their spatial resolution performance reflects the different design choices of either a scanner with full tracking capabilities (phase-II) or of a more compact tracker system which only provides the positions of protons but not their directions (ProtonVDA). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dedes
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, Garching b. München, 85748, Germany
| | - H Drosten
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, Garching b. München, 85748, Germany
| | - S Götz
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, Garching b. München, 85748, Germany
| | - J Dickmann
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, Garching b. München, 85748, Germany
| | - C Sarosiek
- Department of Physics, Northern Illinois University, 1425 W. Lincoln Highway DeKalb, Illinois, IL, 60115, United States of America
| | - M Pankuch
- Northwestern Medicine Chicago Proton Center, 4455 Weaver Parkway, Warrenville, Illinois, IL, 60555, United States of America
| | - N Krah
- University of Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, CREATIS UMR 5220, U1294, LYON, F-69373, France
| | - S Rit
- University of Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, CREATIS UMR 5220, U1294, LYON, F-69373, France
| | - V Bashkirov
- Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, CA 92354, United States of America
| | - R W Schulte
- Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, CA 92354, United States of America
| | - R P Johnson
- Department of Physics, U.C. Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street Santa Cruz, California, CA, 95064, United States of America
| | - K Parodi
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, Garching b. München, 85748, Germany
| | - E DeJongh
- ProtonVDA LLC, 1700 Park Street STE 208, Naperville, Illinois, IL, 60563, United States of America
| | - G Landry
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, Garching b. München, 85748, Germany.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Munich, 81377, Germany
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Götz S, Dickmann J, Rit S, Krah N, Khellaf F, Schulte RW, Parodi K, Dedes G, Landry G. Evaluation of the impact of a scanner prototype on proton CT and helium CT image quality and dose efficiency with Monte Carlo simulation. Phys Med Biol 2022; 67. [PMID: 35086073 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac4fa4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective.The use of ion computed tomography (CT) promises to yield improved relative stopping power (RSP) estimation as input to particle therapy treatment planning. Recently, proton CT (pCT) has been shown to yield RSP accuracy on par with state-of-the-art x-ray dual energy CT. There are however concerns that the lower spatial resolution of pCT compared to x-ray CT may limit its potential, which has spurred interest in the use of helium ion CT (HeCT). The goal of this study was to investigate image quality of pCT and HeCT in terms of noise, spatial resolution, RSP accuracy and imaging dose using a detailed Monte Carlo (MC) model of an existing ion CT prototype.Approach.Three phantoms were used in simulated pCT and HeCT scans allowing estimation of noise, spatial resolution and the scoring of dose. An additional phantom was used to evaluate RSP accuracy. The imaging dose required to achieve the same image noise in a water and a head phantom was estimated at both native spatial resolution, and in a scenario where the HeCT spatial resolution was reduced and matched to that of pCT using Hann windowing of the reconstruction filter. A variance reconstruction formalism was adapted to account for Hann windowing.Main results.We confirmed that the scanner prototype would produce higher spatial resolution for HeCT than pCT by a factor 1.8 (0.86 lp mm-1versus 0.48 lp mm-1at the center of a 20 cm water phantom). At native resolution, HeCT required a factor 2.9 more dose than pCT to achieve the same noise, while at matched resolution, HeCT required only 38% of the pCT dose. Finally, RSP mean absolute percent error (MAPE) was found to be 0.59% for pCT and 0.67% for HeCT.Significance.This work compared the imaging performance of pCT and HeCT when using an existing scanner prototype, with the spatial resolution advantage of HeCT coming at the cost of increased dose. When matching spatial resolution via Hann windowing, HeCT had a substantial dose advantage. Both modalities provided state-of-the-art RSP MAPE. HeCT might therefore help reduce the dose exposure of patients with comparable image noise to pCT, enhanced spatial resolution and acceptable RSP accuracy at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Götz
- Department of Medical Physics, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), D-85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - J Dickmann
- Department of Medical Physics, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), D-85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - S Rit
- University of Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Unversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, CREATIS, UMR 5220, U1294 F-69373, Lyon, France
| | - N Krah
- University of Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Unversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, CREATIS, UMR 5220, U1294 F-69373, Lyon, France.,IP2I, UMR 5822 F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - F Khellaf
- University of Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Unversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, CREATIS, UMR 5220, U1294 F-69373, Lyon, France
| | - R W Schulte
- Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States of America
| | - K Parodi
- Department of Medical Physics, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), D-85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - G Dedes
- Department of Medical Physics, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), D-85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - G Landry
- Department of Medical Physics, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), D-85748 Garching bei München, Germany.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, D-81377 Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), D-81377 Munich, Germany
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Shelling Neto L, Dickmann J, Kroker S. Deep learning assisted design of high reflectivity metamirrors. Opt Express 2022; 30:986-994. [PMID: 35209276 DOI: 10.1364/oe.446442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The advent of optical metasurfaces, i.e. carefully designed two-dimensional nanostructures, allows unique control of electromagnetic waves. To unlock the full potential of optical metasurfaces to match even complex optical functionalities, machine learning provides elegant solutions. However, these methods struggle to meet the tight requirements when it comes to metasurface devices for the optical performance, as it is the case, for instance, in applications for high-precision optical metrology. Here, we utilize a tandem neural network framework to render a focusing metamirror with high mean and maximum reflectivity of Rmean = 99.993 % and Rmax = 99.9998 %, respectively, and a minimal phase mismatch of Δϕ = 0.016 % that is comparable to state-of-art dielectric mirrors.
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Sterlin A, Evans L, Mahler S, Lindner A, Dickmann J, Heimann A, Sahlabadi M, Aribindi V, Harrison MR, Muensterer OJ. An experimental study on long term outcomes after magnetic esophageal compression anastomosis in piglets. J Pediatr Surg 2022; 57:34-40. [PMID: 34656308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2021.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Previous studies have shown that a patent, watertight esophageal anastomosis can be accomplished safely using specially-shaped magnets in piglets. However, it is unclear whether such a magnetic esophageal compression anastomosis (MECA) remains patent in the long-term. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term outcome of MECA in an experimental pig model over an observation period of 2 months. METHODS Ten piglets underwent creation of an MECA with custom-made 8 mm magnets and a U-shaped esophageal bypass loop to allow peroral nutrition at eight weeks of life. Two weeks later, the bypass loop was closed surgically, requiring the pigs to swallow via the newly created magnetic compression anastomosis. The pigs were fed soft chow for 2 months. They were monitored for weight gain and signs of dysphagia. At the endpoint of two months, esophagoscopy and contrast esophagography was performed. After removal of the esophagus, the tissues were macroscopiocally and histologically assessed. RESULTS Six piglets survived until the endpoint. In two pigs, closure of the bypass loop failed, these demonstrated mean weight gain of 792 gs/day [95% Confidence interval 575 to 1009 gs/day]. Weight gain in four pigs that exclusively fed via the magnetic anastomosis averaged 577 gs/day [95% confidence interval 434 to 719 gs/day (p = 0.18)]. There were no signs of dysphagia. All magnets passed with the stool within 16 days. After 2 months, a well-formed magnetic compression anastomosis was visible and easily negotiated with a 6.5 mm endoscope. Esophogram and macroscopic findings confirmed patentency of the esophageal anastomoses. Histopathology showed a circular anastomosis lined with contiguous epithelium. CONCLUSION MECA creates a long-term functional and patent anastomosis in pigs. This concept may facilitate minimally-invasive esophageal atresia repair by obviating a technically challenging and time-consuming hand-sewn anastomosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sterlin
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lauren Evans
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Sara Mahler
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Lindner
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jana Dickmann
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Axel Heimann
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mohammad Sahlabadi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Vamsi Aribindi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Michael R Harrison
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States; Magnamosis, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Oliver J Muensterer
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Lindwurmstrasse 4, Munich 80337, Germany.
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Dickmann J, Kamp F, Hillbrand M, Corradini S, Belka C, Schulte RW, Parodi K, Dedes G, Landry G. Fluence-modulated proton CT optimized with patient-specific dose and variance objectives for proton dose calculation. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66:064001. [PMID: 33545701 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/abe3d2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Particle therapy treatment planning requires accurate volumetric maps of the relative stopping power, which can directly be acquired using proton computed tomography (pCT). With fluence-modulated pCT (FMpCT) imaging fluence is concentrated in a region-of-interest (ROI), which can be the vicinity of the treatment beam path, and imaging dose is reduced elsewhere. In this work we present a novel optimization algorithm for FMpCT which, for the first time, calculates modulated imaging fluences for joint imaging dose and image variance objectives. Thereby, image quality is maintained in the ROI to ensure accurate calculations of the treatment dose, and imaging dose is minimized outside the ROI with stronger minimization penalties given to imaging organs-at-risk. The optimization requires an initial scan at uniform fluence or a previous x-ray CT scan. We simulated and optimized FMpCT images for three pediatric patients with tumors in the head region. We verified that the target image variance inside the ROI was achieved and demonstrated imaging dose reductions outside of the ROI of 74% on average, reducing the imaging dose from 1.2 to 0.3 mGy. Such dose savings are expected to be relevant compared to the therapeutic dose outside of the treatment field. Treatment doses were re-calculated on the FMpCT images and compared to treatment doses re-recalculated on uniform fluence pCT scans using a 1% criterion. Passing rates were above 98.3% for all patients. Passing rates comparing FMpCT treatment doses to the ground truth treatment dose were above 88.5% for all patients. Evaluation of the proton range with a 1 mm criterion resulted in passing rates above 97.5% (FMpCT/pCT) and 95.3% (FMpCT/ground truth). Jointly optimized fluence-modulated pCT images can be used for proton dose calculation maintaining the full dosimetric accuracy of pCT but reducing the required imaging dose considerably by three quarters. This may allow for daily imaging during particle therapy ensuring a safe and accurate delivery of the therapeutic dose and avoiding excess dose from imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dickmann
- Department of Medical Physics, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), D-85748 Garching bei München, Germany
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Dickmann J, Sarosiek C, Rykalin V, Pankuch M, Rit S, Detrich N, Coutrakon G, Johnson RP, Schulte RW, Parodi K, Landry G, Dedes G. Experimental realization of dynamic fluence field optimization for proton computed tomography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 65:195001. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab9f5f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Bruns F, Vyatchanin S, Dickmann J, Glaser R, Heinert D, Nawrodt R, Kroker S. Thermal charge carrier driven noise in transmissive semiconductor optics. Int J Clin Exp Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.102.022006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Dickmann J, Rit S, Pankuch M, Johnson RP, Schulte RW, Parodi K, Dedes G, Landry G. An optimization algorithm for dose reduction with fluence‐modulated proton CT. Med Phys 2020; 47:1895-1906. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.14084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. Dickmann
- Department of Medical Physics Faculty of Physics Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München Am Coulombwall 1 85748 Garching b. München Germany
| | - S. Rit
- Univ Lyon INSA‐Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 UJM‐Saint Étienne CNRS, Inserm CREATIS UMR 5220 U1206 F‐69373 Lyon France
| | - M. Pankuch
- Northwestern Medicine Chicago Proton Center Warrenville IL 60555 USA
| | - R. P. Johnson
- Department of Physics University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA
| | - R. W. Schulte
- Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences Loma Linda University Loma Linda CA 92354 USA
| | - K. Parodi
- Department of Medical Physics Faculty of Physics Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München Am Coulombwall 1 85748 Garching b. München Germany
| | - G. Dedes
- Department of Medical Physics Faculty of Physics Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München Am Coulombwall 1 85748 Garching b. München Germany
| | - G. Landry
- Department of Medical Physics Faculty of Physics Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München Am Coulombwall 1 85748 Garching b. München Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology University Hospital, LMU Munich 81377 Munich Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) 81377 Munich Germany
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Muensterer OJ, Sterlin A, Oetzmann von Sochaczewski C, Lindner A, Heimann A, Balus A, Dickmann J, Nuber M, Patel VH, Manfredi MA, Jennings RW, Smithers CJ, Fauza DO, Harrison MR. An experimental study on magnetic esophageal compression anastomosis in piglets. J Pediatr Surg 2020; 55:425-432. [PMID: 31128845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fashioning a patent, watertight anastomosis in patients with esophageal atresia is a challenging task in pediatric surgery, particularly when performed under tension. A reproducible suture-less alternative would decrease operative time. We evaluated magnetic esophageal compression anastomoses in a novel bypass-loop swine model. METHODS Eight-week-old piglets underwent thoracotomy to mobilize the esophagus at the carina to create a U-shaped loop. Custom-made 8 mm diameter Neodymium Magnets were inserted into the esophagus proximal and distal to the loop, then mated side-to-side at the future anastomosis site. Pigs were observed for 8 (n = 4), 10 (n = 6), and 12 (n = 2) days and then sacrificed. The magnetic compression anastomosis was evaluated macroscopically, by radiography, burst pressure testing, and histology. RESULTS All 12 pigs survived until the endpoint. Separation of the magnets occurred at a median of 9 days. Contrast esophagrams showed patency and no leak. All anastomoses withstood pressures well over 13 kPa without leak. Histopathology showed epithelialized circular scar tissue. CONCLUSION Magnetic compression anastomoses of the esophagus using our specially-designed magnets are formed between the 8th and 10th postoperative day, are patent and mechanically resistant to supraphysiologic intraluminal pressures. These data lay the basis for a potential clinical application in patients born with esophageal atresia. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Not applicable (experimental animal study).
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J Muensterer
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medicine of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Alexander Sterlin
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medicine of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Lindner
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medicine of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Axel Heimann
- Department of Neurosurgical Pathophysiology, University Medicine of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexandru Balus
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jana Dickmann
- Translational Animal Research Center, University Medicine of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maximilian Nuber
- Translational Animal Research Center, University Medicine of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Veeshal H Patel
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Michael A Manfredi
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Russell W Jennings
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Charles J Smithers
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Dario O Fauza
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Michael R Harrison
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Dickmann J, Wesp P, Rädler M, Rit S, Pankuch M, Johnson RP, Bashkirov V, Schulte RW, Parodi K, Landry G, Dedes G. Prediction of image noise contributions in proton computed tomography and comparison to measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 64:145016. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab2474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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