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Valta M, Ylä-Pelto J, Lan Y, Kähkönen T, Taimen P, Boström PJ, Ettala O, Khan S, Paulin N, Elo LL, Koskinen PJ, Härkönen P, Tuomela J. Critical evaluation of the subcutaneous engraftments of hormone naïve primary prostate cancer. Transl Androl Urol 2020; 9:1120-1134. [PMID: 32676396 PMCID: PMC7354344 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2020.03.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) are considered to better recapitulate the histopathological and molecular heterogeneity of human cancer than other preclinical models. Despite technological advances, PDX models from hormone naïve primary prostate cancer are scarce. We performed a detailed analysis of PDX methodology using a robust subcutaneous model and fresh tissues from patients with primary hormone naïve prostate cancer. Methods Clinical prostate tumor specimens (n=26, Gleason score 6-10) were collected from robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomies at Turku University Hospital (Turku, Finland), cut into pieces, and implanted subcutaneously into 84 immunodeficient mice. Engraftments and the adjacent material from prostatic surgical specimens were compared using histology, immunohistochemistry and DNA sequencing. Results The probability of a successful engraftment correlated with the presence of carcinoma in the implanted tissue. Tumor take rate was 41%. Surprisingly, mouse hormone supplementation inhibited tumor take rate, whereas the degree of mouse immunodeficiency did not have an effect. Histologically, the engrafted tumors closely mimicked their parental tumors, and the Gleason grades and copy number variants of the engraftments were similar to those of their primary tumors. Expression levels of androgen receptor, prostate-specific antigen, and keratins were retained in engraftments, and a detailed genomic analysis revealed high fidelity of the engraftments with their corresponding primary tumors. However, in the second or third passage of tumors, the carcinoma areas were almost completely replaced by benign tissue with frequent degenerative or metaplastic changes. Conclusions Subcutaneous primary prostate engraftments preserve the phenotypic and genotypic landscape. Thus, they serve a potential model for personalized medicine and preclinical research but their use may be limited to the first passage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Valta
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Division of Medicine, Turku City Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jani Ylä-Pelto
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Yu Lan
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tiina Kähkönen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pekka Taimen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Peter J Boström
- Department of Urology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Otto Ettala
- Department of Urology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sofia Khan
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Niklas Paulin
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura L Elo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Pirkko Härkönen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,FICAN WEST Cancer Research Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Tuomela
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,FICAN WEST Cancer Research Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Santio NM, Landor SKJ, Vahtera L, Ylä-Pelto J, Paloniemi E, Imanishi SY, Corthals G, Varjosalo M, Manoharan GB, Uri A, Lendahl U, Sahlgren C, Koskinen PJ. Phosphorylation of Notch1 by Pim kinases promotes oncogenic signaling in breast and prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 7:43220-43238. [PMID: 27281612 PMCID: PMC5190019 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis is a multistep process involving co-operation between several deregulated oncoproteins. In this study, we unravel previously unrecognized interactions and crosstalk between Pim kinases and the Notch signaling pathway, with implications for both breast and prostate cancer. We identify Notch1 and Notch3, but not Notch2, as novel Pim substrates and demonstrate that for Notch1, the serine residue 2152 is phosphorylated by all three Pim family kinases. This target site is located in the second nuclear localization sequence (NLS) of the Notch1 intracellular domain (N1ICD), and is shown to be important for both nuclear localization and transcriptional activity of N1ICD. Phosphorylation-dependent stimulation of Notch1 signaling promotes migration of prostate cancer cells, balances glucose metabolism in breast cancer cells, and supports in vivo growth of both types of cancer cells on chick embryo chorioallantoic membranes. Furthermore, Pim-induced growth of orthotopic prostate xenografts in mice is associated with enhanced nuclear Notch1 activity. Finally, simultaneous inhibition of Pim and Notch abrogates the cellular responses more efficiently than individual treatments, opening up new vistas for combinatorial cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina M Santio
- Section of Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Drug Research Doctoral Programme, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sebastian K-J Landor
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Vahtera
- Section of Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jani Ylä-Pelto
- Section of Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Drug Research Doctoral Programme, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Susumu Y Imanishi
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Current address: Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Garry Corthals
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Current address: Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Asko Uri
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Urban Lendahl
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Sahlgren
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Päivi J Koskinen
- Section of Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Abstract
Research on human enteroviruses has resulted in the identification of more than 100 enterovirus types, which use more than 10 protein receptors and/or attachment factors required in cell binding and initiation of the replication cycle. Many of these “viral” receptors are overexpressed in cancer cells. Receptor binding and the ability to replicate in specific target cells define the tropism and pathogenesis of enterovirus types, because cellular infection often results in cytolytic response, i.e., disruption of the cells. Viral tropism and cytolytic properties thus make native enteroviruses prime candidates for oncolytic virotherapy. Copy DNA cloning and modification of enterovirus genomes have resulted in the generation of enterovirus vectors with properties that are useful in therapy or in vaccine trials where foreign antigenic epitopes are expressed from or on the surface of the vector virus. The small genome size and compact particle structure, however, set limits to enterovirus genome modifications. This review focuses on the therapeutic use of native and recombinant enteroviruses and the methods that have been applied to modify enterovirus genomes for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani Ylä-Pelto
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Lav Tripathi
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Petri Susi
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, 20520 Turku, Finland.
- Biomaterials and Diagnostics Group, Turku University of Applied Sciences, 20520 Turku, Finland.
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Huovinen T, Brockmann EC, Akter S, Perez-Gamarra S, Ylä-Pelto J, Liu Y, Lamminmäki U. Primer extension mutagenesis powered by selective rolling circle amplification. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31817. [PMID: 22355397 PMCID: PMC3280210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primer extension mutagenesis is a popular tool to create libraries for in vitro evolution experiments. Here we describe a further improvement of the method described by T.A. Kunkel using uracil-containing single-stranded DNA as the template for the primer extension by additional uracil-DNA glycosylase treatment and rolling circle amplification (RCA) steps. It is shown that removal of uracil bases from the template leads to selective amplification of the nascently synthesized circular DNA strand carrying the desired mutations by phi29 DNA polymerase. Selective RCA (sRCA) of the DNA heteroduplex formed in Kunkel's mutagenesis increases the mutagenesis efficiency from 50% close to 100% and the number of transformants 300-fold without notable diversity bias. We also observed that both the mutated and the wild-type DNA were present in at least one third of the cells transformed directly with Kunkel's heteroduplex. In contrast, the cells transformed with sRCA product contained only mutated DNA. In sRCA, the complex cell-based selection for the mutant strand is replaced with the more controllable enzyme-based selection and less DNA is needed for library creation. Construction of a gene library of ten billion members is demonstrated with the described method with 240 nanograms of DNA as starting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas Huovinen
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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