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Neri I, MacCallum J, Di Lorenzo R, Russo G, Lynen F, Grumetto L. Into the toxicity potential of an array of parabens by biomimetic liquid chromatography, cell viability assessments and in silico predictions. Sci Total Environ 2024; 917:170461. [PMID: 38286290 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Five parabens (PBs) i.e., Methylparaben (MP), Ethylparaben (EP), Isopropylparaben (iPrP), Isobutylparaben (iBuP), Benzylparaben (BzP), and their parent compound i.e., para-hydroxy Benzoic Acid (pHBA), were studied both in vitro and in silico. Specifically, we determined their retention on several both protein- (Human Serum Albumin and α1-acidic glycoprotein) and (phospho) lipid- (immobilized artificial membrane (IAM)) based biomimetic stationary phases to evaluate their penetration potential through the biomembranes and their possible distribution in the body. The IAM phases were based either on phosphatidylcholine (PC) analogues i.e., PC.MG and PC.DD2 or on sphingomyelin (SPH). We also assessed their viability effect on breast cancer cells (MCF-7) via MTT assay subjecting the cells to five different PB concentrations i.e., 100 μM, 10 μM, 1 μM, 0.1 μM and 0.01 μM. Finally, their pharmacokinetics and toxicity were assessed by the ADMET Predictor™ software. Isopropylparaben was found to be more active than 17β estradiol (E2) employed as positive control, on the screened cell line inducing cell proliferation up to 150 % more of untreated cells. Other analogues showed only a slight/moderate cell proliferation activity, with parabens having longer/branched side chain showing, on average, a higher proliferation rate. Significant linear direct relationships (for PC.DD2 r2 = 0.89, q2 = 0.86, for SPH r2 = 0.89, q2 = 0.85, for both P value < 0.05) were observed between the difference in proliferative effect between the readout and the control at 0.01 μM concentration and the retention on the IAM phases measured at pH 5.0 for all compounds but pHBA, which is the only analyte of the dataset supporting a carboxylic acid moiety. IAM affinity data measured at pH 7.0 were found to be related to the effective human jejunal permeability as predicted by the software ADMET® Predictor, which is relevant when PBs are added to pharmaceutical and food commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Neri
- Centre of Biomedicine and Global Health, School of Applied Sciences, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh Napier University, 9 Sighthill Ct, EH11 4BN Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario INBB, Viale Medaglie d'Oro, 305, I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Janis MacCallum
- Centre of Biomedicine and Global Health, School of Applied Sciences, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh Napier University, 9 Sighthill Ct, EH11 4BN Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ritamaria Di Lorenzo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giacomo Russo
- Centre of Biomedicine and Global Health, School of Applied Sciences, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh Napier University, 9 Sighthill Ct, EH11 4BN Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Frédéric Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lucia Grumetto
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy
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Ramaswamy S, Grace C, Mattei AA, Siemienowicz K, Brownlee W, MacCallum J, McNeilly AS, Duncan WC, Rae MT. Developmental programming of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): prenatal androgens establish pancreatic islet α/β cell ratio and subsequent insulin secretion. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27408. [PMID: 27265420 PMCID: PMC4893678 DOI: 10.1038/srep27408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exogenous androgenic steroids applied to pregnant sheep programmes a PCOS-like phenotype in female offspring. Via ultrasound guidance we applied steroids directly to ovine fetuses at d62 and d82 of gestation, and examined fetal (day 90 gestation) and postnatal (11 months old) pancreatic structure and function. Of three classes of steroid agonists applied (androgen - Testosterone propionate (TP), estrogen - Diethystilbesterol (DES) and glucocorticoid - Dexamethasone (DEX)), only androgens (TP) caused altered pancreatic development. Beta cell numbers were significantly elevated in prenatally androgenised female fetuses (P = 0.03) (to approximately the higher numbers found in male fetuses), whereas alpha cell counts were unaffected, precipitating decreased alpha:beta cell ratios in the developing fetal pancreas (P = 0.001), sustained into adolescence (P = 0.0004). In adolescence basal insulin secretion was significantly higher in female offspring from androgen-excess pregnancies (P = 0.045), and an exaggerated, hyperinsulinaemic response to glucose challenge (P = 0.0007) observed, whereas prenatal DES or DEX treatment had no effects upon insulin secretion. Postnatal insulin secretion correlated with beta cell numbers (P = 0.03). We conclude that the pancreas is a primary locus of androgenic stimulation during development, giving rise to postnatal offspring whose pancreas secreted excess insulin due to excess beta cells in the presence of a normal number of alpha cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ramaswamy
- School of Life, Sport and Social Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK
| | - C Grace
- School of Life, Sport and Social Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK
| | - A A Mattei
- School of Life, Sport and Social Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK
| | - K Siemienowicz
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queens Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - W Brownlee
- School of Life, Sport and Social Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK
| | - J MacCallum
- School of Life, Sport and Social Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK
| | - A S McNeilly
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queens Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - W C Duncan
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queens Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - M T Rae
- School of Life, Sport and Social Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK
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Rae M, Grace C, Hogg K, Wilson LM, McHaffie SL, Ramaswamy S, MacCallum J, Connolly F, McNeilly AS, Duncan C. The pancreas is altered by in utero androgen exposure: implications for clinical conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). PLoS One 2013; 8:e56263. [PMID: 23457541 PMCID: PMC3574134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Using an ovine model of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), (pregnant ewes injected with testosterone propionate (TP) (100 mg twice weekly) from day (d)62 to d102 of d147 gestation (maternal injection - MI-TP)), we previously reported female offspring with normal glucose tolerance but hyperinsulinemia. We therefore examined insulin signalling and pancreatic morphology in these offspring using quantitative (Q) RT-PCR and western blotting. In addition the fetal pancreatic responses to MI-TP, and androgenic and estrogenic contributions to such responses (direct fetal injection (FI) of TP (20 mg) or diethylstilbestrol (DES) (20 mg) at d62 and d82 gestation) were assessed at d90 gestation. Fetal plasma was assayed for insulin, testosterone and estradiol, pancreatic tissue was cultured, and expression of key β-cell developmental genes was assessed by QRT-PCR. In female d62MI-TP offspring insulin signalling was unaltered but there was a pancreatic phenotype with increased numbers of β-cells (P<0.05). The fetal pancreas expressed androgen receptors in islets and genes involved in β-cell development and function (PDX1, IGF1R, INSR and INS) were up-regulated in female fetuses after d62MI-TP treatment (P<0.05-0.01). In addition the d62MI-TP pancreas showed increased insulin secretion under euglycaemic conditions (P<0.05) in vitro. The same effects were not seen in the male fetal pancreas or when MI-TP was started at d30, before the male programming window. As d62MI-TP increased both fetal plasma testosterone (P<0.05) and estradiol concentrations (P<0.05) we assessed the relative contribution of androgens and estrogens. FI-TP (commencing d62) (not FI-DES treatment) caused elevated basal insulin secretion in vitro and the genes altered by d62MI-TP treatment were similarly altered by FI-TP but not FI-DES. In conclusion, androgen over-exposure alters fetal pancreatic development and β-cell numbers in offspring. These data suggest that that there may be a primary pancreatic phenotype in models of PCOS, and that there may be a distinct male and female pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mick Rae
- School of Life, Sport and Social Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Barlow PG, Brown DM, Donaldson K, MacCallum J, Stone V. Reduced alveolar macrophage migration induced by acute ambient particle (PM10) exposure. Cell Biol Toxicol 2007; 24:243-52. [PMID: 17846904 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-007-9033-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Increased levels of particulate air pollution (PM10) have been implicated as a causal agent in pulmonary disease exacerbation and increased deaths from respiratory and cardiovascular disorders. The exact mechanism by which PM10 drives toxicity in the lung is still unknown, but studies have focused on inhibition of macrophage function and impaired alveolar clearance mechanisms. To assess the effects of PM10 on pulmonary macrophage clearance mechanisms ex vivo, Wistar rats were instilled with 125 or 250 microg of PM10 collected from the North Kensington, London. Control rats were instilled with sterile saline. The rats were sacrificed after 18 h and a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed. Macrophages isolated from the BAL fluid were assessed for ability to migrate towards a positive chemoattractant (ZAS) ex vivo and to perform phagocytosis. Macrophages isolated from the PM10-exposed rats showed inhibition of potential to migrate. Macrophage phagocytic ability ex vivo was also significantly reduced by the presence of PM10 inside the cells. This study indicates that acute PM10 exposure diminishes macrophage motility and phagocytosis in a manner that could prove deleterious to particle clearance from the alveolar region of the lung. Decreased particle clearance promotes inflammation, and hence, warrants further investigation in relation to the effects of chronic PM10 exposure on macrophage clearance mechanisms and establishing the mechanisms behind decreased macrophage migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Barlow
- Lung Inflammation Research Group, MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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Barlow PG, Clouter-Baker A, Donaldson K, MacCallum J, Stone V. Carbon black nanoparticles induce type II epithelial cells to release chemotaxins for alveolar macrophages. Part Fibre Toxicol 2005; 2:11. [PMID: 16332254 PMCID: PMC1325251 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-2-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2005] [Accepted: 12/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alveolar macrophages are a key cell in dealing with particles deposited in the lungs and in determining the subsequent response to that particle exposure. Nanoparticles are considered a potential threat to the lungs and the mechanism of pulmonary response to nanoparticles is currently under intense scrutiny. The type II alveolar epithelial cell has previously been shown to release chemoattractants which can recruit alveolar macrophages to sites of particle deposition. The aim of this study was to assess the responses of a type II epithelial cell line (L-2) to both fine and nanoparticle exposure in terms of secretion of chemotactic substances capable of inducing macrophage migration. RESULTS Exposure of type II cells to carbon black nanoparticles resulted in significant release of macrophage chemoattractant compared to the negative control and to other dusts tested (fine carbon black and TiO2 and nanoparticle TiO2) as measured by macrophage migration towards type II cell conditioned medium. SDS-PAGE analysis of the conditioned medium from particle treated type II cells revealed that a higher number of protein bands were present in the conditioned medium obtained from type II cells treated with nanoparticle carbon black compared to other dusts tested. Size-fractionation of the chemotaxin-rich supernatant determined that the chemoattractants released from the epithelial cells were between 5 and 30 kDa in size. CONCLUSION The highly toxic nature and reactive surface chemistry of the carbon black nanoparticles has very likely induced the type II cell line to release pro-inflammatory mediators that can potentially induce migration of macrophages. This could aid in the rapid recruitment of inflammatory cells to sites of particle deposition and the subsequent removal of the particles by phagocytic cells such as macrophages and neutrophils. Future studies in this area could focus on the exact identity of the substance(s) released by the type II cells in response to particle exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Barlow
- M.R.C/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
- Biomedicine Research Group, Napier University, 10 Colinton Road, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK
| | - Anna Clouter-Baker
- Biomedicine Research Group, Napier University, 10 Colinton Road, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK
| | - Ken Donaldson
- ELEGI/Colt Laboratories, M.R.C/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Janis MacCallum
- Biomedicine Research Group, Napier University, 10 Colinton Road, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK
| | - Vicki Stone
- Biomedicine Research Group, Napier University, 10 Colinton Road, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK
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Barlow PG, Donaldson K, MacCallum J, Clouter A, Stone V. Serum exposed to nanoparticle carbon black displays increased potential to induce macrophage migration. Toxicol Lett 2005; 155:397-401. [PMID: 15649623 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2004] [Revised: 11/10/2004] [Accepted: 11/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether fine and ultrafine particles (nanoparticles) have the capacity to activate factors in serum that would induce macrophage migration. This is a model previously reported to investigate complement activation by other respirable particles and fibres. METHOD Foetal bovine serum was exposed to varying doses of fine and nanoparticle carbon black as well as the oxidant tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP). The subsequent potential of the serum to induce macrophage migration was measured using a macrophage chemotaxis assay. RESULTS Treatment of serum with 10 mg/ml of nanoparticle carbon black generated substances that induced a 1.8-fold increase in macrophage migration (P<0.001) compared with untreated serum. This effect was partially inhibited by antioxidant intervention. Serum treated with an equivalent mass of fine carbon black did not display any chemotactic potential. tBHP treatment of the serum did not result in the generation of macrophage chemotactic factors. CONCLUSIONS High doses of nanoparticle carbon black have the capacity to cause chemotactic factor generation in serum, by a mechanism involving ROS generation, although ROS alone, in the form of tBHP are not adequate to generate chemotactic factors in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Barlow
- Biomedicine Research Group, Napier University, 10 Colinton Road, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK
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Elghetany MT, Peterson B, MacCallum J, Nelson DA, Varney JF, Sullivan AK, Silverman LR, Schiffer CA, Davey FR, Bloomfield CD. Double esterase staining and other neutrophilic granule abnormalities in 237 patients with the myelodysplastic syndrome studied by the cancer and leukemia group B. Acta Haematol 2000; 100:13-6. [PMID: 9691140 DOI: 10.1159/000040855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated double (specific and nonspecific) esterase (DE) staining in marrow cells of 237 patients with the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Additional abnormalities of neutrophilic granules were examined cytochemically and immunocytochemically for myeloperoxidase activity and antigen elastase, lactoferrin and CD15 granule-membrane glycoproteins. Abnormal DE staining (>/=3% of all nucleated marrow cells) was present in 27% of patients with no difference among different MDS subtypes. However, the prevalence of high abnormal DE staining (>/=10%) was significantly lower in refractory anemia with excess blasts in transformation (1%) compared to other MDS subtypes (12-15%; p = 0.004). The prevalence of other granule abnormalities was not statistically different in the DE normal and DE abnormal groups. Abnormal DE staining is relatively common among all MDS subtypes. High DE staining may identify a subgroup of patients with a lower grade MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Elghetany
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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Abstract
Patients treated with tamoxifen (TAM) for primary breast cancer often manifest de novo or acquired resistance, possibly through changes in drug metabolism. Using solid-phase extraction methods and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography separations, levels of TAM and metabolites 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4OH) and desmethyltamoxifen (DMT) have been measured in plasma and tumour tissue from breast cancer patients treated with TAM for at least 3 months. Patients were categorized into those with tumours responding to TAM and those showing de novo or acquired resistance. Levels of TAM, 4OH and DMT in both plasma and tissue samples were correlated with clinical response, length of treatment and patient weight. Interesting results included accumulation of 4OH in tumour tissues over time in all patients, with significance reached in the acquired resistance group. In addition, significantly lower levels of 4OH and DMT were found in plasma taken from responding patients after 3 months of treatment when compared to non-responding patients, and a small group of ER-poor patients showed significantly lower levels of all three species in plasma when compared to other patients. Whilst not explaining TAM resistance in all cases, these differences could account for the development of resistance to TAM treatment in certain subgroups of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J MacCallum
- Edinburgh Breast Unit Research Group, Western General Hospital, UK
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Abstract
MB-1 is a de-novo protein designed to incorporate a large number of the nutritionally important amino acids methionine, lysine, leucine and threonine into a stable four-helix bundle protein. MB-1 has been expressed and purified from Escherichia coli, indicating it was resistant to intracellular proteases [Beauregard, M., Dupont, C., Teather, R.M. & Hefford, M.A. (1995) Bio/Technology 13, 974]. Here we report an analysis of the secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures in MB-1 using circular dichroism, fluorospectroscopy and size-exclusion chromatography. Our data indicate that the MB-1 structure is close to the target structure, an alpha-helical bundle, in many respects and is highly helical in solution. The single tyrosine incorporated into the designed protein as a spectrocopic probe of tertiary structure, is buried in a compact, folded core and becomes accessible on protein denaturation, as per design. Furthermore, MB-1 was found to be native-like in many respects: (a) protein denaturation induced by urea is cooperative and fully reversible; (b) its oligomeric state at moderate concentration is well defined; and (c) MB-1 has very low affinity for 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANSA), leading to enhancement of ANSA fluorescence that resembles that of other native proteins. On the other hand, our analysis revealed two aspects that command further attention. The folding stability of MB-1 as assessed by urea and thermal denaturation is somewhat less than that found for natural globular proteins of similar size. Size-exclusion chromatography experiments and analysis of MB-1 denaturation indicate that MB-1 is dimeric, not monomeric as designed. In light of these results, the utility and the current limitations of our design approach are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Hefford
- Center for Food and Animal Research, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
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Heinonen K, Mrózek K, Lawrence D, Arthur DC, Pettenati MJ, Stamberg J, Qumsiyeh MB, Verma RS, MacCallum J, Schiffer CA, Bloomfield CD. Clinical characteristics of patients with de novo acute myeloid leukaemia and isolated trisomy 11: a Cancer and Leukemia Group B study. Br J Haematol 1998; 101:513-20. [PMID: 9633896 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1998.00714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Isolated trisomy 11 is the third most common sole trisomy in de novo acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). However, only 49 cases have been published, and for only a fraction of these cases has full description of clinical and haematological features been provided. As a result, little is known about the clinical characteristics of de novo AML patients with solitary trisomy 11. We have identified 13 patients (0.9%) with isolated trisomy 11 among a total of 1496 consecutive adult patients successfully karyotyped as part of a prospective Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) cytogenetic study (CALGB 8461). Nine patients (69%) were over the age of 60 (range 29-73 years). Eight patients (62%) were diagnosed with AML of FAB M2 subtype, three patients (23%) had FAB M1 AML and one patient each had AML of FAB M0 and M7, respectively. Seven patients (54%) had high, >100 x 10(9)/l, platelet counts (median 102 x 10(9)/l; range 17-207 x 10(9)/l). All patients received CALGB induction therapy with standard doses of cytarabine and daunorubicin. Six patients (46%) achieved a complete remission (CR). The median CR duration was 17.5 months (range 8.7-49.8). Only one patient, who underwent bone marrow transplantation in first CR, continues in initial CR. The median survival was 14.3 months (range 0.5-50.7); only one patient survives. We conclude that de novo AML with isolated trisomy 11 is predominantly associated with older age, M2 and M1 FAB subtypes, high platelet count and few long-term disease-free survivals, although it is currently unknown whether isolated trisomy 11 constitutes an independent prognostic factor.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/therapeutic use
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/therapeutic use
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Cytarabine/therapeutic use
- Daunorubicin/therapeutic use
- Female
- Humans
- Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukocyte Count
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Platelet Count
- Treatment Outcome
- Trisomy
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Affiliation(s)
- K Heinonen
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Miller WR, Hulme MJ, Bartlett JM, MacCallum J, Dixon JM. Changes in messenger RNA expression of protein kinase A regulatory subunit ialpha in breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen. Clin Cancer Res 1997; 3:2399-404. [PMID: 9815640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
RNA for protein kinase A regulatory subunit Ialpha (RIalpha) has been measured in tumors from 32 breast cancer patients before and during primary treatment with tamoxifen. Values in pretreatment specimens were significantly higher in tumors subsequently responding to treatment as compared with those not (P = 0.004 by Mann-Whitney U test). Furthermore, whereas levels fell with treatment in 16 of the 24 responding tumors, they did not in any of the 8 tamoxifen-resistant tumors (and indeed rose in 6 cases). These results suggest that measurement of RIalpha mRNA may help in identifying endocrine-dependent breast cancers and provide further evidence of the involvement of the protein kinase A system in response and resistance to tamoxifen treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Miller
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund Laboratories, University Department of Clinical Oncology and Breast Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2x4, Germany
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MacCallum J, Cummings J, Dixon JM, Miller WR. Solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of tamoxifen and its major metabolites in breast tumour tissues. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 1997; 698:269-75. [PMID: 9367217 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive (200 ng/g) and selective reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography separation has been developed to determine the levels of tamoxifen, 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OH) and desmethyltamoxifen (DMT) in tumour tissue taken from patients undergoing tamoxifen therapy. A muBondapak C18 10 microm column (30 cm x 3.8 mm I.D.) was used, with a mobile phase of methanol-1% triethylamine at pH 9 (89:11, v/v). Sample preparation was carried out using a C2 (500 mg sorbent, 3 ml reservoirs) solid-phase extraction method, and extraction efficiencies were followed in individual extracts using a [3H]TAM radiolabelled spike (10000 dpm), with a range of 60-90%. Accuracy and precision (standard deviation) as determined from tumour spiked with radioinert tamoxifen and its metabolites ranged from 83.4-92.3% (+/-23-33%) at 20 microg/g; 85.2-87.7% (+/-18-23%) at 2 microg/g; 88-101% (+/-15-50%) at 0.2 microg/g and 63-94% (+/-13-24%) at 0.02 microg/g. Results from seventy-two patients show mean values (+/-S.D.) of 174+/-203 ng/g for 4-OH; 783+/-1326 ng/g for DMT and 410+/-458 ng/g for TAM, variations reflecting heterogeneity in levels between patients. This methodology can be routinely applied to the determination of tamoxifen and its metabolites in tumour tissues from patients undergoing tamoxifen therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J MacCallum
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund Medical Oncology Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
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Elghetany MT, Peterson B, MacCallum J, Nelson DA, Varney JF, Sullivan AK, Silverman LR, Schiffer CA, Davey FR, Bloomfield CD. Deficiency of neutrophilic granule membrane glycoproteins in the myelodysplastic syndromes: a common deficiency in 216 patients studied by the Cancer and Leukemia Group B. Leuk Res 1997; 21:801-6. [PMID: 9393593 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(97)00053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies on neutrophils in patients with the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) have indicated deficiencies in the contents of primary and secondary granules. However, the granule membrane remains virtually unstudied despite its essential role in the dynamic function of the cytoplasmic granules. In this study, we examined the membrane glycoproteins of primary and secondary granules of peripheral blood and/or bone marrow neutrophils using the monoclonal antibody H36/71 to CD15 glycoproteins. In addition, myeloperoxidase activity and antigen, elastase and lactoferrin were also studied using cytochemical and immunocytochemical stains. A total of 216 patients were included. Deficiencies of granule membrane glycoproteins were the most common, detected in 49%, followed by myeloperoxidase activity (17%), elastase (16%), myeloperoxidase antigen (9%), and lactoferrin (8%). Multiple deficiencies always included granule membrane deficiency. We conclude that granule membrane defects are common in MDS, may provide a common mechanism for multiple granule deficiencies, and may prove to be an additional abnormality associated with granulocyte dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Elghetany
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555, USA
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MacCallum J, Miller WR. Changes in expression of transforming growth factor beta mRNA isoforms in patients undergoing tamoxifen therapy - reply. Br J Cancer 1997. [DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1997.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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15
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MacCallum J, Keen JC, Bartlett JM, Thompson AM, Dixon JM, Miller WR. Changes in expression of transforming growth factor beta mRNA isoforms in patients undergoing tamoxifen therapy. Br J Cancer 1996; 74:474-8. [PMID: 8695368 PMCID: PMC2074656 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1996.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour was obtained from 37 patients with oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, before and during treatment with tamoxifen, and examined qualitatively and semi-qualitatively for mRNA of the three mammalian TGF-beta isoforms. Levels of TGF-beta isoforms were then correlated with tumour response to tamoxifen, as assessed by monthly ultrasound. A high incidence of expression by each isoform was found in tumour material taken both before and during treatment. Semiquantitative assessment of mRNA showed that in the majority of tumours, expression of TGF-beta s did not change markedly with treatment, i.e. beyond that which might have been caused by method reproducibility and tumour heterogeneity (variations of < 100% between pre- and post-treatment samples). In those displaying significant variation with treatment, expression of TGF-beta 1 and -beta 3 increased or decreased in equal numbers, whereas TGF-beta 2 expression tended to increase with treatment. Subdividing tumours by clinical response revealed no significant association between changes in expression of TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 3. There was, however, a significant correlation between changes in expression of TGF-beta 2 and response (P = 0.018). Thus, of 15 responding tumours displaying substantial changes, 11 showed an increase in TGF-beta 2 expression with treatment, whereas none of the non-responding tumours were associated with increased expression. While not providing evidence for a generalised increase in TGF-beta expression with tamoxifen treatment, the present study suggests that response to tamoxifen therapy may be associated with an increase in expression of specific TGF-beta isoforms in some, but not all, tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- J MacCallum
- University Department of Surgery, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, UK
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MacCallum J, Cummings J, Dixon JM, Miller WR. Solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of tamoxifen and its major metabolites in plasma. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl 1996; 678:317-23. [PMID: 8738037 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00530-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Tamoxifen (TAM) is a triphenylethylene anti-oestrogen, commonly used in the treatment of breast cancer. Patients receiving tamoxifen therapy may experience both de novo and acquired resistance. As one of the mechanisms for this may be extensive peripheral bio-transformation of tamoxifen, there has been considerable interest in the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of tamoxifen. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography separation has been developed to determine the levels of tamoxifen and its major metabolites in human plasma. The method is highly sensitive (2 ng/ml) and selective for tamoxifen, cis-tamoxifen (CIS), 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OH) and desmethyltamoxifen (DMT). A micro Bondapak C18 10 microns column (30 cm x 3.9 mm I.D.) was used, with a mobile phase of methanol-1% triethylamine at pH 8 (89:11, v/v). Sample preparation was carried out using a C2 (500 mg sorbent, 3 ml reservoirs) solid phase extraction method, and extraction efficiencies were approximately 60% for TAM and its metabolites. Accuracy and precision, as determined by spiking plasma samples with a mixture of tamoxifen and its metabolites, ranged from 85-110% (+/- 5-10%) at 1 microgram/ml, 101-118% (+/- 8-20%) at 0.1 microgram/ml and 111-168% (+/- 43-63%) at 0.01 microgram/ml. Results from 59 patients show mean values of 54 ng/ml for 4-OH; 190 ng/ml for DMT; 93 ng/ml for TAM and 30 ng/ml for CIS (detected in three patients only). This methodology can be applied routinely to the determination of TAM and its metabolites in plasma from patients undergoing therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J MacCallum
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund Medical Oncology Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
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MacCallum J, Bartlett J, Keen J, Thompson A, Dixon J, Miller W. 103 P - Induction of expression of tumour TGFβ2 MRNA is associated with response to tamoxifen in breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0959-8049(96)84860-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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MacCallum J, Poulsom R, Hanby A, Miller W. Expression and distribution of TGFβ mRNA isoforms in a small group of human breast cancers examined by in situ hybridization. Breast 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9776(95)80006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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19
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Abstract
Using an RNAse protection assay, expression of messenger RNA for isoforms of TGF-beta was determined in a series of breast cancers. Of 50 tumours, 45 (90%) expressed TGF-beta 1 mRNA, 39 (78%) expressed TGF-beta 2, and 47 (94%) expressed TGF-beta 3. Patterns of expression varied between different tumours: 37 (74%) cancers expressed all three TGF-beta isoforms, ten (20%) expressed only two isoforms and two expressed TGF-beta 1 alone. One sample showed no evidence of TGF-beta mRNA expression. Although most breast cancers expressed mRNA for at least one isoform of TGF-beta, there were differences in patterns of mRNA expression between individual tumours. The relatively small number of tumours examined precluded detailed analysis between expression and other clinical parameters, but a significant association was identified between one aspect of isoform expression and lymph node status, in that the majority of tumours expressing all three isoforms were associated with lymph node involvement, whereas tumours without one or more isoform were usually lymph node negative (P = 0.025 by Fisher's exact test).
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biopsy
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/surgery
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/surgery
- Carcinoma, Lobular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Lobular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/surgery
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Mastectomy
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Estrogen/analysis
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- J MacCallum
- University Department of Surgery, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, UK
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Davey FR, Lawrence D, MacCallum J, Varney J, Hutchison R, Wurster-Hill D, Schiffer C, Sobol RE, Ciminelli N, Le Beau M. Morphologic characteristics of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with abnormalities of chromosome 8, band q24. Am J Hematol 1992; 40:183-91. [PMID: 1609772 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.2830400306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The CALGB prospectively studied 140 adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients for cytogenetic abnormalities. Seven (5%) patients with adequate cytogenetic preparations had t(8;14)(q24;q32) or t(8;22)(q24;q11). Patients were compared with non-8q24 patients for clinical and laboratory characteristics, response to therapy, and survival. The median age of patients with translocations involving 8q24 (71% males) was 40 years. Forty-three percent had lymphadenopathy, 29% splenomegaly, and 29% hepatomegaly. None exhibited central nervous system (CNS), skin, or gum involvement. These features did not differ significantly from non-8q24 ALLs. Patients with 8q24 translocations had higher hemoglobins (11.5 vs. 9.8 g/dl; P = 0.04) and lower percentage of blasts in the peripheral blood (8.5% vs. 69%; P = 0.007). Although all seven were finally categorized as ALL-L3, a marked variation in the proportion of typical L3 blasts was observed that initially resulted in the diagnoses of ALL-L2 in three cases and prolymphocytic leukemia in one. In five of five patients, the blasts typed as B cells (SIg+ and CD19+). Complete remission rates for patients with 8q24 translocations were 43%, whereas they were 68% for non-8q24 ALLS (P = 0.22). Furthermore, patients with 8q24 abnormalities exhibited significantly shorter survival (4.8 vs. 18.4 mo; P less than 0.001). We conclude that ALL with translocations of 8q24 in adults shows a mature B-cell immunophenotype (SIg+), poor prognosis and morphology ranging from classical ALL-L3 to ALL with a subpopulation of L3 cells. Thus, the diagnosis of ALL-L3 should be made when blastic cells possess a mature B-cell immunophenotype (SIg+) and an 8q24 translocation, even though the number of L3 cells is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Davey
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Health Science Center, Syracuse 13210
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Davey FR, Mick R, Nelson DA, MacCallum J, Sobol RE, Royston I, Cuttner J, Ellison RR, Bloomfield CD. Morphologic and cytochemical characterization of adult lymphoid leukemias which express myeloid antigen. Leukemia 1988; 2:420-6. [PMID: 3164798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cancer and Leukemia Group B demonstrated that adults with acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) possessing blast cells with myeloid antigens (My+ALL), as identified by monoclonal antibodies against CD13 and CD33, have a worse prognosis than those lacking myeloid antigens (My-ALL). Consequently, we further studied this group of adults with ALL to determine if these immunological groups could be distinguished by morphological and cytochemical criteria. Bone marrow films were classified according to French-American-British Co-operative Group Criteria, assessed for myelodysplasia, and examined for blasts with azurophilic granules. More cases of My+ALL had L2 morphology than did My-ALL (68% vs. 49%, p = 0.04), and more cases of My+ALL were positive for acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (61% vs. 31%, p = 0.03). The presence of myelodysplastic changes was not significantly different in My+ALL (13%) as compared to My-ALL (5%), but more cases of My+ALL had unusual blasts (monocytoid features and cytoplasmic buds) than did My-ALL (19% vs. 0%, p less than 0.01). In addition, more cases of My+ALL had greater than 5% of the blasts with azurophilic granules (42% vs. 13%, p = 0.01). In the My+ALL group the presence of azurophilic granules was associated with a longer median survival (13.5 months vs. 1.5 months, p less than 0.01). We conclude that My+ALL can be suspected when cases possess L2 morphology, unusual blasts, positive staining for acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase, and greater than 5% azurophilic granules. In addition, the poor risk group (My+ALL) can be further subdivided into better and poorer risk subgroups based on the presence of azurophilic granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Davey
- Cancer and Leukemia Group B, Brookline, Massachusetts
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MacCallum J, Brown G. Why Hillcrest can't leave well-enough alone. Embarking on marketing when all's well. Osteopath Hosp Leadersh 1987; 31:4-7. [PMID: 10285887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Olson MM, MacCallum J, McQuarrie DG. Preoperative hair removal with clippers does not increase infection rate in clean surgical wounds. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1986; 162:181-2. [PMID: 3945897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
For a one year period, hair was removed from the operative site with clippers rather than by shaving with a razor or by application of depilatories. The study involved comparison of clean (Class I) wound infection rates in 2,580 patients after clipping was instituted compared with 17,424 patients studied in seven preceding years. There was no significant change in the wound infection rate (1 per cent) when compared with the three years immediately preceding. There was no change in the identified distribution of the infecting organism. Failure to show a clear reduction in wound infection rate was probably related to the low historic base line rate. There were definite benefits achieved by avoiding cancellation of elective operations, by using operating room personnel more efficiently and by expediating the surgical schedule.
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Reihman J, Wolford K, Knapp W, MacCallum J, Murray N. Treatment outcomes in a day treatment program. Int J Partial Hosp 1983; 2:17-31. [PMID: 10262794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
A sample of 63 psychiatric patients consecutively admitted to an adult day treatment program was evaluated with the Colorado Client Assessment Record (CCAR) within 2 weeks of their admission, at regular 90-day intervals, and/or upon discharge from the program. Trained raters using the CCAR made functional assessment ratings of patients on nine behaviorally-anchored scales. A unique feature of this study was that patients' primary therapists were asked to identify the three CCAR dimensions which represented their targeted treatment goals. Purposes of this study were twofold. The first concern was to establish the validity of this instrument in monitoring the level of functioning of a young and chronically impaired sample. The second goal was to assess the clinical outcome of patients in the day treatment program. Results showed the CCAR to be a valid measure of patients' level of functioning. Further results indicated that the functional ratings on the three targeted treatment goals exhibited statistically significant improvement from admission to follow-up or discharge. Findings further suggest that patients' motivation for treatment at the time of admission may be important for achieving successful clinical outcome. This investigation, by establishing the validity and utility of the CCAR for a chronically impaired psychiatric population, lays the foundation for continued monitoring of clinical outcome and program evaluation.
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Abstract
Peripheral blood T-lymphocytes from normal persons were studied before and after incubation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) for the presence of beta-glucuronidase, alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase, alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase, acid phosphatase, and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive material. The number of T-lymphocytes containing beta-glucuronidase, alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase, and alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase was reduced (P < 0.005) after incubation with PHA. No significant change in the number of T-lymphocytes positive for acid phosphatase was observed. PAS-positive material was markedly increased (P < 0.005) in activated T-lymphocytes. The data suggest that the cytochemical profile of resting T cells differs markedly from that of activated T-lymphocytes.
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