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Neri I, MacCallum J, Di Lorenzo R, Russo G, Lynen F, Grumetto L. Into the toxicity potential of an array of parabens by biomimetic liquid chromatography, cell viability assessments and in silico predictions. Sci Total Environ 2024; 917:170461. [PMID: 38286290 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Five parabens (PBs) i.e., Methylparaben (MP), Ethylparaben (EP), Isopropylparaben (iPrP), Isobutylparaben (iBuP), Benzylparaben (BzP), and their parent compound i.e., para-hydroxy Benzoic Acid (pHBA), were studied both in vitro and in silico. Specifically, we determined their retention on several both protein- (Human Serum Albumin and α1-acidic glycoprotein) and (phospho) lipid- (immobilized artificial membrane (IAM)) based biomimetic stationary phases to evaluate their penetration potential through the biomembranes and their possible distribution in the body. The IAM phases were based either on phosphatidylcholine (PC) analogues i.e., PC.MG and PC.DD2 or on sphingomyelin (SPH). We also assessed their viability effect on breast cancer cells (MCF-7) via MTT assay subjecting the cells to five different PB concentrations i.e., 100 μM, 10 μM, 1 μM, 0.1 μM and 0.01 μM. Finally, their pharmacokinetics and toxicity were assessed by the ADMET Predictor™ software. Isopropylparaben was found to be more active than 17β estradiol (E2) employed as positive control, on the screened cell line inducing cell proliferation up to 150 % more of untreated cells. Other analogues showed only a slight/moderate cell proliferation activity, with parabens having longer/branched side chain showing, on average, a higher proliferation rate. Significant linear direct relationships (for PC.DD2 r2 = 0.89, q2 = 0.86, for SPH r2 = 0.89, q2 = 0.85, for both P value < 0.05) were observed between the difference in proliferative effect between the readout and the control at 0.01 μM concentration and the retention on the IAM phases measured at pH 5.0 for all compounds but pHBA, which is the only analyte of the dataset supporting a carboxylic acid moiety. IAM affinity data measured at pH 7.0 were found to be related to the effective human jejunal permeability as predicted by the software ADMET® Predictor, which is relevant when PBs are added to pharmaceutical and food commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Neri
- Centre of Biomedicine and Global Health, School of Applied Sciences, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh Napier University, 9 Sighthill Ct, EH11 4BN Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario INBB, Viale Medaglie d'Oro, 305, I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Janis MacCallum
- Centre of Biomedicine and Global Health, School of Applied Sciences, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh Napier University, 9 Sighthill Ct, EH11 4BN Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ritamaria Di Lorenzo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giacomo Russo
- Centre of Biomedicine and Global Health, School of Applied Sciences, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh Napier University, 9 Sighthill Ct, EH11 4BN Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Frédéric Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lucia Grumetto
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy
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