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Petersen E, Memish ZA, Hui DS, Scagliarini A, Simonsen L, Simulundu E, Bloodgood J, Blumberg L, Shan Lee S, Zumla A. Avian 'Bird' Flu - undue media panic or genuine concern for pandemic potential requiring global preparedness action? Int J Infect Dis 2024:107062. [PMID: 38631509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
epidemics, avian influenza, H5N1, highly pathogenic avian influenza, HPAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eskild Petersen
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.; PandemiX Center, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Denmark.; International Society for Infectious Diseases, Boston, USA..
| | - Ziad A Memish
- Research and Innovation Center, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health & College of Medicine, Al Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory, University, Atlanta, USA.; Division of Infectious Diseases, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - David S Hui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics and, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.; S.H. Ho Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Alessandra Scagliarini
- International Society for Infectious Diseases, Boston, USA.; University of Bologna, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lone Simonsen
- PandemiX Center, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Denmark
| | - Edgar Simulundu
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia.; Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia
| | - Jennifer Bloodgood
- International Society for Infectious Diseases, Boston, USA.; Cornell Wildlife Health Lab, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, USA
| | - Lucille Blumberg
- International Society for Infectious Diseases, Boston, USA.; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.; Right to Care; University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science, South Africa
| | - Shui- Shan Lee
- International Society for Infectious Diseases, Boston, USA.; S.H. Ho Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Nolen RM, Prouse A, Russell ML, Bloodgood J, Díaz Clark C, Carmichael RH, Petersen LH, Kaiser K, Hala D, Quigg A. Evaluation of fatty acids and carnitine as biomarkers of PFOS exposure in biota (fish and dolphin) from Galveston Bay and the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 276:109817. [PMID: 38101762 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a ubiquitous pollutant that elicits a wide range of toxic effects in exposed biota. Coastal zones in highly urbanized or industrial areas are particularly vulnerable to PFOS pollution. At present, information is lacking on biomarkers to assess PFOS effects on aquatic wildlife. This study investigated the efficacy of l-carnitine (or carnitine) and fatty acids as biomarkers of PFOS exposure in aquatic biota. The levels of PFOS, total and free carnitine, and 24 fatty acids (measured as fatty acid methyl esters or FAMEs) were measured in the liver, and muscle or blubber, of fish and dolphins sampled from Galveston Bay and the northern Gulf of Mexico (nGoM). Overall, bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) had the highest hepatic PFOS levels. Galveston Bay fish, gafftopsail catfish (Bagre marinus), red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), and spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus), had hepatic PFOS levels ∼8-13× higher than nGoM pelagic fish species, red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares). The multivariate analysis of PFOS liver body-burdens and biomarkers found carnitine to be a more modal biomarker of PFOS exposure than FAMEs. Significant positive correlation of hepatic PFOS levels with total carnitine was evident for biota from Galveston Bay (fish only), and a significant correlation between PFOS and total and free carnitine was evident for biota from the nGoM (fish and dolphins). Given the essential role of carnitine in mediating fatty acid β-oxidation, our results suggest carnitine to be a likely candidate biomarker of environmental PFOS exposure and indicative of potential dyslipidemia effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayna M Nolen
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, 200 Seawolf Parkway, Galveston, TX 77553, USA.
| | - Alexandra Prouse
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, 200 Seawolf Parkway, Galveston, TX 77553, USA
| | - Mackenzie L Russell
- University Programs, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA
| | - Jennifer Bloodgood
- University Programs, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA; Stokes School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of South Alabama, 307 N University Blvd, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; Cornell Wildlife Health Lab, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, 240 Farrier Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Cristina Díaz Clark
- University Programs, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA
| | - Ruth H Carmichael
- University Programs, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA; Stokes School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of South Alabama, 307 N University Blvd, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Lene H Petersen
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, 200 Seawolf Parkway, Galveston, TX 77553, USA
| | - Karl Kaiser
- Department of Marine and Coastal Environmental Science, Texas A&M University at Galveston, 200 Seawolf Parkway, Galveston, TX 77553, USA; Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, 3146 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - David Hala
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, 200 Seawolf Parkway, Galveston, TX 77553, USA
| | - Antonietta Quigg
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, 200 Seawolf Parkway, Galveston, TX 77553, USA; Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, 3146 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, 3146 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Lingham-Soliar T, Bloodgood J, Rothschild B, Bouveroux T. Survival of an Indian Ocean humpback dolphin Sousa plumbea in the wild despite chronic osteologic pathologies. Dis Aquat Organ 2022; 154:49-57. [PMID: 37318384 DOI: 10.3354/dao03729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal examination of a female adult Indian Ocean humpback dolphin Sousa plumbea from South Africa suggested a chronic disease process. It manifested as erosions and pitting of the atlanto-occipital articulation as well as circumferential hyperostosis and ankylosis of some of the caudal vertebrae, findings rarely recorded together in the same animal. The character of the erosive process and vertebral fusion appeared chronic, and further findings of underdevelopment of the fluke, sternum and left humerus with remodeling of the periarticular region of the left scapula may support initiation of the process early in life. Because such chronic pathology would have affected the individual's locomotion and foraging abilities, we also postulate how this individual survived until its demise in a human-derived environmental hazard. Ecological and socio-behavioral aspects observed in S. plumbea, including habitat preference for inshore and shallow waters, small social group aggregations and feeding cooperation, may have contributed to its ability to survive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theagarten Lingham-Soliar
- Nelson Mandela University, Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Port Elizabeth 77000, South Africa
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Clarke LL, Mead DG, Ruder MG, Carter DL, Bloodgood J, Howerth E. Experimental Infection of Domestic Piglets (Sus scrofa) with Rift Valley Fever Virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 106:182-186. [PMID: 34695799 PMCID: PMC8733486 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) is a mosquito-transmitted phlebovirus (Family: Phenuiviridae, Order: Bunyavirales) causing severe neonatal mortality and abortion primarily in domestic ruminants. The susceptibility of young domestic swine to RVFV and this species' role in geographic expansion and establishment of viral endemicity is unclear. Six commercially bred Landrace-cross piglets were inoculated subcutaneously with 105 plaque-forming units of RVFV ZH501 strain and two piglets received a sham inoculum. All animals were monitored for clinical signs, viremia, viral shedding, and antibody response for 14 days. Piglets did not develop evidence of clinical disease, become febrile, or experience decreased weight gain during the study period. A brief lymphopenia followed by progressive lymphocytosis was observed following inoculation in all piglets. Four piglets developed a brief viremia for 2 days post-inoculation and three of these had detectable virus in oronasal secretions three days post-inoculation. Primary inoculated piglets seroconverted and those that developed detectable viremias had the highest titers assessed by serum neutralization (1:64-1:256). Two viremic piglets had a lymphoplasmacytic encephalitis with glial nodules; RVFV was not detected by immunohistochemistry in these sections. While young piglets do not appear to readily develop clinical disease following RVFV infection, results suggest swine could be subclinically infected with RVFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorelei L. Clarke
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia;,Address correspondence to Lorelei L. Clarke, Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 445 Easterday Ln, Madison, WI 53706. E-mail:
| | - Daniel G. Mead
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Mark G. Ruder
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Deborah L. Carter
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Jennifer Bloodgood
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Elizabeth Howerth
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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