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Zhang X, Sands M, Lin M, Guelfo J, Irudayaraj J. In vitro toxicity of Lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) on Human Renal and Hepatoma Cells. Toxicol Rep 2024; 12:280-288. [PMID: 38469334 PMCID: PMC10925923 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
We evaluate the cytotoxicity, intracellular redox conditions, apoptosis, and methylation of DNMTs/TETs upon exposure to LiTFSI, a novel Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) commonly found in lithium-ion batteries, on human renal carcinoma cells (A498) and hepatoma cells (HepG2). The MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay showed both Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and Lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) had a dose-dependent effect on A498 and HepG2, with LiTFSI being less toxic. Intracellular redox conditions were assessed with a microplate reader and confocal, which showed a significant decrease in Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels and an increase in Superoxide dismutase (SOD) content in both cells. Exposure to LiTFSI enhanced cell apoptosis, with HepG2 being more susceptible than A498. Quantitative analysis of mRNA expression levels of 19 genes associated with kidney injury, methylation, lipid metabolism and transportation was performed. LiTFSI exposure impacted kidney function by downregulating smooth muscle alpha-actin (Acta2) and upregulating transforming growth factor beta 1 (Tgfb1), B-cell lymphoma 2-like 1) Bcl2l1, hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1 (Harvcr1), nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (Nfe2l2), and hairy and enhancer of split 1 (Hes1) expression. LiTFSI exposure also affected the abundance of transcripts associated with DNA methylation by the expression of ten-eleven translocation (TET) and DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) genes. Furthermore, LiTFSI exposure induced an increase in lipid anabolism and alterations in lipid catabolism in HepG2. Our results provide new insight on the potential role of a new contaminant, LiTFSI in the regulation of oxidative stress, apoptosis and methylation in human renal carcinoma and hepatoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Mia Sands
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Mindy Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jennifer Guelfo
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Joseph Irudayaraj
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute of Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Abaie E, Kumar M, Kumar N, Sun Y, Guelfo J, Shen Y, Reible D. Application of β-Cyclodextrin Adsorbents in the Removal of Mixed Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances. Toxics 2024; 12:264. [PMID: 38668487 PMCID: PMC11054934 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The extensive use of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in industrial consumer products has led to groundwater contamination, raising concerns for human health and the environment. These persistent chemicals exist in different forms with varying properties, which makes their removal challenging. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of three different β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) adsorbents at removing a mixture of PFASs, including anionic, neutral, and zwitterionic compounds, at neutral pH. We calculated linear partition coefficient (Kd) values to quantify the adsorption affinity of each PFAS. β-CD polymers crosslinked with hexamethylene diisocyanate (β-CD-HDI) and epichlorohydrin (β-CD-EPI) displayed some adsorption of PFASs. Benzyl chloride β-CD (β-CD-Cl), an adsorbent that had not been previously reported, was also synthesized and tested for PFAS adsorption. β-CD-Cl exhibited higher PFAS adsorption than β-CD-HDI and β-CD-EPI, with log Kd values ranging from 1.9 L·g-1 to 3.3 L·g-1. β-CD-Cl displayed no affinity for zwitterionic compounds, as opposed to β-CD-HDI and β-CD-EPI, which removed N-dimethyl ammonio propyl perfluorohexane sulfonamide (AmPr-FHxSA). A comparison between Kd values and the log Kow of PFAS confirmed the significant role of hydrophobic interactions in thee adsorption mechanism. This effect was stronger in β-CD-Cl, compared to β-CD-HDI and β-CD-EPI. While no effect of PFAS charge was observed in β-CD-Cl, some influence of charge was observed in β-CD-HDI and β-CD-EPI, with less negative compounds being more adsorbed. The adsorption of PFASs by β-CD-Cl was similar in magnitude to that of other adsorbents proposed in literature. However, it offers the advantage of not containing fluorine, unlike many commonly proposed adsorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Abaie
- Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering Department, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (E.A.); (M.K.); (N.K.); (Y.S.); (J.G.)
| | - Manish Kumar
- Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering Department, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (E.A.); (M.K.); (N.K.); (Y.S.); (J.G.)
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering Department, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (E.A.); (M.K.); (N.K.); (Y.S.); (J.G.)
| | - Yilang Sun
- Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering Department, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (E.A.); (M.K.); (N.K.); (Y.S.); (J.G.)
| | - Jennifer Guelfo
- Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering Department, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (E.A.); (M.K.); (N.K.); (Y.S.); (J.G.)
| | - Yuexiao Shen
- Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering Department, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (E.A.); (M.K.); (N.K.); (Y.S.); (J.G.)
| | - Danny Reible
- Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering Department, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (E.A.); (M.K.); (N.K.); (Y.S.); (J.G.)
- Chemical Engineering Department, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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McDermett K, Anderson T, Jackson WA, Guelfo J. Assessing Potential Perfluoroalkyl Substances Trophic Transfer to Crickets (Acheta domesticus). Environ Toxicol Chem 2022; 41:2981-2992. [PMID: 36102845 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although many studies have assessed the bioaccumulation of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in plant tissues, to date there has been minimal research on the bioaccumulation of PFAS in soil invertebrates that results from consuming PFAS-contaminated media. The present study focused on two different consumption pathways in a population of crickets: individuals consuming PFAS-contaminated alfalfa and individuals consuming PFAS-spiked drinking water. Alfalfa was grown in a greenhouse and irrigated with PFAS-spiked water (∼1 ppm) containing seven unique PFAS. The alfalfa was then harvested and fed to crickets. Another population of crickets was supplied with PFAS-spiked drinking water at similar concentrations to irrigation water for direct consumption. Alfalfa accumulation of PFAS and subsequent consumption by the crickets resulted in overall similar tissue concentrations in the crickets who consumed PFAS-spiked water directly. This indicates that source concentration (water) may be an important factor in assessing the bioaccumulation of PFAS in organisms. To our knowledge, ours is the first study not only to assess the direct trophic transfer of PFAS from contaminated vegetation to invertebrates, but also to highlight the similarities in bioaccumulation regardless of ingestion pathway. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2981-2992. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylin McDermett
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
- Geosyntec Consultants, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Todd Anderson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - W Andrew Jackson
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer Guelfo
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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McDermett KS, Guelfo J, Anderson TA, Reible D, Jackson AW. The development of diffusive equilibrium, high-resolution passive samplers to measure perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in groundwater. Chemosphere 2022; 303:134686. [PMID: 35489449 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of anthropogenic, highly recalcitrant organic compounds consisting of thousands of individual species that are of increasing importance as groundwater contaminants. In-situ measurements of PFAS would be useful to better understand vertical profiles and mobility, contamination in partially saturated media, and to reduce sampling artifacts associated with groundwater collection and analysis. Diffusive equilibrium, high-resolution passive samplers (HRPPs) can be directly driven (>10 m) in sediments or groundwater. The samplers equilibrate with porewater through diffusion across the sampler membrane, providing high spatial resolution (sample every 20 cm) porewater concentrations of dissolved species. The objective of this study was to develop an HRPP to measure PFAS in contaminated groundwater and saturated media. To achieve this objective, a screening study was conducted to demonstrate quantitative measurement of selected PFAS as well as the kinetics of uptake into a sampler using both nylon and stainless steel membranes. Utilizing the results of the screening study, a prototype sampler was demonstrated in a laboratory flow box. Over a deployment period of 28 days, concentrations of several perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), a perfluoroalkyl sulfonate (PFSA), and a precursor PFAS reached equilibrium with porewater (sampler concentration >90 percent of porewater concentration). Application of these samplers could provide improved understanding of the behavior of PFAS in saturated or partially saturated groundwater systems and allow better assessment of fate and transport in the subsurface. Reliable subsurface site characterization will yield robust site assessments, conceptual models, and improve remediation designs as well as increase confidence in post remedial assessments at PFAS-impacted locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylin S McDermett
- (Primary Author) Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Jennifer Guelfo
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Todd A Anderson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79416, USA
| | - Danny Reible
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Andrew W Jackson
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, 911 Boston Ave., Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA.
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Shojaei M, Kumar N, Chaobol S, Wu K, Crimi M, Guelfo J. Enhanced Recovery of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) from Impacted Soils Using Heat Activated Persulfate. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:9805-9816. [PMID: 34228927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Varying transport potential of cationic, zwitterionic, and anionic per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) may pose challenges for remediation of aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) impacted sites, particularly during groundwater extraction. Slow desorption of stronger sorbing, zwitterionic, and cationic PFASs may cause extended remediation times and rebound in aqueous PFAS concentrations. Persulfate oxidation has the potential to convert a complex mixture of PFASs into a simpler and more recoverable mixture of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs). AFFF-impacted soils were treated with heat-activated persulfate in batch reactors and subjected to 7-day leaching experiments. Soil and water were analyzed using a combination of targeted and high resolution liquid chromatography mass spectrometry techniques as well as the total oxidizable precursors assay. Following oxidation, total PFAS composition showed the expected shift to a higher fraction of PFAAs, and this led to higher total PFAS leaching in pretreated reactors (108-110%) vs control reactors (62-90%). In both pretreated and control soils, precursors that remained following leaching experiments were 61-100% cationic and zwitterionic. Results suggest that persulfate pretreatment of soils has promise as an enhanced recovery technique for remediation of total PFASs in impacted soils. They also demonstrate that PFAS distribution may have been altered at sites where in situ chemical oxidation was applied to treat co-occurring contaminants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Shojaei
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Box 41023, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Box 41023, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Suparada Chaobol
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Box 41023, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Ke Wu
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Box 41023, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Michelle Crimi
- Engineering and Management, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Jennifer Guelfo
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Box 41023, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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Schaefer CE, Nguyen D, Culina VM, Guelfo J, Kumar N. Application of Rapid Small-Scale Column Tests for Treatment of Perfluoroalkyl Acids Using Anion-Exchange Resins and Granular Activated Carbon in Groundwater with Elevated Organic Carbon. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c02290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles E. Schaefer
- CDM Smith, 110 Fieldcrest Avenue, #8, 6th Floor, Edison, New Jersey 08837, United States
| | - Dung Nguyen
- CDM Smith, 14432 SE Eastgate Way, #100, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Veronika M. Culina
- CDM Smith, 14432 SE Eastgate Way, #100, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Jennifer Guelfo
- Department of Civil, Environmental, & Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Department of Civil, Environmental, & Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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Zhang M, Yamada K, Bourguet S, Guelfo J, Suuberg EM. Vapor pressure of nine perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) determined using the Knudsen Effusion Method. J Chem Eng Data 2020; 65:2332-2342. [PMID: 32968326 PMCID: PMC7505237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jced.9b00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Sublimation vapor pressures of nine pure perfluoroalkyl substances, including Ammonium perfluoro(2-methyl-3-oxahexanoate) (GenX), 1H,1H,2H,2H-Perfluoro-1-decanol (8:2 FTOH), 1H,1H,2H,2H-Perfluoro-1-dodecanol (10:2 FTOH) and C6 to C11 perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs), were measured using the Knudsen technique at near ambient temperatures. Melting temperatures and fusion enthalpies of these compounds were also measured using differential scanning calorimetry. The vapor pressure of GenX ammonium salt is comparable to that of the much higher molecular weight perfluoroundecanoic acid. GenX ammonium salt also did not show actual melting behavior but instead decomposed at around 470 K. The measured near ambient temperature sublimation vapor pressures of the PFCAs and FTOHs were compared with some earlier reported liquid phase vapor pressures obtained at higher temperatures, and reasonable agreement exists between the data obtained in the different studies. The sublimation enthalpies of the PFCAs indicate that the contribution to the sublimation enthalpy of the CF2 group in the alkyl chain is comparable to that of the CH2 group in the corresponding non-fluorinated analogues, even though the PFCAs show consistently higher vapor pressures than do the corresponding carbon number alkanoic acids.
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