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Mak J, Shires DA, Zhang Q, Prieto LR, Ahmedani BK, Kattari L, Becerra-Culqui TA, Bradlyn A, Flanders WD, Getahun D, Giammattei SV, Hunkeler EM, Lash TL, Nash R, Quinn VP, Robinson B, Roblin D, Silverberg MJ, Slovis J, Tangpricha V, Vupputuri S, Goodman M. Suicide Attempts Among a Cohort of Transgender and Gender Diverse People. Am J Prev Med 2020; 59:570-577. [PMID: 32798005 PMCID: PMC7508867 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transgender and gender diverse people often face discrimination and may experience disproportionate emotional distress that leads to suicide attempts. Therefore, it is essential to estimate the frequency and potential determinants of suicide attempts among transgender and gender diverse individuals. METHODS Longitudinal data on 6,327 transgender and gender diverse individuals enrolled in 3 integrated healthcare systems were analyzed to assess suicide attempt rates. Incidence was compared between transmasculine and transfeminine people by age and race/ethnicity and according to mental health status at baseline. Cox proportional hazards models examined rates and predictors of suicide attempts during follow-up. Data were collected in 2016, and analyses were conducted in 2019. RESULTS During follow-up, 4.8% of transmasculine and 3.0% of transfeminine patients had at least 1 suicide attempt. Suicide attempt rates were more than 7 times higher among patients aged <18 years than among those aged >45 years, more than 3 times higher among patients with previous history of suicide ideation or suicide attempts than among those with no such history, and 2-5 times higher among those with 1-2 mental health diagnoses and more than 2 mental health diagnoses at baseline than among those with none. CONCLUSIONS Among transgender and gender diverse individuals, younger people, people with previous suicidal ideation or attempts, and people with multiple mental health diagnoses are at a higher risk for suicide attempts. Future research should examine the impact of gender-affirming healthcare use on the risk of suicide attempts and identify targets for suicide prevention interventions among transgender and gender diverse people in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Mak
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Deirdre A Shires
- School of Social Work, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lucas R Prieto
- School of Social Work, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Brian K Ahmedani
- Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Leonardo Kattari
- School of Social Work, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Tracy A Becerra-Culqui
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California
| | - Andrew Bradlyn
- Center for Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Georgia, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - W Dana Flanders
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Darios Getahun
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California
| | - Shawn V Giammattei
- The Rockway Institute, Alliant International University, San Francisco, California
| | - Enid M Hunkeler
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Northern California (emerita), Oakland, California
| | - Timothy L Lash
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rebecca Nash
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Virginia P Quinn
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California (emerita), Pasadena, California
| | - Brandi Robinson
- Center for Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Georgia, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Douglas Roblin
- Mid-Atlantic Permanente Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Mid-Atlanta States, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Michael J Silverberg
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Northern California, Oakland, California
| | - Jennifer Slovis
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Northern California, Oakland, California
| | - Vin Tangpricha
- School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; The Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Suma Vupputuri
- Mid-Atlantic Permanente Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Mid-Atlanta States, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Michael Goodman
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Getahun D, Nash R, Flanders WD, Baird TC, Becerra-Culqui TA, Cromwell L, Hunkeler E, Lash TL, Millman A, Quinn VP, Robinson B, Roblin D, Silverberg MJ, Safer J, Slovis J, Tangpricha V, Goodman M. Cross-sex Hormones and Acute Cardiovascular Events in Transgender Persons: A Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med 2018; 169:205-213. [PMID: 29987313 PMCID: PMC6636681 DOI: 10.7326/m17-2785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Venous thromboembolism (VTE), ischemic stroke, and myocardial infarction in transgender persons may be related to hormone use. OBJECTIVE To examine the incidence of these events in a cohort of transgender persons. DESIGN Electronic medical record-based cohort study of transgender members of integrated health care systems who had an index date (first evidence of transgender status) from 2006 through 2014. Ten male and 10 female cisgender enrollees were matched to each transgender participant by year of birth, race/ethnicity, study site, and index date enrollment. SETTING Kaiser Permanente in Georgia and northern and southern California. PATIENTS 2842 transfeminine and 2118 transmasculine members with a mean follow-up of 4.0 and 3.6 years, respectively, matched to 48 686 cisgender men and 48 775 cisgender women. MEASUREMENTS VTE, ischemic stroke, and myocardial infarction events ascertained from diagnostic codes through the end of 2016 in transgender and reference cohorts. RESULTS Transfeminine participants had a higher incidence of VTE, with 2- and 8-year risk differences of 4.1 (95% CI, 1.6 to 6.7) and 16.7 (CI, 6.4 to 27.5) per 1000 persons relative to cisgender men and 3.4 (CI, 1.1 to 5.6) and 13.7 (CI, 4.1 to 22.7) relative to cisgender women. The overall analyses for ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction demonstrated similar incidence across groups. More pronounced differences for VTE and ischemic stroke were observed among transfeminine participants who initiated hormone therapy during follow-up. The evidence was insufficient to allow conclusions regarding risk among transmasculine participants. LIMITATION Inability to determine which transgender members received hormones elsewhere. CONCLUSION The patterns of increases in VTE and ischemic stroke rates among transfeminine persons are not consistent with those observed in cisgender women. These results may indicate the need for long-term vigilance in identifying vascular side effects of cross-sex estrogen. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute and Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darios Getahun
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California (D.G., T.A.B., V.P.Q.)
| | - Rebecca Nash
- Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (R.N., W.D.F., T.L.L., M.G.)
| | - W Dana Flanders
- Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (R.N., W.D.F., T.L.L., M.G.)
| | - Tisha C Baird
- Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (T.C.B.)
| | | | - Lee Cromwell
- Kaiser Permanente Georgia, Atlanta, Georgia (L.C., B.R.)
| | - Enid Hunkeler
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California (E.H., A.M., M.J.S., J.S.)
| | - Timothy L Lash
- Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (R.N., W.D.F., T.L.L., M.G.)
| | - Andrea Millman
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California (E.H., A.M., M.J.S., J.S.)
| | - Virginia P Quinn
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California (D.G., T.A.B., V.P.Q.)
| | | | - Douglas Roblin
- Kaiser Permanente Mid-Atlantic States, Rockville, Maryland (D.R.)
| | - Michael J Silverberg
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California (E.H., A.M., M.J.S., J.S.)
| | - Joshua Safer
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (J.S.)
| | - Jennifer Slovis
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California (E.H., A.M., M.J.S., J.S.)
| | - Vin Tangpricha
- Emory University School of Medicine and Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia (V.T.)
| | - Michael Goodman
- Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (R.N., W.D.F., T.L.L., M.G.)
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Quinn VP, Nash R, Hunkeler E, Contreras R, Cromwell L, Becerra-Culqui TA, Getahun D, Giammattei S, Lash TL, Millman A, Robinson B, Roblin D, Silverberg MJ, Slovis J, Tangpricha V, Tolsma D, Valentine C, Ward K, Winter S, Goodman M. Cohort profile: Study of Transition, Outcomes and Gender (STRONG) to assess health status of transgender people. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e018121. [PMID: 29284718 PMCID: PMC5770907 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Study of Transition, Outcomes and Gender (STRONG) was initiated to assess the health status of transgender people in general and following gender-affirming treatments at Kaiser Permanente health plans in Georgia, Northern California and Southern California. The objectives of this communication are to describe methods of cohort ascertainment and data collection and to characterise the study population. PARTICIPANTS A stepwise methodology involving computerised searches of electronic medical records and free-text validation of eligibility and gender identity was used to identify a cohort of 6456 members with first evidence of transgender status (index date) between 2006 and 2014. The cohort included 3475 (54%) transfeminine (TF), 2892 (45%) transmasculine (TM) and 89 (1%) members whose natal sex and gender identity remained undetermined from the records. The cohort was matched to 127 608 enrollees with no transgender evidence (63 825 women and 63 783 men) on year of birth, race/ethnicity, study site and membership year of the index date. Cohort follow-up extends through the end of 2016. FINDINGS TO DATE About 58% of TF and 52% of TM cohort members received hormonal therapy at Kaiser Permanente. Chest surgery was more common among TM participants (12% vs 0.3%). The proportions of transgender participants who underwent genital reconstruction surgeries were similar (4%-5%) in the two transgender groups. Results indicate that there are sufficient numbers of events in the TF and TM cohorts to further examine mental health status, cardiovascular events, diabetes, HIV and most common cancers. FUTURE PLANS STRONG is well positioned to fill existing knowledge gaps through comparisons of transgender and reference populations and through analyses of health status before and after gender affirmation treatment. Analyses will include incidence of cardiovascular disease, mental health, HIV and diabetes, as well as changes in laboratory-based endpoints (eg, polycythemia and bone density), overall and in relation to gender affirmation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia P Quinn
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Rebecca Nash
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Enid Hunkeler
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California (emerita), Oakland, California, USA
| | - Richard Contreras
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Lee Cromwell
- Center for Clinical and Outcomes Research, Kaiser Permanente Georgia, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tracy A Becerra-Culqui
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Darios Getahun
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Shawn Giammattei
- The Rockway Institute, Alliant International University, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Timothy L Lash
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrea Millman
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Brandi Robinson
- Center for Clinical and Outcomes Research, Kaiser Permanente Georgia, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Douglas Roblin
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael J Silverberg
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Slovis
- The Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Vin Tangpricha
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- The Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dennis Tolsma
- Center for Clinical and Outcomes Research, Kaiser Permanente Georgia, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Cadence Valentine
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Kevin Ward
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Savannah Winter
- Center for Clinical and Outcomes Research, Kaiser Permanente Georgia, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael Goodman
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Silverberg MJ, Nash R, Becerra-Culqui TA, Cromwell L, Getahun D, Hunkeler E, Lash TL, Millman A, Quinn VP, Robinson B, Roblin D, Slovis J, Tangpricha V, Goodman M. Cohort study of cancer risk among insured transgender people. Ann Epidemiol 2017; 27:499-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Tsai AG, Histon T, Donahoo WT, Hashmi S, Murali S, Latare P, Oliver L, Slovis J, Grall S, Fisher D, Solomon L. Investing in Obesity Treatment: Kaiser Permanente's Approach to Chronic Disease Management. Curr Obes Rep 2016; 5:307-11. [PMID: 27342446 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-016-0223-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Kaiser Permanente, an integrated health care delivery system in the USA, takes a "whole systems" approach to the chronic disease of obesity that begins with efforts to prevent it by modifying the environment in communities and schools. Aggressive case-finding and substantial investment in intensive lifestyle modification programs target individuals at high risk of diabetes and other weight-related conditions. Kaiser Permanente regions are increasingly standardizing their approach when patients with obesity require treatment intensification using medically supervised diets, prescription medication to treat obesity, or weight loss surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G Tsai
- Kaiser Permanente Colorado, 1375 E. 20th Ave, 3rd Floor, Denver, CO, 80205, USA.
- Kaiser Permanente, Care Management Institute, Oakland, CA, USA.
| | - Trina Histon
- Kaiser Permanente, Care Management Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - W Troy Donahoo
- Kaiser Permanente Colorado, 1375 E. 20th Ave, 3rd Floor, Denver, CO, 80205, USA
| | - Shahid Hashmi
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sameer Murali
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sarah Grall
- Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, OR, USA
| | - David Fisher
- The Permanente Medical Group Regional Offices, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Loel Solomon
- Kaiser Permanente, Community Health, Oakland, CA, USA
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Owen-Smith AA, Sineath C, Sanchez T, Dea R, Giammattei S, Gillespie T, Helms MF, Hunkeler EM, Quinn VP, Roblin D, Slovis J, Stephenson R, Sullivan PS, Tangpricha V, Woodyatt C, Goodman M. Perception of Community Tolerance and Prevalence of Depression among Transgender Persons. J Gay Lesbian Ment Health 2016; 21:64-76. [PMID: 29170689 DOI: 10.1080/19359705.2016.1228553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The goal of the study was to examine the association between depression and perceived community tolerance after controlling for various demographic and personal characteristics, treatment receipt, and past experiences with abuse or discrimination. Methods An on-line survey assessed depressive symptoms among transgender and gender non-conforming individuals. Depression was assessed using the 7-item Beck Depression Inventory for Primary Care (BDI-PC) and the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD-10) scale. Results The prevalence ratios (95% confidence intervals) comparing depression in persons who did and did not perceive their area as tolerant were 0.33 (0.20-0.54) for BD-PC and 0.66 (0.49-0.89) for CESD-10. Other factors associated with depression were experience with abuse or discrimination, lower education, and unfulfilled desire to receive hormonal therapy. Conclusion Depression was common in this sample of transgender and gender non-conforming individuals and was strongly and consistently associated with participants' perceptions of community tolerance, even after adjusting for possible confounding. The association between desire to receive hormonal therapy and depression is a finding that warrants further exploration. Future research should also assess depression and changes in perception of community tolerance in transgender individuals before and after initiation of gender confirmation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashli A Owen-Smith
- Georgia State University, School of Public Health, Department of Health Management and Policy, Atlanta GA
| | - Craig Sineath
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Atlanta GA
| | - Travis Sanchez
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Atlanta GA
| | - Robin Dea
- The Permanente Medical Group (Retired), Redwood City, CA
| | - Shawn Giammattei
- The Rockway Institute, Alliant International University, San Francisco, CA
| | - Theresa Gillespie
- Emory University, School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Atlanta, GA
| | - Monica F Helms
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Atlanta GA
| | - Enid M Hunkeler
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Division of Research, Oakland, CA
| | | | - Douglas Roblin
- Georgia State University, School of Public Health, Department of Health Management and Policy, Atlanta GA
| | - Jennifer Slovis
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Division of Research, Oakland, CA
| | - Robert Stephenson
- University of Michigan, School of Nursing, Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Patrick S Sullivan
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Atlanta GA
| | - Vin Tangpricha
- Emory University, School of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Cory Woodyatt
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Atlanta GA
| | - Michael Goodman
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Atlanta GA
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