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Ambikapathi R, Schneider KR, Davis B, Herrero M, Winters P, Fanzo JC. Global food systems transitions have enabled affordable diets but had less favourable outcomes for nutrition, environmental health, inclusion and equity. Nat Food 2022; 3:764-779. [PMID: 37118149 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-022-00588-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AbstractOver the past 50 years, food systems worldwide have shifted from predominantly rural to industrialized and consolidated systems, with impacts on diets, nutrition and health, livelihoods, and environmental sustainability. We explore the potential for sustainable and equitable food system transformation (ideal state of change) by comparing countries at different stages of food system transition (changes) using food system typologies. Historically, incomes have risen faster than food prices as countries have industrialized, enabling a simultaneous increase in the supply and affordability of many nutritious foods. These shifts are illustrated across five food system typologies, from rural and traditional to industrial and consolidated. Evolving rural economies, urbanization and changes in food value chains have accompanied these transitions, leading to changes in land distribution, a smaller share of agri-food system workers in the economy and changes in diets. We show that the affordability of a recommended diet has improved over time, but food systems of all types are falling short of delivering optimal nutrition and health outcomes, environmental sustainability, and inclusion and equity for all. Six ‘outlier’ case studies (Tajikistan, Egypt, Albania, Ecuador, Bolivia and the United States of America) illustrate broad trends, trade-offs and deviations. With the integrated view afforded by typologies, we consider how sustainable transitions can be achieved going forward.
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de Pee S, Hardinsyah R, Jalal F, Kim BF, Semba RD, Deptford A, Fanzo JC, Ramsing R, Nachman KE, McKenzie S, Bloem MW. Balancing a sustained pursuit of nutrition, health, affordability and climate goals: exploring the case of Indonesia. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:1686-1697. [PMID: 34477830 PMCID: PMC8574631 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To guide the transformation of food systems to provide for healthy and sustainable diets, countries need to assess their current diet and food supply in comparison to nutrition, health, affordability, and environmental goals. OBJECTIVES We sought to compare Indonesia's food utilization to diets optimized for nutritional value and cost and to diets that are increasingly plant-based in order to meet further health and environmental goals, including the EAT-Lancet planetary health diet, to explore whether multiple goals could be achieved simultaneously. METHODS We compared 13 dietary scenarios (2 current, 7 optimized, 3 increasingly plant-based, 1 EAT-Lancet) for nutrient content, cost, greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe), and water footprints, using the FAO food balance sheet, Indonesia Household Income and Expenditure Survey household food expenditure, food composition, life cycle assessment, food losses, and trade data. RESULTS The diversity of modeled scenarios was higher than that of current consumption, reflecting nutritional deficiencies underlying Indonesia's burden of different forms of malnutrition. Nutrient intake targets were met best by nutrient- and cost-optimized diets, followed by the EAT-Lancet diet. Those diets also had high GHGe, although less than 40% of a scenario in which Indonesia would adopt a typical high-income country's diet. Only the low food chain diet had a GHGe below the 2050 target set by the EAT-Lancet commission. Its nutrient content was comparable to that of a no-dairy diet, slightly above those of fish-and-poultry and current diets, and somewhat below those of the EAT-Lancet diets. To meet nutrient needs, some animal-source foods had to be included. Costs of all except the optimized diets were above the current national average food expenditure. No scenario met all goals simultaneously. CONCLUSIONS Indonesia's consumption of rice and unhealthy foods should decrease; food production, trade, and processing should prioritize diversification, (bio)fortification, and limiting environmental impacts; and consumer and institutional demands for healthy, nutritious, and sustainable foods should be stimulated. More granular data and tools are required to develop and assess more detailed scenarios to achieve multiple goals simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia de Pee
- United Nations World Food Programme, Rome, Italy
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Brent F Kim
- Center for Livable Future, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard D Semba
- Center for Livable Future, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy Deptford
- United Nations World Food Programme, Rome, Italy
| | - Jessica C Fanzo
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca Ramsing
- Center for Livable Future, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keeve E Nachman
- Center for Livable Future, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Johns Hopkins Risk Sciences and Public Policy Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shawn McKenzie
- Center for Livable Future, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Martin W Bloem
- Center for Livable Future, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Schneider KR, Fanzo JC, Haddad L, Moncayo JR. Global health has a stake in the upcoming UN Food Systems Summit. Lancet 2021; 398:1027-1029. [PMID: 34508655 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate R Schneider
- Paul H Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 20036, USA
| | - Jessica C Fanzo
- Paul H Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 20036, USA; Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 20036, USA; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 20036, USA.
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Fanzo JC. Decisive Decisions on Production Compared with Market Strategies to Improve Diets in Rural Africa. J Nutr 2017; 147:1-2. [PMID: 27881595 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.241703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Fanzo
- The Bloomberg School of Public Health, the Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, and the Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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Fanzo JC, Graziose MM, Kraemer K, Gillespie S, Johnston JL, de Pee S, Monterrosa E, Badham J, Bloem MW, Dangour AD, Deckelbaum R, Dobermann A, Fracassi P, Hossain SMM, Ingram J, Jerling JC, Jones CJ, Jap SI, Kiess L, Marshall Q, Martin K, Narayan A, Amuyunzu-Nayamongo M, Pepping F, West KP. Educating and training a workforce for nutrition in a post-2015 world. Adv Nutr 2015; 6:639-47. [PMID: 26567189 PMCID: PMC4642431 DOI: 10.3945/an.115.010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly all countries in the world today are burdened with malnutrition, manifesting as undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and/or overweight and obesity. Despite some progress, efforts to alleviate malnutrition are hampered by a shortage in number, skills, and geographic coverage, of a workforce for nutrition. Here, we report the findings of the Castel Gandolfo workshop, a convening of experts from diverse fields in March 2014 to consider how to develop the capacity of a global cadre of nutrition professionals for the post-2015 development era. Workshop participants identified several requirements for developing a workforce for nutrition, including an ability to work as part of a multisectoral team; communication, advocacy, and leadership skills to engage decision makers; and a set of technical skills to address future challenges for nutrition. Other opportunities were highlighted that could immediately contribute to capacity development, including the creation of a consortium to link global North and South universities, online training modules for middle managers, and practical, hands-on experiences for frontline nutrition workers. Institutional and organizational support is needed to enable workshop recommendations on education and training to be effectively implemented and sustained. The findings from the Castel Gandolfo workshop can contribute to the delivery of successful nutrition-relevant actions in the face of mounting external pressures and informing and attaining the forthcoming Sustainable Development Goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Fanzo
- School of Advanced International Studies and the Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC;
| | | | - Klaus Kraemer
- Sight and Life, Basel, Switzerland;,Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Jessica L Johnston
- United Nations Special Envoy Office for the Millennium Development Goals, New York, NY
| | - Saskia de Pee
- United Nations World Food Programme, Rome, Italy;,Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Martin W Bloem
- United Nations World Food Programme, Rome, Italy;,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Alan D Dangour
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - SM Moazzem Hossain
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY;,United Nations Children’s Fund, New York, NY
| | - John Ingram
- Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - CJ Jones
- independent consultant, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Lynnda Kiess
- United Nations World Food Programme, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Keith Martin
- Consortium of Universities for Global Health, Washington, DC
| | - Anuradha Narayan
- USAID Strengthening Partnerships, Results and Innovations in Nutrition Globally (SPRING), Arlington, VA
| | | | - Fré Pepping
- Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Keith P West
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
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Fanzo JC, Lynch MP, Phee H, Hyer M, Cremesti A, Grassme H, Norris JS, Coggeshall KM, Rueda BR, Pernis AB, Kolesnick R, Gulbins E. CD95 Rapidly Clusters in Cells of Diverse Origins. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 2:392-5. [PMID: 14508111 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.2.4.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown that CD95-mediated cell death requires a clustering of the receptor in distinct sphingolipid-rich domains of the cell membrane (Grassme et al., 2000, Cremesti et al., 2000). These domains form in response to acid sphingomyelinase (ASM)-induced ceramide generation. However, recent studies challenged the finding of early CD95 clustering (Algeciras-Schimnich et al., 2002). Here, six independent groups tested clustering of CD95 in diverse cell type including primary cells ex vivo and established cell lines. The studies show clustering of CD95 within seconds to minutes in all cell types tested by the different groups. In addition, clustering of CD95 was detected after stimulation of cells using three agonistic anti-CD95 antibodies (CH11, APO-1-3 and JO2), CD95 ligand and stimuli that induce an upregulation and activation of the endogenous CD95/CD95 ligand system. The data confirm our previous studies and suggest rapid, i.e., within seconds to minutes, CD95 clustering as a general phenomenon occurring in many cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Fanzo
- The first six authors contributed equally to this work. Department of Medicine, Columbia University; New York, New York USA
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Johnston JL, Fanzo JC, Cogill B. Understanding sustainable diets: a descriptive analysis of the determinants and processes that influence diets and their impact on health, food security, and environmental sustainability. Adv Nutr 2014; 5:418-29. [PMID: 25022991 PMCID: PMC4085190 DOI: 10.3945/an.113.005553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The confluence of population, economic development, and environmental pressures resulting from increased globalization and industrialization reveal an increasingly resource-constrained world in which predictions point to the need to do more with less and in a "better" way. The concept of sustainable diets presents an opportunity to successfully advance commitments to sustainable development and the elimination of poverty, food and nutrition insecurity, and poor health outcomes. This study examines the determinants of sustainable diets, offers a descriptive analysis of these areas, and presents a causal model and framework from which to build. The major determinants of sustainable diets fall into 5 categories: 1) agriculture, 2) health, 3) sociocultural, 4) environmental, and 5) socioeconomic. When factors or processes are changed in 1 determinant category, such changes affect other determinant categories and, in turn, the level of "sustainability" of a diet. The complex web of determinants of sustainable diets makes it challenging for policymakers to understand the benefits and considerations for promoting, processing, and consuming such diets. To advance this work, better measurements and indicators must be developed to assess the impact of the various determinants on the sustainability of a diet and the tradeoffs associated with any recommendations aimed at increasing the sustainability of our food system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Johnston
- Office of the UN Special Envoy for Financing of the Health Millennium Development Goals and Malaria, MDG Health Alliance, New York, NY,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Jessica C. Fanzo
- Columbia University, Institute for Human Nutrition, New York, NY; and
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Remans R, Pronyk PM, Fanzo JC, Chen J, Palm CA, Nemser B, Muniz M, Radunsky A, Abay AH, Coulibaly M, Mensah-Homiah J, Wagah M, An X, Mwaura C, Quintana E, Somers MA, Sanchez PA, Sachs SE, McArthur JW, Sachs JD. Multisector intervention to accelerate reductions in child stunting: an observational study from 9 sub-Saharan African countries. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94:1632-42. [PMID: 22030229 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In sub-Saharan Africa, ~ 40% of children <5 y old are stunted, with levels that have remained largely unchanged over the past 2 decades. Although the complex determinants of undernutrition are well recognized, few studies have evaluated strategies that combine nutrition-specific, health-based approaches with food system- and livelihood-based interventions. OBJECTIVE We examined changes in childhood stunting and its determinants after 3 y of exposure to an integrated, multisector intervention and compared these changes with national trends. DESIGN A prospective observational trial was conducted across rural sites in 9 sub-Saharan African countries with baseline levels of childhood stunting >20%. A stratified random sample of households and resident children <2 y old from villages exposed to the program were enrolled in the study. Main outcome measures included principal determinants of undernutrition and childhood stunting, which was defined as a height-for-age z score less than -2. National trends in stunting were generated from demographic and health surveys. RESULTS Three years after the start of the program in 2005-2006, consistent improvements were observed in household food security and diet diversity, whereas coverage with child care and disease-control interventions improved for most outcomes. The prevalence of stunting in children <2 y old at year 3 of the program (2008-2009) was 43% lower (adjusted OR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.38, 0.83) than at baseline. The average national stunting prevalence for the countries included in the study had remained largely unchanged over the past 2 decades. CONCLUSION These findings provide encouraging evidence that a package of multisector interventions has the potential to produce reductions in childhood stunting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseline Remans
- The Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Abstract
Background The hunger component of the first Millennium Development Goal (MDG) aims to reduce the proportion of people who suffer from hunger by half between 1990 and 2015. In low- and middle-income countries, progress has been mixed, with approximately 925 million people hungry and 125 million and 195 million children underweight and stunted, respectively. Objective To assess global progress on the hunger component of MDG1 and evaluate the success of interventions and country programs in reducing undernutrition. Methods We review global progress on the hunger component of MDG1, examining experience from 40 community-based programs as well as national efforts to move interventions to scale drawn from the published and gray literature, alongside personal interviews with representatives of governments and development agencies. Results Based on this review, most strategies being implemented and scaled are focusing on treatment of malnutrition and rooted within the health sector. While critical, these programs generally address disease-related effects and emphasize the immediate determinants of undernutrition. Other major strategies to tackle under-nutrition rely on the production of staple grains within the agriculture sector. These programs address hunger, as opposed to improving the quality of diets within communities. Strategies that adopt multisectoral programming as crucial to address longer-term determinants of undernutrition, such as poverty, gender equality, and functioning food and health systems, remain under-developed and under-researched. Conclusions This review suggests that accelerating progress toward the MDG1 targets is less about the development of novel innovations and new technologies and more about putting what is already known into practice. Success will hinge on linking clear policies with effective delivery systems in working towards an evidence-based and contextually relevant multisectoral package of interventions that can rapidly be taken to scale.
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Fanzo JC, Yang W, Jang SY, Gupta S, Chen Q, Siddiq A, Greenberg S, Pernis AB. Loss of IRF-4-binding protein leads to the spontaneous development of systemic autoimmunity. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:703-14. [PMID: 16470246 PMCID: PMC1361345 DOI: 10.1172/jci24096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2004] [Accepted: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IFN regulatory factor 4-binding (IRF-4-binding) protein (IBP) is a novel type of activator of Rho GTPases that is recruited to the immunological synapse upon TCR stimulation. Here we demonstrate that loss of IBP leads to the spontaneous development of a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by the accumulation of effector/memory T cells and IgG+ B cells, profound hypergammaglobulinemia, and autoantibody production. Similar to human SLE, this syndrome primarily affects females. T cells from IBP-deficient mice are resistant to death in vitro as well as in vivo and exhibit selective defects in effector function. In the absence of IBP, T cells respond suboptimally to TCR engagement, as demonstrated by diminished ERK1/2 activation, decreased c-Fos induction, impaired immunological synapse formation, and defective actin polymerization. Transduction of IBP-deficient T cells with a WT IBP protein, but not with an IBP mutant lacking the Dbl-like domain required for Rho GTPase activation, rescues the cytoskeletal defects exhibited by these cells. Collectively, these findings indicate that IBP, a novel regulator of Rho GTPases, is required for optimal T cell effector function, lymphocyte homeostasis, and the prevention of systemic autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Fanzo
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Gupta S, Fanzo JC, Hu C, Cox D, Jang SY, Lee AE, Greenberg S, Pernis AB. T cell receptor engagement leads to the recruitment of IBP, a novel guanine nucleotide exchange factor, to the immunological synapse. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:43541-9. [PMID: 12923183 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m308960200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton is crucial to the formation and function of the immunological synapse. Rho GTPases are critical mediators of cytoskeletal reorganization, and their activity at the synapse is likely to be stringently regulated. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) belonging to the Dbl family of proteins represent one major class of proteins that regulate the activity of Rho GTPases. Here we demonstrate that IBP, a homologue of SWAP-70, is a novel GEF for Rac1 and Cdc42 in T lymphocytes, which is recruited to the immunological synapse upon engagement of the antigen receptor. Mutational analysis supports a model whereby IBP is inactive in unstimulated cells. Upon engagement of the T cell receptor, its GEF activity is enhanced by tyrosine phosphorylation, as well as by binding newly generated phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate. Although it is known that T cell receptor engagement leads to the recruitment of Vav to the immunological synapse, these findings indicate that other GEFs, such as IBP, also relocalize to this intercellular region. The recruitment and activation of distinct classes of GEFs may allow for precise control of Rho GTPase function at the crucial interface between T cells and antigen presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Gupta
- Departments of Medicine and Medicine and Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Abstract
To ensure that homeostasis of the immune system is maintained, the sensitivity of lymphocytes to Fas-mediated apoptosis is differentially regulated during their activation. The molecular mechanisms that link the activation program of lymphocytes to changes in sensitivity to Fas-mediated apoptosis have, however, not been fully characterized. In these studies, we have investigated whether Fas-mediated apoptosis can be regulated by interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF-4), a lymphoid-restricted member of the IRF family of transcription factors. IRF-4 expression is upregulated during lymphocyte activation and IRF-4-deficient mice have defects in both lymphocyte activation and homeostasis. Here, we show that stable expression of IRF-4 in a human lymphoid cell line that normally lacks IRF-4 leads to a significantly enhanced apoptotic response on Fas receptor engagement. A systematic examination of the downstream effectors of Fas signaling in IRF-4-transfected cells demonstrates an increased activation of caspase-8, as well as an increase in Fas receptor polarization. We demonstrate that IRF-4-deficient mice display defects in activation-induced cell death, as well as superantigen-induced deletion, and that these defects are accompanied by impairments in Fas receptor polarization. These data suggest that IRF-4, by modulating the efficiency of the Fas-mediated death signal, is a novel participant in the regulation of lymphoid cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Fanzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Abstract
Production of cytokines is one of the major mechanisms employed by CD4(+) T cells to coordinate immune responses. Although the molecular mechanisms controlling T cell cytokine production have been extensively studied, the factors that endow T cells with their ability to produce unique sets of cytokines have not been fully characterized. Interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-4 is a lymphoid-restricted member of the interferon regulatory factor family of transcriptional regulators, whose deficiency leads to a profound impairment in the ability of mature CD4(+) T cells to produce cytokines. In these studies, we have investigated the mechanisms employed by IRF-4 to control cytokine synthesis. We demonstrate that stable expression of IRF-4 in Jurkat T cells not only leads to a strong enhancement in the synthesis of interleukin (IL)-2, but also enables these cells to start producing considerable amounts of IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13. Transient transfection assays indicate that IRF-4 can transactivate luciferase reporter constructs driven by either the human IL-2 or the human IL-4 promoter. A detailed analysis of the effects of IRF-4 on the IL-4 promoter reveals that IRF-4 binds to a site adjacent to a functionally important NFAT binding element and that IRF-4 cooperates with NFATc1. These studies thus support the notion that IRF-4 represents one of the lymphoid-specific components that control the ability of T lymphocytes to produce a distinctive array of cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Min Hu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Cui L, Schoene NW, Zhu L, Fanzo JC, Alshatwi A, Lei KY. Zinc depletion reduced Egr-1 and HNF-3beta expression and apolipoprotein A-I promoter activity in Hep G2 cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2002; 283:C623-30. [PMID: 12107072 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00308.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the influence of zinc status on expression of certain transcription factors involved in regulation of apolipoprotein A-I (apoAI) expression in human hepatoblastoma Hep G2 cells. A low zinc basal medium (zinc deficient, ZD) consisting of DMEM and 10% Chelex100-treated fetal bovine serum was used to deplete cellular zinc over one passage. Cells were also cultured for one passage in medium supplemented with 0.4 (ZD0.4), 4.0 (zinc normal, ZN), 16.0 (zinc adequate, ZA), or 32.0 microM zinc (zinc supplemented, ZS). Compared with ZN cells, cellular zinc levels were 43 and 31% lower in ZD and ZD0.4 cells but 70 and 146% higher in ZA and ZS cells, respectively. Supplementation of 0.4 microM zinc significantly increased DNA contents per plate, from 65% in ZD cells to 83% in ZD0.4 cells compared with ZN cells. Addition of >4 microM zinc in medium did not further increase DNA contents. The proportion of cells in G(1)/S and S phase was about fourfold higher and threefold lower, respectively, in ZD cells compared with ZN and other groups. Nuclear Egr-1 protein was markedly decreased in ZD and ZD0.4 cells. Moreover, hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-3beta was severely degraded in ZD and ZD0.4 cells. In contrast, HNF-4alpha remained stable in all groups and was not significantly lower in ZD and ZD0.4 cells. Furthermore, downregulation of trans-acting factor Egr-1 and cleavage of HNF-3beta were associated with reduction of apoAI promoter activity in zinc-deficient Hep G2 cells. Thus zinc is critical in transcriptional regulation of apoAI gene expression in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Cui
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park 20742, USA
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Fanzo JC, Reaves SK, Cui L, Zhu L, Lei KY. p53 protein and p21 mRNA levels and caspase-3 activity are altered by zinc status in aortic endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2002; 283:C631-8. [PMID: 12107073 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00248.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The influence of zinc status on the levels of p53, as well as downstream targets of p53 in cell repair and survival, was examined in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). A serum-reduced low-zinc medium (ZD) was used to deplete zinc over one passage. Other treatments included zinc-normal control (ZN), zinc-adequate (ZA), and zinc-supplemented (ZS) treatment with 3.0, 16.0, and 32.0 microM zinc, respectively. Cellular zinc levels in the ZD cells were 64% of ZN controls; levels in the ZA cells were not different, but levels in ZS cells were significantly higher (40%) than in ZN cells. No difference in p53 mRNA abundance was detected among all treatments; however, p53 nuclear protein levels were >100% higher in the ZD and ZS cells and almost 200% higher in the ZA cells than in ZN controls. In addition, p21 mRNA abundance, a downstream target of p53 protein, was increased in the ZS cells compared with both the ZN control and ZD cells. In the ZS cells, bax and mcl-1 were also approximately 50% higher compared with ZN controls, whereas bcl-2 mRNA was increased compared with ZA cells. Moreover, caspase-3 activity of ZD cells was not different from that of ZN controls but was reduced to 83 and 69% of ZN controls in ZA and ZS cells, respectively. Thus p53 protein and p53 downstream target genes appeared to be modulated by intracellular zinc status in HAECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Fanzo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Fanzo JC, Reaves SK, Cui L, Zhu L, Wu JY, Wang YR, Lei KY. Zinc status affects p53, gadd45, and c-fos expression and caspase-3 activity in human bronchial epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2001; 281:C751-7. [PMID: 11502552 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.2001.281.3.c751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to examine the influence of zinc depletion and supplementation on the expression of p53 gene, target genes of p53, and caspase-3 activity in normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells. A serum-free, low-zinc medium containing 0.4 micromol/l of zinc [zinc deficient (ZD)] was used to deplete cellular zinc over one passage. In addition, cells were cultured for one passage in media containing 4.0 micromol/l of zinc [zinc normal (ZN)], which represents normal culture concentrations (Clonetics); 16 micromol/l of zinc [zinc adequate (ZA)], which represents normal human plasma zinc levels; or 32 micromol/l of zinc [zinc supplemented (ZS)], which represents the high end of plasma zinc levels attainable by oral supplementation in humans. Compared with ZN cells, cellular zinc levels were 76% lower in ZD cells but 3.5-fold and 6-fold higher in ZA and ZS cells, respectively. Abundances of p53 mRNA and nuclear p53 protein were elevated in treatment groups compared with controls (ZN). For p53 mRNA abundance, the highest increase (3-fold) was observed in ZD cells. In contrast, the highest increase (17-fold) in p53 nuclear protein levels was detected in ZS cells. Moreover, gadd45 mRNA abundance was moderately elevated in ZD and ZA cells and was not altered in ZS cells compared with ZN cells. Furthermore, the only alteration in c-fos mRNA and caspase-3 activity was the twofold increase and the 25% reduction, respectively, detected in ZS compared with ZN cells. Thus p53, gadd45, and c-fos and caspase-3 activity appeared to be modulated by cellular zinc status in NHBE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Fanzo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Reaves SK, Wu JY, Wu Y, Fanzo JC, Wang YR, Lei PP, Lei KY. Regulation of intestinal apolipoprotein B mRNA editing levels by a zinc-deficient diet and cDNA cloning of editing protein in hamsters. J Nutr 2000; 130:2166-73. [PMID: 10958808 DOI: 10.1093/jn/130.9.2166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the influence of dietary zinc on intestinal apoB mRNA editing in hamsters. Apolipoprotein B-48 (apoB-48) is synthesized from the same gene as apoB-100 by a post-transcriptional, site-specific cytidine deamination, a process known as apoB mRNA editing. A cDNA encoding the hamster apoB mRNA editing enzyme was obtained by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the deduced amino acid sequence was found to possess high amino acid sequence identity to apoB mRNA editing enzymes from several other species. Editing activity was detected in the small intestine and colon but, like humans, none was detected in the liver. Analysis by RT-PCR indicated that the small intestine possessed the highest expression of editing enzyme mRNA abundance, whereas both liver and small intestine expressed relatively high levels of apoB mRNA. The influence of dietary zinc on intestinal apoB mRNA editing levels was examined in Golden Syrian hamsters (7 wk old) assigned to one of the following three dietary treatments: Zn-adequate (ZA, 30 mg Zn/kg diet), Zn-deficient (ZD, <0. 5 mg Zn/kg diet), or Zn-replenished (ZDA, ZD hamsters receiving ZA diet for last 2 d) for 7 wk. Hamsters consuming the ZD diet had modestly but significantly lower intestinal editing activity than ZA hamsters. Intestinal editing activity in the ZDA group was not different from that of ZA hamsters. Data derived from these studies contribute to the understanding of lipoprotein metabolism in hamsters, a suitable model for the study of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Reaves
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Reaves SK, Fanzo JC, Arima K, Wu JY, Wang YR, Lei KY. Expression of the p53 tumor suppressor gene is up-regulated by depletion of intracellular zinc in HepG2 cells. J Nutr 2000; 130:1688-94. [PMID: 10867037 DOI: 10.1093/jn/130.7.1688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression and activation of the p53 tumor suppressor protein are modulated by various cellular stimuli. The objective of this work was to examine the influence of zinc depletion on the expression of p53 in HepG2 cells. Two different low Zn (ZD) media, Zn-free Opti-MEM and a ZD medium containing Chelex-100 treated serum, were used to deplete cellular zinc over one passage. Cellular zinc levels of ZD cells were significantly lower than in their controls in both the Opti-MEM and Chelex studies. p53 mRNA abundance was 187% higher in ZD Opti-MEM cells and >100% higher in ZD Chelex cells compared with their respective controls. To examine whether the effects were specific to zinc depletion, a third, zinc-replenished group (ZDA) was included in the Opti-MEM study in which cells were cultured in ZD media for nearly one passage before a change was made to zinc-adequate (ZA) medium for the last 24 h. Zinc levels in the ZDA cells were significantly higher than in ZD cells, and p53 mRNA abundance was normalized to control levels. Nuclear p53 protein levels were >100% higher in the ZD Opti-MEM cells than in ZA cells. Interestingly, the ZDA Opti-MEM cells had significantly lower levels of nuclear p53 protein than both the ZA and ZD cells. These data suggest that expression of p53, a critical component in the maintenance of genomic stability, may be affected by reductions in cellular zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Reaves
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Reaves SK, Fanzo JC, Wu JY, Wang YR, Wu YW, Zhu L, Lei KY. Plasma apolipoprotein B-48, hepatic apolipoprotein B mRNA editing and apolipoprotein B mRNA editing catalytic subunit-1 mRNA levels are altered in zinc-deficient rats. J Nutr 1999; 129:1855-61. [PMID: 10498758 DOI: 10.1093/jn/129.10.1855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein B (apoB) exists as two major isoforms and serves as an obligatory component of lipid-rich plasma lipoprotein particles. Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing is a zinc-dependent, site-specific cytidine deamination that determines whether the apoB-100 or apoB-48 isoform is synthesized. The objective of this work was to examine whether dietary zinc levels affect apoB mRNA editing in vivo. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to zinc-deficient (ZD, <0.5 mg Zn/kg diet), zinc-adequate (ZA, 30 mg Zn/kg diet) or zinc-replenished (ZDA, ZD rats fed the ZA diet for last 2 d) dietary groups for 18 d. The ratio of plasma apolipoprotein B-48 (apoB-48) to total apoB was significantly lower in zinc-deficient compared with zinc-adequate rats. Primer extension analysis indicated a modest but significant reduction in hepatic apoB mRNA editing in ZD rats compared with that of the ZA group. In ZDA rats, hepatic apoB mRNA editing and the percentage of plasma apoB-48 to total apoB were not different from ZA rats. The mRNA abundance of hepatic apobec-1 (apoB mRNA editing catalytic subunit 1) was significantly lower in ZD and ZDA rats than in ZA rats. In summary, the plasma ratio of apoB-48 to total apoB protein as well as hepatic apoB mRNA editing and hepatic apobec-1 mRNA levels were reduced in rats consuming a zinc-deficient diet. These data suggest that one or more components of apoB metabolism may be influenced by dietary zinc status.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Reaves
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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