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Schwarz JE, Sengupta A, Guevara C, Barber AF, Hsu CT, Zhang SL, Weljie A, Sehgal A. Age-regulated cycling metabolites are relevant for behavior. Aging Cell 2024; 23:e14082. [PMID: 38204362 PMCID: PMC11019118 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Circadian cycles of sleep:wake and gene expression change with age in all organisms examined. Metabolism is also under robust circadian regulation, but little is known about how metabolic cycles change with age and whether these contribute to the regulation of behavioral cycles. To address this gap, we compared cycling of metabolites in young and old Drosophila and found major age-related variations. A significant model separated the young metabolic profiles by circadian timepoint, but could not be defined for the old metabolic profiles due to the greater variation in this dataset. Of the 159 metabolites measured in fly heads, we found 17 that cycle by JTK analysis in young flies and 17 in aged. Only four metabolites overlapped in the two groups, suggesting that cycling metabolites are distinct in young and old animals. Among our top cyclers exclusive to young flies were components of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). As the PPP is important for buffering reactive oxygen species, and overexpression of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), a key component of the PPP, was previously shown to extend lifespan in Drosophila, we asked if this manipulation also affects sleep:wake cycles. We found that overexpression in circadian clock neurons decreases sleep in association with an increase in cellular calcium and mitochondrial oxidation, suggesting that altering PPP activity affects neuronal activity. Our findings elucidate the importance of metabolic regulation in maintaining patterns of neural activity, and thereby sleep:wake cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E. Schwarz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Arjun Sengupta
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Camilo Guevara
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Annika F. Barber
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Present address:
Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, RutgersThe State University of New JerseyNew BrunswickNew JerseyUSA
| | - Cynthia T. Hsu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Shirley L. Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Present address:
Department of Cell BiologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Aalim Weljie
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Amita Sehgal
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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Goldman C, Suhy N, Schwarz JE, Sartori ER, Rooklin RB, Schuldt BR, Mesentier-Louro LA, Blanchard JW. Reconstruction of the Blood-Brain Barrier In Vitro to Model and Therapeutically Target Neurological Disease. J Vis Exp 2023. [PMID: 37929987 DOI: 10.3791/65921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a key physiological component of the central nervous system (CNS), maintaining nutrients, clearing waste, and protecting the brain from pathogens. The inherent barrier properties of the BBB pose a challenge for therapeutic drug delivery into the CNS to treat neurological diseases. Impaired BBB function has been related to neurological disease. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), the deposition of amyloid in the cerebral vasculature leading to a compromised BBB, is a co-morbidity in most cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD), suggesting that BBB dysfunction or breakdown may be involved in neurodegeneration. Due to limited access to human BBB tissue, the mechanisms that contribute to proper BBB function and BBB degeneration remain unknown. To address these limitations, we have developed a human pluripotent stem cell-derived BBB (iBBB) by incorporating endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes in a 3D matrix. The iBBB self-assembles to recapitulate the anatomy and cellular interactions present in the BBB. Seeding iBBBs with amyloid captures key aspects of CAA. Additionally, the iBBB offers a flexible platform to modulate genetic and environmental factors implicated in cerebrovascular disease and neurodegeneration, to investigate how genetics and lifestyle affect disease risk. Finally, the iBBB can be used for drug screening and medicinal chemistry studies to optimize therapeutic delivery to the CNS. In this protocol, we describe the differentiation of the three types of cells (endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes) arising from human pluripotent stem cells, how to assemble the differentiated cells into the iBBB, and how to model CAA in vitro using exogenous amyloid. This model overcomes the challenge of studying live human brain tissue with a system that has both biological fidelity and experimental flexibility, and enables the interrogation of the human BBB and its role in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Goldman
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Black Family Stem Cell Institute at Mount Sinai; Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease at Mount Sinai; Friedman Brain Institute at Mount Sinai; Nash Family Department of Neuroscience at Mount Sinai
| | - Natalie Suhy
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Black Family Stem Cell Institute at Mount Sinai; Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease at Mount Sinai; Friedman Brain Institute at Mount Sinai; Nash Family Department of Neuroscience at Mount Sinai
| | - Jessica E Schwarz
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Black Family Stem Cell Institute at Mount Sinai; Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease at Mount Sinai; Friedman Brain Institute at Mount Sinai; Nash Family Department of Neuroscience at Mount Sinai
| | - Emily Ruth Sartori
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Black Family Stem Cell Institute at Mount Sinai; Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease at Mount Sinai; Friedman Brain Institute at Mount Sinai; Nash Family Department of Neuroscience at Mount Sinai
| | - Rikki B Rooklin
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Black Family Stem Cell Institute at Mount Sinai; Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease at Mount Sinai; Friedman Brain Institute at Mount Sinai; Nash Family Department of Neuroscience at Mount Sinai
| | - Braxton R Schuldt
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Black Family Stem Cell Institute at Mount Sinai; Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease at Mount Sinai; Friedman Brain Institute at Mount Sinai; Nash Family Department of Neuroscience at Mount Sinai
| | - Louise A Mesentier-Louro
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Black Family Stem Cell Institute at Mount Sinai; Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease at Mount Sinai; Friedman Brain Institute at Mount Sinai; Nash Family Department of Neuroscience at Mount Sinai
| | - Joel W Blanchard
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Black Family Stem Cell Institute at Mount Sinai; Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease at Mount Sinai; Friedman Brain Institute at Mount Sinai; Nash Family Department of Neuroscience at Mount Sinai;
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Schwarz JE, Mrčela A, Lahens NF, Li Y, Hsu CT, Grant G, Skarke C, Zhang SL, Sehgal A. Evidence for a role of human blood-borne factors in mediating age-associated changes in molecular circadian rhythms. bioRxiv 2023:2023.04.19.537477. [PMID: 37808824 PMCID: PMC10557775 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.19.537477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with a number of physiologic changes including perturbed circadian rhythms; however, mechanisms by which rhythms are altered remain unknown. To test the idea that circulating factors mediate age-dependent changes in peripheral rhythms, we compared the ability of human serum from young and old individuals to synchronize circadian rhythms in culture. We collected blood from apparently healthy young (age 25-30) and old (age 70-76) individuals and used the serum to synchronize cultured fibroblasts. We found that young and old sera are equally competent at driving robust ~24h oscillations of a luciferase reporter driven by clock gene promoter. However, cyclic gene expression is affected, such that young and old sera drive cycling of different genes. While genes involved in the cell cycle and transcription/translation remain rhythmic in both conditions, genes identified by STRING and IPA analyses as associated with oxidative phosphorylation and Alzheimer's Disease lose rhythmicity in the aged condition. Also, the expression of cycling genes associated with cholesterol biosynthesis increases in the cells entrained with old serum. We did not observe a global difference in the distribution of phase between groups, but find that peak expression of several clock controlled genes (PER3, NR1D1, NR1D2, CRY1, CRY2, and TEF) lags in the cells synchronized with old serum. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that age-dependent blood-borne factors affect peripheral circadian rhythms in cells and have the potential to impact health and disease via maintaining or disrupting rhythms respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Schwarz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Antonijo Mrčela
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics (ITMAT), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Nicholas F Lahens
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics (ITMAT), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Yongjun Li
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Cynthia T Hsu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Gregory Grant
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics (ITMAT), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Carsten Skarke
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics (ITMAT), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Shirley L Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
- Current Institution: Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA 30323, United States
| | - Amita Sehgal
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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Zhang SL, Lahens NF, Yue Z, Arnold DM, Pakstis PP, Schwarz JE, Sehgal A. A circadian clock regulates efflux by the blood-brain barrier in mice and human cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:617. [PMID: 33504784 PMCID: PMC7841146 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20795-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is critical for neural function. We report here circadian regulation of the BBB in mammals. Efflux of xenobiotics by the BBB oscillates in mice, with highest levels during the active phase and lowest during the resting phase. This oscillation is abrogated in circadian clock mutants. To elucidate mechanisms of circadian regulation, we profiled the transcriptome of brain endothelial cells; interestingly, we detected limited circadian regulation of transcription, with no evident oscillations in efflux transporters. We recapitulated the cycling of xenobiotic efflux using a human microvascular endothelial cell line to find that the molecular clock drives cycling of intracellular magnesium through transcriptional regulation of TRPM7, which appears to contribute to the rhythm in efflux. Our findings suggest that considering circadian regulation may be important when therapeutically targeting efflux transporter substrates to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley L Zhang
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Nicholas F Lahens
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics (ITMAT), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhifeng Yue
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Denice M Arnold
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter P Pakstis
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jessica E Schwarz
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amita Sehgal
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Mount SL, Schwarz JE, Taatjes DJ. Prolonged storage of fixative for electron microscopy: effects on tissue preservation for diagnostic specimens. Ultrastruct Pathol 1997; 21:195-200. [PMID: 9090030 DOI: 10.3109/01913129709021318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged storage of Karnovsky's fixative, at both 4 and -20 degrees C, is possible in the diagnostic electron microscopy setting. Ultrastructural detail was not compromised in specimens processed in fixative that had been stored for 6 months. Evidence of smooth muscle and neuroendocrine differentiation was present in the form of actin filaments/dense bodies and neurosecretory granules, respectively. No difference in preservation was detected between specimens fixed in freshly prepared Karnovsky's fixative and fixative that had been stored at either 4 or -20 degrees C for up to 6 months. Thus, community hospitals can be provided with Karnovsky's fixative on a semiannual basis for surgical pathology specimens that may require electron microscopy for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Mount
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405, USA
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MacPherson BR, Leslie KO, Lizaso KV, Schwarz JE. Contractile cells of the kidney in primary glomerular disorders: an immunohistochemical study using an anti-alpha-smooth muscle actin monoclonal antibody. Hum Pathol 1993; 24:710-6. [PMID: 8319951 DOI: 10.1016/0046-8177(93)90006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Mesangial cells of the renal glomerulus are thought to have contractile properties, resembling those of smooth muscle cells. Since actin synthesis in mesangial cells is increased in selected animal models of glomerulonephritis, we evaluated the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (ASMA), the principal actin isoform found in smooth muscle cells, in biopsy specimens from patients with primary glomerular disorders and in control tissues. Normal glomeruli and glomeruli in acute tubulointerstitial disorders showed few or no ASMA-positive cells in the glomeruli. In contrast, ASMA expression in mesangial cells was increased in minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, membranous glomerulonephritis, and immunoglobulin A nephropathy. In membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis both mesangial and capillary loop ASMA-positive cells were observed with a segmental distribution. In addition, ASMA-positive interstitial cells were seen in many biopsy specimens and often were increased in number in biopsy specimens showing early interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. We conclude that ASMA synthesis in mesangial cells is upregulated in a variety of glomerular disorders, frequently associated with increased cell proliferation and mesangial matrix production. This phenotypic change may be an indicator of mesangial cell activation after injury and may have important pathophysiologic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R MacPherson
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405
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Davis GS, Leslie KO, Schwarz JE, Pfeiffer LM, Hill-Eubanks L, Hemenway DR. Altered patterns of lung lymphocyte accumulation in silicosis in cytokine-sufficient (C3H/HeN) and cytokine-deficient (C3H/HeJ-LPSd) mice. Chest 1993; 103:120S-121S. [PMID: 8428530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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Abstract
Platelet activating factor (PAF; 1-o-alkyl-2-0-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine-3-phosphocholine) a potential mediator of anaphylaxis, stimulates secretion of mucin by explants of trachea from four separate rodent species (guinea pig, rat, rabbit, ferret) in organ culture. Enhanced secretion is not a result of cell damage or release of histamine by cells within the explants (e.g., platelets). It is inhibited by equimolar concentrations of the potent PAF-receptor antagonist, Ro 19-3704. PAF provokes production of immunoreactive peptidyl leukotrienes (ir-LTC4, LTD4, LTE4) within the explants. The stimulatory effect of PAF on mucin secretion is blocked by equimolar concentrations of nordihydroguiaretic acid (NDGA) a "mixed" inhibitor of both cyclo- and lipoxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism. Leukotrienes are localized within tracheobronchial epithelium by immunohistochemical staining, and physical removal of epithelium from explants inhibits production of leukotrienes in vitro under nonstimulated conditions and after exposure to PAF. In addition, the stimulatory effect of PAF on mucin secretion is not altered by FPL-55712, a receptor antagonist of LTD4. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that PAF stimulates secretion of mucin by activating biosynthesis of lipoxygenase products (e.g., peptidyl leukotrienes) within epithelial cells of the respiratory mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Adler
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405
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