1
|
Clark JD, Benham PM, Maldonado JE, Luther DA, Lim HC. Maintenance of local adaptation despite gene flow in a coastal songbird. Evolution 2022; 76:1481-1494. [PMID: 35700208 PMCID: PMC9545442 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation to local environments is common in widespread species and the basis of ecological speciation. The song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) is a widespread, polytypic passerine that occurs in shrubland habitats throughout North America. We examined the population structure of two parapatric subspecies that inhabit different environments: the Atlantic song sparrow (M. m. atlantica), a coastal specialist, and the eastern song sparrow (M. m. melodia), a shrubland generalist. These populations lacked clear mitochondrial population structure, yet coastal birds formed a distinct nuclear genetic cluster. We found weak overall genomic differentiation between these subspecies, suggesting either recent divergence, extensive gene flow, or a combination thereof. There was a steep genetic cline at the transition to coastal habitats, consistent with isolation by environment, not isolation by distance. A phenotype under divergent selection, bill size, varied with the amount of coastal ancestry in transitional areas, but larger bill size was maintained in coastal habitats regardless of ancestry, further supporting a role for selection in the maintenance of these subspecies. Demographic modeling suggested a divergence history of limited gene flow followed by secondary contact, which has emerged as a common theme in adaptive divergence across taxa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Clark
- Department of Environmental Science and PolicyGeorge Mason UniversityFairfaxVirginia22030,Current Address: Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNew Hampshire03824
| | - Phred M. Benham
- Museum of Vertebrate ZoologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCalifornia94720
| | - Jesus E. Maldonado
- Department of Environmental Science and PolicyGeorge Mason UniversityFairfaxVirginia22030,Center for Conservation GenomicsSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteWashingtonD.C.20013
| | - David A. Luther
- Department of BiologyGeorge Mason UniversityFairfaxVirginia22030
| | - Haw Chuan Lim
- Center for Conservation GenomicsSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteWashingtonD.C.20013,Department of BiologyGeorge Mason UniversityFairfaxVirginia22030
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Reding DM, Castañeda-Rico S, Shirazi S, Hofman CA, Cancellare IA, Lance SL, Beringer J, Clark WR, Maldonado JE. Mitochondrial Genomes of the United States Distribution of Gray Fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) Reveal a Major Phylogeographic Break at the Great Plains Suture Zone. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.666800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined phylogeographic structure in gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) across the United States to identify the location of secondary contact zone(s) between eastern and western lineages and investigate the possibility of additional cryptic intraspecific divergences. We generated and analyzed complete mitochondrial genome sequence data from 75 samples and partial control region mitochondrial DNA sequences from 378 samples to investigate levels of genetic diversity and structure through population- and individual-based analyses including estimates of divergence (FST and SAMOVA), median joining networks, and phylogenies. We used complete mitochondrial genomes to infer phylogenetic relationships and date divergence times of major lineages of Urocyon in the United States. Despite broad-scale sampling, we did not recover additional major lineages of Urocyon within the United States, but identified a deep east-west split (∼0.8 million years) with secondary contact at the Great Plains Suture Zone and confirmed the Channel Island fox (Urocyon littoralis) is nested within U. cinereoargenteus. Genetic diversity declined at northern latitudes in the eastern United States, a pattern concordant with post-glacial recolonization and range expansion. Beyond the east-west divergence, morphologically-based subspecies did not form monophyletic groups, though unique haplotypes were often geographically limited. Gray foxes in the United States displayed a deep, cryptic divergence suggesting taxonomic revision is needed. Secondary contact at a common phylogeographic break, the Great Plains Suture Zone, where environmental variables show a sharp cline, suggests ongoing evolutionary processes may reinforce this divergence. Follow-up study with nuclear markers should investigate whether hybridization is occurring along the suture zone and characterize contemporary population structure to help identify conservation units. Comparative work on other wide-ranging carnivores in the region should test whether similar evolutionary patterns and processes are occurring.
Collapse
|
3
|
Camacho-Sanchez M, Hawkins MTR, Tuh Yit Yu F, Maldonado JE, Leonard JA. Endemism and diversity of small mammals along two neighboring Bornean mountains. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7858. [PMID: 31608182 PMCID: PMC6788440 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mountains offer replicated units with large biotic and abiotic gradients in a reduced spatial scale. This transforms them into well-suited scenarios to evaluate biogeographic theories. Mountain biogeography is a hot topic of research and many theories have been proposed to describe the changes in biodiversity with elevation. Geometric constraints, which predict the highest diversity to occur in mid-elevations, have been a focal part of this discussion. Despite this, there is no general theory to explain these patterns, probably because of the interaction among different predictors with the local effects of historical factors. We characterize the diversity of small non-volant mammals across the elevational gradient on Mount (Mt.) Kinabalu (4,095 m) and Mt. Tambuyukon (2,579 m), two neighboring mountains in Borneo, Malaysia. We documented a decrease in species richness with elevation which deviates from expectations of the geometric constraints and suggests that spatial factors (e.g., larger diversity in larger areas) are important. The lowland small mammal community was replaced in higher elevations (from above ~1,900 m) with montane communities consisting mainly of high elevation Borneo endemics. The positive correlation we find between elevation and endemism is concordant with a hypothesis that predicts higher endemism with topographical isolation. This supports lineage history and geographic history could be important drivers of species diversity in this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Camacho-Sanchez
- Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Group, Doñana Biological Station (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain.,CiBIO-Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Melissa T R Hawkins
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, USA.,Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Jesus E Maldonado
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jennifer A Leonard
- Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Group, Doñana Biological Station (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Camacho-Sanchez M, Quintanilla I, Hawkins MTR, Tuh FYY, Wells K, Maldonado JE, Leonard JA. Front Cover. DIVERS DISTRIB 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
5
|
Camacho-Sanchez M, Quintanilla I, Hawkins MTR, Tuh FYY, Wells K, Maldonado JE, Leonard JA. Interglacial refugia on tropical mountains: Novel insights from the summit rat (Rattus baluensis), a Borneo mountain endemic. DIVERS DISTRIB 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Camacho-Sanchez
- Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Group; Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC); Seville Spain
| | - Irene Quintanilla
- Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Group; Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC); Seville Spain
| | - Melissa T. R. Hawkins
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute; Center for Conservation Genomics; National Zoological Park; Washington DC USA
- Division of Mammals; National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; Washington DC USA
| | | | - Konstans Wells
- Environmental Futures Research Institute; School of Environment; Griffith University; Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Jesus E. Maldonado
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute; Center for Conservation Genomics; National Zoological Park; Washington DC USA
| | - Jennifer A. Leonard
- Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Group; Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC); Seville Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mannise N, Cosse M, González S, Emmons LH, Barbanti Duarte JM, Beccaceci MD, Maldonado JE. Maned wolves retain moderate levels of genetic diversity and gene flow despite drastic habitat fragmentation. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2017. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
7
|
West C, Hofman CA, Ebbert S, Martin J, Shirazi S, Dunning S, Maldonado JE. Integrating archaeology and ancient DNA analysis to address invasive species colonization in the Gulf of Alaska. Conserv Biol 2017; 31:1163-1172. [PMID: 27859602 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The intentional and unintentional movement of plants and animals by humans has transformed ecosystems and landscapes globally. Assessing when and how a species was introduced are central to managing these transformed landscapes, particularly in island environments. In the Gulf of Alaska, there is considerable interest in the history of mammal introductions and rehabilitating Gulf of Alaska island environments by eradicating mammals classified as invasive species. The Arctic ground squirrel (Urocitellus parryii) is of concern because it affects vegetation and seabirds on Gulf of Alaska islands. This animal is assumed to have been introduced by historic settlers; however, ground squirrel remains in the prehistoric archaeological record of Chirikof Island, Alaska, challenge this timeline and suggest they colonized the islands long ago. We used 3 lines of evidence to address this problem: direct radiocarbon dating of archaeological squirrel remains; evidence of prehistoric human use of squirrels; and ancient DNA analysis of dated squirrel remains. Chirikof squirrels dated to at least 2000 years ago, and cut marks on squirrel bones suggested prehistoric use by people. Ancient squirrels also shared a mitochondrial haplotype with modern Chirikof squirrels. These results suggest that squirrels have been on Chirikof longer than previously assumed and that the current population of squirrels is closely related to the ancient population. Thus, it appears ground squirrels are not a recent, human-mediated introduction and may have colonized the island via a natural dispersal event or an ancient human translocation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine West
- Department of Archaeology, Boston University, 675 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, U.S.A
| | - Courtney A Hofman
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, U.S.A
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 5513, Washington, D.C., 20013-7012, U.S.A
| | - Steve Ebbert
- Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 95 Sterling Hwy #1, Homer, AK, 99603, U.S.A
| | - John Martin
- Alaska Region, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1011 East Tudor Road, MS 211, Anchorage, AK, 99503, U.S.A
| | - Sabrina Shirazi
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 5513, Washington, D.C., 20013-7012, U.S.A
| | - Samantha Dunning
- Department of Anthropology, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Drive, Anchorage, AK, 99508, U.S.A
| | - Jesus E Maldonado
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 5513, Washington, D.C., 20013-7012, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hawkins MTR, Leonard JA, Helgen KM, McDonough MM, Rockwood LL, Maldonado JE. Evolutionary history of endemic Sulawesi squirrels constructed from UCEs and mitogenomes sequenced from museum specimens. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:80. [PMID: 27075887 PMCID: PMC4831120 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Indonesian island of Sulawesi has a complex geological history. It is composed of several landmasses that have arrived at a near modern configuration only in the past few million years. It is the largest island in the biodiversity hotspot of Wallacea—an area demarcated by the biogeographic breaks between Wallace’s and Lydekker’s lines. The mammal fauna of Sulawesi is transitional between Asian and Australian faunas. Sulawesi’s three genera of squirrels, all endemic (subfamily Nannosciurinae: Hyosciurus, Rubrisciurus and Prosciurillus), are of Asian origin and have evolved a variety of phenotypes that allow a range of ecological niche specializations. Here we present a molecular phylogeny of this radiation using data from museum specimens. High throughput sequencing technology was used to generate whole mitochondrial genomes and a panel of nuclear ultraconserved elements providing a large genome-wide dataset for inferring phylogenetic relationships. Results Our analysis confirmed monophyly of the Sulawesi taxa with deep divergences between the three endemic genera, which predate the amalgamation of the current island of Sulawesi. This suggests lineages may have evolved in allopatry after crossing Wallace’s line. Nuclear and mitochondrial analyses were largely congruent and well supported, except for the placement of Prosciurillus murinus. Mitochondrial analysis revealed paraphyly for Prosciurillus, with P. murinus between or outside of Hyosciurus and Rubrisciurus, separate from other species of Prosciurillus. A deep but monophyletic history for the four included species of Prosciurillus was recovered with the nuclear data. Conclusions The divergence of the Sulawesi squirrels from their closest relatives dated to ~9.7–12.5 million years ago (MYA), pushing back the age estimate of this ancient adaptive radiation prior to the formation of the current conformation of Sulawesi. Generic level diversification took place around 9.7 MYA, opening the possibility that the genera represent allopatric lineages that evolved in isolation in an ancient proto-Sulawesian archipelago. We propose that incongruence between phylogenies based on nuclear and mitochondrial sequences may have resulted from biogeographic discordance, when two allopatric lineages come into secondary contact, with complete replacement of the mitochondria in one species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0650-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa T R Hawkins
- Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, 20008, USA. .,Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, MRC 108, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA. .,Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA.
| | - Jennifer A Leonard
- Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana(EBD-CSIC), 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Kristofer M Helgen
- Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, MRC 108, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA
| | - Molly M McDonough
- Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, 20008, USA.,Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, MRC 108, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA
| | - Larry L Rockwood
- Department of Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - Jesus E Maldonado
- Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, 20008, USA.,Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, MRC 108, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hawkins MTR, Helgen KM, Maldonado JE, Rockwood LL, Tsuchiya MTN, Leonard JA. Phylogeny, biogeography and systematic revision of plain long-nosed squirrels (genus Dremomys, Nannosciurinae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 94:752-764. [PMID: 26524259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The plain long-nosed squirrels, genus Dremomys, are high elevation species in East and Southeast Asia. Here we present a complete molecular phylogeny for the genus based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Concatenated mitochondrial and nuclear gene trees were constructed to determine the tree topology, and date the tree. All speciation events within the plain-long nosed squirrels (genus Dremomys) were ancient (dated to the Pliocene or Miocene), and averaged older than many speciation events in the related Sunda squirrels, genus Sundasciurus. Within the plain long-nosed squirrels, the most recent interspecific split occurred 2.9 million years ago, older than some splits within Sunda squirrels, which dated to the Pleistocene. Our results demonstrate that the plain long-nosed squirrels are not monophyletic. The single species with a distinct distribution, the Bornean mountain ground squirrel (Dremomys everetti), which is endemic to the high mountains of Borneo, is nested within the Sunda squirrels with high support. This species diverged from its sister taxa in the Sunda squirrels 6.62 million years ago, and other plain long-nosed squirrels over 11 million years ago. Our analyses of morphological traits in these related genera support the re-classification of the Bornean mountain ground squirrel, Dremomys everetti, to the genus Sundasciurus, which changes its name to Sundasciurus everetti. Past inclusion in the plain long-nosed squirrels (Dremomys) reflects convergent evolution between these high elevation species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa T R Hawkins
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, National Zoological Park, Washington DC 20008, USA; Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington DC 20013-7012, USA; Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Group, Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n, Sevilla 41092, Spain; George Mason University, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 20030, USA.
| | - Kristofer M Helgen
- Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington DC 20013-7012, USA
| | - Jesus E Maldonado
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, National Zoological Park, Washington DC 20008, USA; Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington DC 20013-7012, USA
| | - Larry L Rockwood
- George Mason University, Department of Biology, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 20030, USA
| | - Mirian T N Tsuchiya
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, National Zoological Park, Washington DC 20008, USA; Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington DC 20013-7012, USA; George Mason University, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 20030, USA
| | - Jennifer A Leonard
- Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Group, Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hawkins MTR, Hofman CA, Callicrate T, McDonough MM, Tsuchiya MTN, Gutiérrez EE, Helgen KM, Maldonado JE. In-solution hybridization for mammalian mitogenome enrichment: pros, cons and challenges associated with multiplexing degraded DNA. Mol Ecol Resour 2015. [PMID: 26220248 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here, we present a set of RNA-based probes for whole mitochondrial genome in-solution enrichment, targeting a diversity of mammalian mitogenomes. This probes set was designed from seven mammalian orders and tested to determine the utility for enriching degraded DNA. We generated 63 mitogenomes representing five orders and 22 genera of mammals that yielded varying coverage ranging from 0 to >5400X. Based on a threshold of 70% mitogenome recovery and at least 10× average coverage, 32 individuals or 51% of samples were considered successful. The estimated sequence divergence of samples from the probe sequences used to construct the array ranged up to nearly 20%. Sample type was more predictive of mitogenome recovery than sample age. The proportion of reads from each individual in multiplexed enrichments was highly skewed, with each pool having one sample that yielded a majority of the reads. Recovery across each mitochondrial gene varied with most samples exhibiting regions with gaps or ambiguous sites. We estimated the ability of the probes to capture mitogenomes from a diversity of mammalian taxa not included here by performing a clustering analysis of published sequences for 100 taxa representing most mammalian orders. Our study demonstrates that a general array can be cost and time effective when there is a need to screen a modest number of individuals from a variety of taxa. We also address the practical concerns for using such a tool, with regard to pooling samples, generating high quality mitogenomes and detail a pipeline to remove chimeric molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa T R Hawkins
- Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, 20008, USA.,Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, MRC 108, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA.,Department of Environmental Science & Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - Courtney A Hofman
- Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, 20008, USA.,Program in Human Ecology and Archaeobiology, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA.,Department of Anthropology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Taylor Callicrate
- Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, 20008, USA.,Department of Animal & Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Molly M McDonough
- Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, 20008, USA.,Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, MRC 108, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA
| | - Mirian T N Tsuchiya
- Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, 20008, USA.,Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, MRC 108, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA.,Department of Environmental Science & Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - Eliécer E Gutiérrez
- Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, 20008, USA.,Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, MRC 108, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA
| | - Kristofer M Helgen
- Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, MRC 108, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA
| | - Jesus E Maldonado
- Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, 20008, USA.,Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, MRC 108, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hofman CA, Rick TC, Hawkins MTR, Funk WC, Ralls K, Boser CL, Collins PW, Coonan T, King JL, Morrison SA, Newsome SD, Sillett TS, Fleischer RC, Maldonado JE. Mitochondrial genomes suggest rapid evolution of dwarf California Channel Islands foxes (Urocyon littoralis). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118240. [PMID: 25714775 PMCID: PMC4340941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Island endemics are typically differentiated from their mainland progenitors in behavior, morphology, and genetics, often resulting from long-term evolutionary change. To examine mechanisms for the origins of island endemism, we present a phylogeographic analysis of whole mitochondrial genomes from the endangered island fox (Urocyon littoralis), endemic to California's Channel Islands, and mainland gray foxes (U. cinereoargenteus). Previous genetic studies suggested that foxes first appeared on the islands >16,000 years ago, before human arrival (~13,000 cal BP), while archaeological and paleontological data supported a colonization >7000 cal BP. Our results are consistent with initial fox colonization of the northern islands probably by rafting or human introduction ~9200-7100 years ago, followed quickly by human translocation of foxes from the northern to southern Channel Islands. Mitogenomes indicate that island foxes are monophyletic and most closely related to gray foxes from northern California that likely experienced a Holocene climate-induced range shift. Our data document rapid morphological evolution of island foxes (in ~2000 years or less). Despite evidence for bottlenecks, island foxes have generated and maintained multiple mitochondrial haplotypes. This study highlights the intertwined evolutionary history of island foxes and humans, and illustrates a new approach for investigating the evolutionary histories of other island endemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A. Hofman
- Department of Anthropology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Program in Human Ecology and Archaeobiology, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Torben C. Rick
- Program in Human Ecology and Archaeobiology, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Melissa T. R. Hawkins
- Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - W. Chris Funk
- Department of Biology, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Katherine Ralls
- Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Christina L. Boser
- The Nature Conservancy, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Paul W. Collins
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Tim Coonan
- National Park Service, Channel Islands National Park, Ventura, California, United States of America
| | - Julie L. King
- Catalina Island Conservancy, Avalon, California, United States of America
| | - Scott A. Morrison
- The Nature Conservancy, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Seth D. Newsome
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - T. Scott Sillett
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Fleischer
- Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Jesus E. Maldonado
- Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wilbert TR, Woollett DA, Whitelaw A, Dart J, Hoyt JR, Galen S, Ralls K, Meade DE, Maldonado JE. Non-invasive baseline genetic monitoring of the endangered San Joaquin kit fox on a photovoltaic solar facility. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2015. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
13
|
Montiel-Reyes F, Maldonado JE, del Real-Monroy M, Martínez-Méndez N, Ortega J. Non-invasive sampling reveals fine-scale genetic structure in black bear Ursus americanus populations from northeastern Mexico. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2014. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
14
|
Yumnam B, Jhala YV, Qureshi Q, Maldonado JE, Gopal R, Saini S, Srinivas Y, Fleischer RC. Prioritizing tiger conservation through landscape genetics and habitat linkages. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111207. [PMID: 25393234 PMCID: PMC4230928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Even with global support for tiger (Panthera tigris) conservation their survival is threatened by poaching, habitat loss and isolation. Currently about 3,000 wild tigers persist in small fragmented populations within seven percent of their historic range. Identifying and securing habitat linkages that connect source populations for maintaining landscape-level gene flow is an important long-term conservation strategy for endangered carnivores. However, habitat corridors that link regional tiger populations are often lost to development projects due to lack of objective evidence on their importance. Here, we use individual based genetic analysis in combination with landscape permeability models to identify and prioritize movement corridors across seven tiger populations within the Central Indian Landscape. By using a panel of 11 microsatellites we identified 169 individual tigers from 587 scat and 17 tissue samples. We detected four genetic clusters within Central India with limited gene flow among three of them. Bayesian and likelihood analyses identified 17 tigers as having recent immigrant ancestry. Spatially explicit tiger occupancy obtained from extensive landscape-scale surveys across 76,913 km(2) of forest habitat was found to be only 21,290 km(2). After accounting for detection bias, the covariates that best explained tiger occupancy were large, remote, dense forest patches; large ungulate abundance, and low human footprint. We used tiger occupancy probability to parameterize habitat permeability for modeling habitat linkages using least-cost and circuit theory pathway analyses. Pairwise genetic differences (FST) between populations were better explained by modeled linkage costs (r>0.5, p<0.05) compared to Euclidean distances, which was in consonance with observed habitat fragmentation. The results of our study highlight that many corridors may still be functional as there is evidence of contemporary migration. Conservation efforts should provide legal status to corridors, use smart green infrastructure to mitigate development impacts, and restore habitats where connectivity has been lost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bibek Yumnam
- Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun 248001, India
| | | | - Qamar Qureshi
- Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun 248001, India
| | - Jesus E Maldonado
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20008, United States of America; Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20013, United States of America
| | - Rajesh Gopal
- National Tiger Conservation Authority, Bikaneer House, Shah Jahan Road, New Delhi 110011, India
| | - Swati Saini
- Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun 248001, India
| | - Y Srinivas
- Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun 248001, India
| | - Robert C Fleischer
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20008, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Eggert LS, Buij R, Lee ME, Campbell P, Dallmeier F, Fleischer RC, Alonso A, Maldonado JE. Using genetic profiles of African forest elephants to infer population structure, movements, and habitat use in a conservation and development landscape in Gabon. Conserv Biol 2014; 28:107-118. [PMID: 24471781 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Conservation of wide-ranging species, such as the African forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis), depends on fully protected areas and multiple-use areas (MUA) that provide habitat connectivity. In the Gamba Complex of Protected Areas in Gabon, which includes 2 national parks separated by a MUA containing energy and forestry concessions, we studied forest elephants to evaluate the importance of the MUA to wide-ranging species. We extracted DNA from elephant dung samples and used genetic information to identify over 500 individuals in the MUA and the parks. We then examined patterns of nuclear microsatellites and mitochondrial control-region sequences to infer population structure, movement patterns, and habitat use by age and sex. Population structure was weak but significant, and differentiation was more pronounced during the wet season. Within the MUA, males were more strongly associated with open habitats, such as wetlands and savannas, than females during the dry season. Many of the movements detected within and between seasons involved the wetlands and bordering lagoons. Our results suggest that the MUA provides year-round habitat for some elephants and additional habitat for others whose primary range is in the parks. With the continuing loss of roadless wilderness areas in Central Africa, well-managed MUAs will likely be important to the conservation of wide-ranging species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L S Eggert
- Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 3001 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, D.C., 20008, U.S.A.; Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, 226 Tucker Hall, 226 Tucker Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, U.S.A
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ahlering MA, Maldonado JE, Eggert LS, Fleischer RC, Western D, Brown JL. Conservation outside protected areas and the effect of human-dominated landscapes on stress hormones in Savannah elephants. Conserv Biol 2013; 27:569-575. [PMID: 23692020 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity conservation strategies are increasingly focused on regions outside national protected areas, where animals face numerous anthropogenic threats and must coexist with human settlements, livestock, and agriculture. The effects of these potential threats are not always clear, but they could have profound implications for population viability. We used savannah elephants (Loxodonta africana) as a case study to assess the physiological stress associated with living in a human-livestock-dominated landscape. We collected samples over two 3-month periods in 2007 and 2008. We used fecal DNA to identify 96 individual elephants in a community conservation area (CCA) and measured fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) concentrations as a proxy for stress. The CCA is community Maasai land managed for livestock and wildlife. We compared the FGM concentrations from the CCA to FGM concentrations of 40 elephants in Amboseli National Park and 32 elephants in the Maasai Mara National Reserve, where human settlements and intense livestock grazing were absent. In the CCA, we found no significant individual differences in FGM concentrations among the elephants in 2007 (p = 0.312) or 2008 (p = 0.412) and no difference between years (p = 0.616). The elephants in the CCA had similar FGM concentrations to the Maasai Mara population, but Amboseli elephants had significantly lower FGM concentrations than those in either Maasai Mara or the CCA (Tukey pairwise test, p < 0.001), due primarily to females excreting significantly lower FGM relative to males (p = 0.025). In the CCA, there was no relation among female group size, average pairwise group relatedness, and average group FGM concentration. We found no clear evidence of chronic stress in elephants living on CCA communal land, which is encouraging for conservation strategies promoting the protection of animals living outside protected areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Ahlering
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cardoni DA, Greenberg R, Maldonado JE, Isacch JP. Morphological adaptation to coastal marshes in spite of limited genetic structure in the Neotropical passerineSpartonoica maluroides(Aves: Furnariidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Cardoni
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC); Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnica; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Funes 3250; (7600); Mar del Plata; Argentina
| | - Russell Greenberg
- Migratory Bird Center; Smithsonian National Zoological Park; Washington, DC; USA
| | | | - Juan P. Isacch
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC); Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnica; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Funes 3250; (7600); Mar del Plata; Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ahlering MA, Eggert LS, Western D, Estes A, Munishi L, Fleischer R, Roberts M, Maldonado JE. Identifying source populations and genetic structure for savannah elephants in human-dominated landscapes and protected areas in the Kenya-Tanzania borderlands. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52288. [PMID: 23300634 PMCID: PMC3530563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the genetic metapopulation structure of elephants across the trans Rift Valley region of Kenya and Tanzania, one of the remaining strongholds for savannah elephants (Loxodonata africana) in East Africa, using microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers. We then examined this population structure to determine the source population for a recent colonization event of savannah elephants on community-owned land within the trans rift valley region. Four of the five sampled populations showed significant genetic differentiation (p<0.05) as measured with both mtDNA haplotypes and microsatellites. Only the samples from the adjacent Maasai Mara and Serengeti ecosystems showed no significant differentiation. A phylogenetic neighbour-joining tree constructed from mtDNA haplotypes detected four clades. Clade four corresponds to the F clade of previous mtDNA studies that reported to have originated in forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis) but to also be present in some savannah elephant populations. The split between clade four and the other three clades corresponded strongly to the geographic distribution of mtDNA haplotypes across the rift valley in the study area. Clade four was the dominant clade detected on the west side of the rift valley with rare occurrences on the east side. Finally, the strong patterns of population differentiation clearly indicated that the recent colonists to the community-owned land in Kenya came from the west side of the rift valley. Our results indicate strong female philopatry within the isolated populations of the trans rift valley region, with gene flow primarily mediated via male movements. The recent colonization event from Maasai Mara or Serengeti suggests there is hope for maintaining connectivity and population viability outside formal protected areas in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marissa A Ahlering
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Matocq MD, Kelly PA, Phillips SE, Maldonado JE. Reconstructing the evolutionary history of an endangered subspecies across the changing landscape of the Great Central Valley of California. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:5918-33. [PMID: 23106496 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Identifying historic patterns of population genetic diversity and connectivity is a primary challenge in efforts to re-establish the processes that have generated and maintained genetic variation across natural landscapes. The challenge of reconstructing pattern and process is even greater in highly altered landscapes where population extinctions and dramatic demographic fluctuations in remnant populations may have substantially altered, if not eliminated, historic patterns. Here, we seek to reconstruct historic patterns of diversity and connectivity in an endangered subspecies of woodrat that now occupies only 1-2 remnant locations within the highly altered landscape of the Great Central Valley of California. We examine patterns of diversity and connectivity using 14 microsatellite loci and sequence data from a mitochondrial locus and a nuclear intron. We reconstruct temporal change in habitat availability to establish several historical scenarios that could have led to contemporary patterns of diversity, and use an approximate Bayesian computation approach to test which of these scenarios is most consistent with our observed data. We find that the Central Valley populations harbour unique genetic variation coupled with a history of admixture between two well-differentiated species of woodrats that are currently restricted to the woodlands flanking the Valley. Our simulations also show that certain commonly used analytical approaches may fail to recover a history of admixture when populations experience severe bottlenecks subsequent to hybridization. Overall our study shows the strength of combining empirical and simulation analyses to recover the history of populations occupying highly altered landscapes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie D Matocq
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hirsch BT, Stanton MA, Maldonado JE. Kinship shapes affiliative social networks but not aggression in ring-tailed coatis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37301. [PMID: 22624010 PMCID: PMC3356279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal groups typically contain individuals with varying degrees of genetic relatedness, and this variation in kinship has a major influence on patterns of aggression and affiliative behaviors. This link between kinship and social behavior underlies socioecological models which have been developed to explain how and why different types of animal societies evolve. We tested if kinship and age-sex class homophily in two groups of ring-tailed coatis (Nasua nasua) predicted the network structure of three different social behaviors: 1) association, 2) grooming, and 3) aggression. Each group was studied during two consecutive years, resulting in four group-years available for analysis (total of 65 individuals). Association patterns were heavily influenced by agonistic interactions which typically occurred during feeding competition. Grooming networks were shaped by mother-offspring bonds, female-female social relationships, and a strong social attraction to adult males. Mother-offspring pairs were more likely to associate and groom each other, but relatedness had no effect on patterns of aggressive behavior. Additionally, kinship had little to no effect on coalitionary support during agonistic interactions. Adult females commonly came to the aid of juveniles during fights with other group members, but females often supported juveniles who were not their offspring (57% of coalitionary interactions). These patterns did not conform to predictions from socioecological models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben T Hirsch
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
den Tex RJ, Maldonado JE, Thorington R, Leonard JA. Nuclear copies of mitochondrial genes: another problem for ancient DNA. Genetica 2010; 138:979-84. [PMID: 20700629 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-010-9481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The application of ancient DNA techniques is subject to many problems caused primarily by low quality and by low quantity of DNA. For these reasons most studies employing ancient DNA rely on the characterization of mitochondrial DNA, which is present in many more copies per cell than nuclear DNA and hence more copies are likely to survive. We used universal and taxon specific mitochondrial primers to amplify DNA from museum specimens, and found many instances where the amplification of nuclear copies of the mitochondrial gene (numts) instead of the targeted mitochondrial fragment had occurred. Furthermore, the likelihood of amplifying numts increased dramatically when universal primers were utilized. Here we suggest that ancient DNA practitioners must consider the possibility that numts can be amplified at higher rates than previously thought. This is another complication for ancient DNA studies, but it also suggests that more extensive inclusion of nuclear markers in ancient DNA studies should be feasible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert-Jan den Tex
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Duarte JMB, González S, Maldonado JE. The surprising evolutionary history of South American deer. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2008; 49:17-22. [PMID: 18675919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the systematic relationships and evolutionary history of South American deer, we conducted a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis using representative species of all of the genera of Neotropical deer. Our results revealed high levels of molecular and cytogenetic divergence between groups of morphologically similar species of brockets (Mazama), and suggest a polyphyletic origin. At least eight ancestral forms of deer invaded South America during the late Pliocene (2.5-3 MYA), and members of the red brockets had an independent early explosive diversification soon after their ancestor arrived there, giving rise to a number of morphologically cryptic species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Maurício Barbanti Duarte
- Nucleo de Pesquisa e Conservacao de Cervideos, Departamento de Zootecnia, Sao Paulo State University, CEP 14884-900, Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cosse M, González S, Maldonado JE. Cross-amplification tests of ungulate primers in the endangered Neotropical pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus). Genet Mol Res 2007; 6:1118-1122. [PMID: 18273805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In cross-species amplification tests of 15 ungulate primers in pampas deer, five were retained to form a small panel of highly polymorphic loci that could be used to efficiently screen populations of this endangered species. The polymerase chain reactions were performed incorporating the universal fluorescent labeled M13 (-21) primer. In 69 pampas deer, average allelic diversity was 15, expected heterozygosity was 0.869 and the mean polymorphic information content value was 0.847. Paternity exclusion probabilities over loci were NE-1P = 0.01336 and NE-2P = 0.00135, and combined non-exclusion probability of identity was P(ID) = 3 x 10(-8).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Cosse
- Departamento de Genética - IIBCE Unidad Asociada de Facultad de Ciencias, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Koepfli KP, Gompper ME, Eizirik E, Ho CC, Linden L, Maldonado JE, Wayne RK. Phylogeny of the Procyonidae (Mammalia: Carnivora): Molecules, morphology and the Great American Interchange. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2007; 43:1076-95. [PMID: 17174109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2006] [Revised: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Procyonidae (Mammalia: Carnivora) have played a central role in resolving the controversial systematics of the giant and red pandas, but phylogenetic relationships of species within the family itself have received much less attention. Cladistic analyses of morphological characters conducted during the last two decades have resulted in topologies that group ecologically and morphologically similar taxa together. Specifically, the highly arboreal and frugivorous kinkajou (Potos flavus) and olingos (Bassaricyon) define one clade, whereas the more terrestrial and omnivorous coatis (Nasua), raccoons (Procyon), and ringtails (Bassariscus) define another clade, with the similar-sized Nasua and Procyon joined as sister taxa in this latter group. These relationships, however, have not been tested with molecular sequence data. We examined procyonid phylogenetics based on combined data from nine nuclear and two mitochondrial gene segments totaling 6534bp. We were able to fully resolve relationships within the family with strongly supported and congruent results from maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, minimum evolution, and Bayesian analyses. We identified three distinct lineages within the family: a (Nasua, Bassaricyon) clade, a (Bassariscus, Procyon) clade, and a Potos lineage, the last of which is sister to the other two clades. These findings, which are in strong disagreement with prior fossil and morphology-based assessments of procyonid relationships, reemphasize the morphological and ecological flexibility of these taxa. In particular, morphological similarities between unrelated genera possibly reflect convergence associated with similar lifestyles and diets rather than ancestry. Furthermore, incongruence between the molecular supermatrix and a morphological character matrix comprised mostly of dental characters [Baskin, J.A., 2004. Bassariscus and Probassariscus (Mammalia, Carnivora, Procyonidae) from the early Barstovian (Middle Miocene). J. Vert. Paleo. 24, 709-720] may be due to non-independence among atomized dental characters that does not take into account the high developmental genetic correlation of these characters. Finally, molecular divergence dating analyses using a relaxed molecular clock approach suggest that intergeneric and intrageneric splits in the Procyonidae mostly occurred in the Miocene. The inferred divergence times for intrageneric splits for several genera whose ranges are bisected by the Panamanian Isthmus is significant because they suggest diversification well precedes the Great American Interchange, which has long been considered a primary underlying mechanism for procyonid evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus-Peter Koepfli
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Smith DA, Ralls K, Hurt A, Adams B, Parker M, Maldonado JE. Assessing reliability of microsatellite genotypes from kit fox faecal samples using genetic and GIS analyses. Mol Ecol 2006; 15:387-406. [PMID: 16448408 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02841.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive faecal DNA sampling has the potential to provide a wealth of information necessary for monitoring and managing endangered species while eliminating the need to capture, handle or observe rare individuals. However, scoring problems, and subsequent genotyping errors, associated with this monitoring method remain a great concern as they can lead to misidentification of individuals and biased estimates. We examined a kit fox scat data set (353 scats; 80 genotypes) for genotyping errors using both genetic and GIS analyses, and evaluated the feasibility of combining both approaches to assess reliability of the faecal DNA results. We further checked the appropriateness of using faecal genotypes to study kit fox populations by describing information about foxes that we could deduce from the 'acceptable' scat genotypes, and comparing it to information gathered with traditional field techniques. Overall, genetic tests indicated that our data set had a low rate of genotyping error. Furthermore, examination of distributions of scat locations confirmed our data set was relatively error free. We found that analysing information on sex primer consistency and scat locations provided a useful assessment of scat genotype error, and greatly limited the amount of additional laboratory work that was needed to identify potentially 'false' scores. 'Acceptable' scat genotypes revealed information on sex ratio, relatedness, fox movement patterns, latrine use, and size of home range. Results from genetic and field data were consistent, supporting the conclusion that our data set had a very low rate of genotyping error and that this noninvasive method is a reliable approach for monitoring kit foxes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Smith
- Department of Ecosystem Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
All previously obtained wolf (Canis lupus) and dog (Canis familiaris) mitochondrial (mt) DNA sequences fall within an intertwined and shallow clade (the 'wolf-dog' clade). We sequenced mtDNA of recent and historical samples from 45 wolves from throughout lowland peninsular India and 23 wolves from the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau and compared these sequences with all available wolf and dog sequences. All 45 lowland Indian wolves have one of four closely related haplotypes that form a well-supported, divergent sister lineage to the wolf-dog clade. This unique lineage may have been independent for more than 400,000 years. Although seven Himalayan wolves from western and central Kashmir fall within the widespread wolf-dog clade, one from Ladakh in eastern Kashmir, nine from Himachal Pradesh, four from Nepal and two from Tibet form a very different basal clade. This lineage contains five related haplotypes that probably diverged from other canids more than 800,000 years ago, but we find no evidence of current barriers to admixture. Thus, the Indian subcontinent has three divergent, ancient and apparently parapatric mtDNA lineages within the morphologically delineated wolf. No haplotypes of either novel lineage are found within a sample of 37 Indian (or other) dogs. Thus, we find no evidence that these two taxa played a part in the domestication of canids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh K Sharma
- Wildlife Institute of India, Postbox 18, Dehradun 248001, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Abstract
We examined cytochrome b sequence variation in 251 ornate shrews (Sorex ornatus) from 20 localities distributed throughout their geographical range. Additionally, vagrant (S. vagrans) and montane (S. monticolus) shrews from four localities were used as outgroups. We found 24 haplotypes in ornate shrews from California (USA) and Baja California (Mexico) that differed by 1-31 substitutions in 392 bp of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence. In a subset of individuals, we sequenced 699 bp of cytochrome b to better resolve the phylogeographic relationships of populations. The ornate shrew is phylogeographically structured into three haplotype clades representing southern, central and northern localities. Analysis of allozyme variation reveals a similar pattern of variation. Several other small California vertebrates have a similar tripartite pattern of genetic subdivision. We suggest that topographic barriers and expansion and contraction of wetland habitats in the central valley during Pleistocene glacial cycles account for these patterns of genetic variation. Remarkably, the northern ornate shrew clade is phylogenetically clustered with another species of shrew suggesting that it may be a unique lowland form of the vagrant shrew that evolved in parallel to their southern California counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Maldonado
- Department of Organismic Biology, Ecology and Evolution, University of California, Los Angeles 90095-1606, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Affiliation(s)
- E A Lacey
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
The spectacular diversity in size, conformation, and pelage that characterizes the domestic dog reflects not only the intensity of artificial selection but ultimately the genetic variability of founding populations. Here we review past molecular genetic data that are relevant to understanding the origin and phylogenetic relationships of the dog. DNA-DNA hybridization data show that the dog family Canidae diverged about 50 million years ago from other carnivore families. In contrast, the extant canids are very closely related and diverged from a common ancestor about 10 million years ago. The evidence supporting a close relationship of dogs with gray wolves is overwhelming. However, dogs are remarkably diverse in mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Mitochondrial DNA analysis suggests a more ancient origin of dogs than has been indicated by the fossil record. In addition, dogs have originated from or interbred with wolves throughout their history at different times and different places. We test the possibility of an independent domestication event in North America by analysis of mtDNA variation in the Xoloitzcuintli. This unusual breed is believed to have been kept isolated for thousands of years and may be one of the most ancient breeds in North America. Our results do not support a New World domestication of dogs nor a close association of the Xoloitzcuintli with other hair-less breeds of dogs. Despite their phenotypic uniformity, the Xoloitzcuintli has a surprisingly high level of mtDNA sequence variation. Other breeds are also genetically diverse, suggesting that dog breeds were often founded with a large number of dogs from outbred populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Vilà
- Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
González S, Maldonado JE, Leonard JA, Vilà C, Duarte JM, Merino M, Brum-Zorrilla N, Wayne RK. Conservation genetics of the endangered Pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus). Mol Ecol 1998; 7:47-56. [PMID: 9465416 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus L. 1758) is the most endangered neotropical cervid, and in the past occupied a wide range of open habitats including grassland, pampas, savanna, and cerrado (Brazil) from 5 degrees to 41 degrees S. To better understand the effect of habitat fragmentation on gene flow and genetic variation, and to uncover genetic units for conservation, we examined DNA sequences from the mitochondrial control region of 54 individuals from six localities distributed throughout the present geographical range of the Pampas deer. Our results suggest that the control region of the Pampas deer is one of the most polymorphic of any mammal. This remarkably high variability probably reflects large historic population sizes of millions of individuals in contrast to numbers of fewer than 80,000 today. Gene flow between populations is generally close to one migrant per generation and, with the exception of two populations from Argentina, all populations are significantly differentiated. The degree of gene flow was correlated with geographical distance between populations, a result consistent with limited dispersal being the primary determinant of genetic differentiation between populations. The molecular genetic results provide a mandate for habitat restoration and reintroduction of Pampas deer so that levels of genetic variation can be preserved and historic patterns of abundance can be reconstructed. However, the source of individuals for reintroduction generally should be from populations geographically closest to those now in danger of extinction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S González
- División Citogenética, IIBCE, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA control region sequences were analyzed from 162 wolves at 27 localities worldwide and from 140 domestic dogs representing 67 breeds. Sequences from both dogs and wolves showed considerable diversity and supported the hypothesis that wolves were the ancestors of dogs. Most dog sequences belonged to a divergent monophyletic clade sharing no sequences with wolves. The sequence divergence within this clade suggested that dogs originated more than 100,000 years before the present. Associations of dog haplotypes with other wolf lineages indicated episodes of admixture between wolves and dogs. Repeated genetic exchange between dog and wolf populations may have been an important source of variation for artificial selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Vilà
- Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kirkland GL, Maldonado JE. Patterns of Variation in Cranial Damage Attributable to Skrjabingylus sp. (Nematoda, Metastrongyloidea) in Skunks (Mammalia, Mustelidae) from Mexico. SOUTHWEST NAT 1988. [DOI: 10.2307/3672083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
34
|
Maldonado JE, Kirkland Jr. GL. Relationship between cranial damage attributable to Skrjabingylus (Nematoda) and braincase capacity in the striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis). CAN J ZOOL 1986. [DOI: 10.1139/z86-302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cleaned and dried crania of striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), with and without external lesions attributable to Skrjabingylus spp. (Nematoda, Metastrongyloidea), were examined to determine the relationship between braincase capacity in M. mephitis and cranial damage attributable to Skrjabingylus spp. The rate of increase in braincase or cranial capacity as a function of skull size was significantly less in crania evincing Skrjabingylus lesions. In general, braincase capacity tended to be smaller in specimens evincing cranial lesions than in comparable-sized skulls lacking lesions. In a sample of 16 freshly killed M. mephitis, 7 of 8 specimens that harbored adult Skrjabingylus chitwoodorum evinced both external lesions and macroscopic damage to the roof of the braincase, whereas none of 8 specimens free of adult S. chitwoodorum had any external or internal cranial lesions. These results support the hypothesis that downwarping of the cranial roof and corresponding reduction in braincase capacity in M. mephitis are associated with Skrjabingylus infections. Such changes in the cranium could explain, at least in part, behavioral aberrations in M. mephitis infected with Skrjabingylus spp.
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Maldonado JE, Maigne J, Lecoq D. Comparative electron-microscopic study of the erythrocytic line in refractory anemia (preleukemia) and myelomonocytic leukemia. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol Blood Cells 1977; 17:167-85. [PMID: 1069972 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-66312-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The bone marrow erythrocytic precursors of 12 patients with refractory anemia (preleukemia) or myelomonocytic leukemia were studied by transmission electron microscopy. The results were tabulated in a semiquantitative manner and a comparison was established between the two main diagnostic groups. The following results are reported. 1. Similar nuclear and cytoplasmic abnormalities of the normoblasts were observed in preleukemia and leukemia. 2. A nuclear lesion consisting of nuclear clefts and blebs was demonstrated in at least some of the normoblasts in all of the patients. Although not specific, this finding appears to be a new contribution in the field of preleukemia and myelomonocytic leukemia. 3. Iron overload, including the presence of pathologic sideroblasts, is common to both preleukemia and leukemia.
Collapse
|
37
|
Solley GO, Maldonado JE, Gleich GJ, Giuliani ER, Hoagland HC, Pierre RV, Brown AL. Endomyocardiopathy with eosinophilia. Mayo Clin Proc 1976; 51:697-708. [PMID: 994551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Five patients were seen at the Mayo Clinic over an 8-year period with the following complex of clinical and morphologic features; striking eosinophilia, cardiomyopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and either a rapidly fatal or a prolonged, debilitating illness. In recent years, controversy has raged over the precise designation of this syndrome, with proposals ranging from eosinophilic leukemia to hypereosinophilic syndromes. To focus on the major target organ of the disease, we have favored the term endomyocardiopathy with eosinophilia. Experience with these five patients showed that (1) eosinophilia can persist for many years before symptoms appear; (2) progressive restrictive cardiac disease was the major cause of death and debility; (3) osmiophilic cytoplasmic inclusions are present in eosinophils of these patients and also in cells from other patients with marked eosinophilia; and (4) echocardiography may prove to be a useful noninvasive tool to diagnose and follow the progress of cardiac involvement. Although none of these patients was thought to have leukemia, intensive therapy with steroids or cytotoxic agents, or both, is considered necessary to control the progression of the disease.
Collapse
|
38
|
Lewis JC, Maldonado JE, Mann KG, Moertel CG. Ultrastructural cytochemistry of platelets and megakaryocytes in the carcinoid syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc 1976; 51:585-93. [PMID: 183065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Platelets and megakaryocytes from 11 patients with the carcinoid syndrome have been studied by transmission electron microscopy. Cells fixed in phosphate-buffered glutaraldehyde are oval to discoid, with pseudopods, a dilated open-channel system, and a prominent dense tubular system as defined by peroxidase activity and alkaline bismuth stain. Atypical with hexagonal lattices and treaded substructures and large (diameter greater than 0.5 mum), phosphatase-positive, debris-containing vacuoles are four times more numerous than in normal platelets. Incubation of platelets in a 0.05% suspension of latex results in particle incorporation into phagosomes and the debris-containing vacuoles. Molybdate-dichromate stain reveals two classes of dense bodies, one of which (with a reticular core) is 20 times more numerous than in normal platelets. Bone marrow megakaryocytes lack both dense bodies and debris vacuoles analogous to those found in circulating platelets. These results suggest autophagy or endocytosis abnormalities and provide evidence for multiple types of dense bodies in carcinoid platelets.
Collapse
|
39
|
Maldonado JE. Platelet granulopathy: a new morphologic feature in preleukemia and myelomonocytic leukemia: light microscopy and ultrastructural morphology and cytochemistry. Mayo Clin Proc 1976; 51:452-62. [PMID: 1064737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported on the ultrastructure of platelets in preleukemia and myelomonocytic leukemia. We referred to an unusual and distinct anomaly of the platelet granules found in 15 of 16 patients. In the present communication we wish to describe and illustrate the light microscopic appearance of giant anomalous granules. Close scrutiny of the platelet morphology and a search for the aforementioned platelet granulopathy are important in the evaluation of patients with myeloproliferative diseases. In this paper we describe and illustrate in more detail the ultrastructure and ultrastructural histochemistry of the abnormal granules. In those patients with the platelet granulopathy, we have conducted in vitro platelet aggregation studies and carried out an electron microscopic evaluation of the aggregates. At least some of the giant granules remained morphologically intact in advanced stages of the aggregation phenomenon, and thus they are probably composed of elements that were not released during aggregation.
Collapse
|
40
|
Pintado T, Maldonado JE. Ultrastructure of platelet aggregation in refractory anemia and myelomonocytic leukemia. II. Individual platelet abnormalities: thrombasthenia-like platelets, surface defects, and dissociation phenomena. Mayo Clin Proc 1976; 51:443-51. [PMID: 180359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies of in vitro platelet aggregation were done in five patients with refractory anemia and two with acute myelomonocytic leukemia. The macroscopic results as well as the general ultrastructural findings were reviewed in a companion paper. Electron microscopic analysis of changes in the individual platelets within aggregates revealed a striking heterogeneity, both in the degree of response of each platelet are in the ultrastructural characteristics of the platelet population. Many of the unaggregated platelets had reacted individually, resembling the platelets of patients with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. There were other abnormalities suggesting the presence of surface defects, such as the presence of areas of obliteration of the interplatelet space (so-called tight connections). One of the most striking findings was a peculiar dissociation between the different components of the aggregation sequence.
Collapse
|
41
|
Fine KM, Ashbrook PC, Brigden LP, Maldonado JE, Didishelm P. Gel-filtered human platelets. Ultrastructure, function, and role of proteins in inhibition of aggregation by aspirin. Am J Pathol 1976; 84:11-24. [PMID: 59550 PMCID: PMC2032350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gel filtration of human platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on columns of Sepharose 2B removed at least 99.85% of the plasma proteins from platelets when a column 10 cm in height was used and a plasma volume 11 to 14% of the gel-bed volume was applied. ADP and ATP levels in gel-filtered platelets (GFP) were not significantly different from those in PRP. By transmission electron microscopy, GFP were indistinguishable from PRP. Gel filtration appears to be a highly satisfactory technique of separating platelets from plasma without modifying structure, function, or contents significantly. The roles of several crude protein fractions in platelet aggregation and aspirin's inhibition of aggregation were examined. Fraction I (mostly fibrinogen) enhanced collagen-induced aggregation of gel-filtered platelets; Fraction V (mostly albumin) was inhibitory. Fraction II (mostly gamma-globulin) or gelatin had no significant effect. Aspirin added to gel-filtered platelets inhibited aggregation by 80%. The addition of mixtures of plasma proteins containing albumin increased albumin's inhibitory effect. Incubation of gel-filtered platelets with aspirin labeled in the carboxyl position resulted in no uptake of the label. In contrast, incubation with acetyl-labeled aspirin was followed by uptake of more than 2 X 10(6) acetyl groups per platelet in 1 minute. Incubation for 30 minutes resulted in a five- to sixfold further increase in uptake of the label. Aspirin can acetylate platelets and inhibit aggregation directly. Plasma proteins, in particular albumin or a contaminant of the albumin fraction tested, enhance the inhibitory effect of aspirin on platelet aggregation.
Collapse
|
42
|
Pintado T, Maldonado JE. Ultrastructure of platelet aggregation in refractory anemia and myelomonocytic leukemia. I. Ultrastructure of aggregation in normal controls and general defects in refractory anemia and myelomonocytic leukemia. Mayo Clin Proc 1976; 51:379-92. [PMID: 1063906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In vitro aggregation of the platelets from four patients with refractory anemia and two patients with acute myelomonocyctic leukemia revealed distinctive abnormalities. In five patients, there was deficient or minimal aggregation with adenosine diphosphate (ADP), epinephrine, or collagen and only one wave of aggregation could be elicited with ADP at any concentration. Ultrastructural studies revealed numerous isolated platelets, small aggregates with few platelet pseudopods, and the presence of a characteristic type of aggregate with heterogeneous platelet composition combining features of both the primary and the secondary waves of aggregation. These "mixed aggregates" were particularly abundant in the four patients who had refractory anemia and may constitute the structural basis of the single wave of aggregation observed.
Collapse
|
43
|
Lewis JC, Maldonado JE, Mann KG. Phagocytosis in human platelets: localization of acid phosphatase-positive phagosomes following latex uptake. Blood 1976; 47:833-40. [PMID: 56961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Incubation of human platelets in plasma containing a suspension of latex particles for 1-90 min resulted in progressive accumulation of particles in the open-channel system, followed by localization of latex in electron-opaque vacuoles. After 60 min, acid phosphatase was localized within latex-containing vacuoles. The periodate-alkaline-bismuth reaction intensely stained external membranes and membranes of the open-channel system. Membranes of latex-containing organelles were not stained. Latex phagocytosis was independent of both anticoagulant choice and aspirin effects. Our results indicate that the platelet can act as a true phagocyte, and we suggest that the phagocytic process is chronologically similar to that reported for polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
Collapse
|
44
|
Gleich GJ, Loegering DA, Mann KG, Maldonado JE. Comparative properties of the Charcot-Leyden crystal protein and the major basic protein from human eosinophils. J Clin Invest 1976; 57:633-40. [PMID: 942977 PMCID: PMC436696 DOI: 10.1172/jci108319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Guinea pig eosinophil granules contain a protein, the major basic protein (MBP), which accounts for more than half of the total granule protein, has a high content of arginine, and displays a remarkable tendency to form disulfide-linked aggregates. In this study we have purified a similar protein from human eosinophil granules and have compared the human MBP to the protein comprising the Charcot-Leyden crystal (CLC). Eosinophils from patients with various diseases were purified and disrupted, and the granule fraction was obtained. Examination of the granule fraction by transmission electron microscopy showed numerous typical eosinophil granules. Analyses of granule lysates by gel filtration and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of peroxidase and MBP with properties similar to that previously found in guinea pig eosinophil granules. The human MBP had a molecular weight of 9,200, contained less than 1% carbohydrate, was rich in arginine, and readily formed disulfide-bonded aggregates. CLC were prepared from eosinophil-rich cell suspensions by homogenization in hypotonic saline. The supernates following centrifugation of cell debris spontaneously formed CLC. Analysis of CLC revealed the presence of a protein with a molecular weight of 13,000 containing 1.2% carbohydrate. The protein displayed a remarkable tendency to aggregate even in the presence of 0.2 M acetic acid. Human MBP and CLC protein differed in their molecular weights, carbohydrate compositions, and amino acid analyses. Mixtures of the MBP and the CLC protein yielded two bands in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Neither eosinophil protein increased vascular permeability in the guinea pig skin or contracted the guinea pig ileum. The results indicate that the human MBP and the CLC are distinct substances with properties such that one cannot be derived from the other.
Collapse
|
45
|
Maldonado JE, Pierre RV. The platelets in preleukemia and myelomonocytic leukemia. Ultrastructural cytochemistry and cytogenetics. Mayo Clin Proc 1975; 50:573-87. [PMID: 1058329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Light and electron microscopic studies of platelets from 16 patients with myelomonocytic leukemia or "preleukemia" revealed major morphologic alterations in 15 and minor ones in 1. Although variable in severity from case to case, the changes present followed a distinct pattern. In most cases there were two platelet populations, one morphologically normal and one morpholigically abnormal. The most salient changes pertained to size (giant forms), shape (the platelets being rounded and probably spheroidal), decrease or absence of the microtubules, and increase in immature elements. A striking feature was the variation in size and shape of the granules, with truly giant forms (up to 2.5 mum) being present. In cytogenetic studies in 14 cases, there was no correlation between the chromosomal changes and the various types of platelet anomalies.
Collapse
|
46
|
Maldonado JE, Gilchrist GS, Brigden LP, Bowie EJ. Ultrastructure of platelets in Bernard-Soulier syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc 1975; 50:402-6. [PMID: 1171340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The platelets of a patient with the Bernard-Soulier syndrome were studied by electron microscopy. The main abnormalities were the presence of giant and often round platelets, hypertrophic and frequently widely dilated open canalicular system, disorganized microtubules, and platelets with sparse or absent granulation. Although well defined, these ultrastructural morphologic aberrations are not considered diagnostic or pathognomonic of the syndrome.
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
From a review of 17 cases of Fanconi syndrome with Bence Jones proteinuria and myeloma or amyloidosis, including three new cases reported here in detail, there emerges a well defined set of characteristics. In most cases, the diagnosis of Fanconi syndrome preceded the development of myeloma or amyloidosis. Myeloma preceding the development of Fanconi syndrome has not been reported. All the patients had Bence Jones proteinuria, but in some it could be detected only by electrophoresis or immunoelectrophoresis, In the seven cases in which the Bence Jones protein was typed, it was of kappa type. There were no serum protein monoclonal abnormalities. In the bone marrow and renal samples of half of the patients, crystalline cytoplasmic inclusion bodies were present in lymphoplasmacytic elements and renal tubular cells. It is proposed that patients with Fanconi syndrome and Bence Jones proteinuria have a distinct type of plasma cell disorder or variant of the monoclonal gammopathies, characterized by a slow progression of the tumor and by an early phase dominated by the metabolic complications of the renal proximal tubular dysfunction. Adult patients with Fanconi syndrome should be carefully investigated for the presence of Bence Jones protein and a plasmacytic dyscrasia should be excluded.
Collapse
|
48
|
Maldonado JE, Riggs BL, Bayrd ED. Pseudomyeloma. Is association of severe osteoporosis with serum monoclonal gammopathy an entity or a coincidence? Arch Intern Med 1975; 135:267-70. [PMID: 1147730 DOI: 10.1001/archinte.135.2.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The designation "pseudomyeloma'' is used to describe three patients who had a clinical picture that closely resembled multiple myeloma and was characterized by severe osteoporosis and a serum monoclonal paraprotein peak. The diagnosis of myeloma could not be made histologically, initally or after three, four, or ten years of observation. The protein abnormalities and the bone marrow picture remained stable. It is not known if this association has pathophysiologic importance or if it represents a chance phenomenon.
Collapse
|
49
|
|
50
|
|