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Trakulsrichai S, Satsue N, Tansuwannarat P, Krongvorakul J, Sueajai J, Santanirand P, Wananukul W. Poisoning from Ingestion of Fungus-Infected Cicada Nymphs: Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes of Patients in Thailand. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 16:22. [PMID: 38251239 PMCID: PMC10818818 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The current data regarding poisoning associated with ingestion of fungus-infected cicada nymphs are limited. We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients who ingested fungus-infected cicada nymphs and were referred to the Ramathibodi Poison Center for consultation from June 2010 to June 2022. Thirty-nine patients were included for analysis. Most were men (53.8%). Mean age was 40.2 ± 15.0 years. All nymphs were ingested as a health/food supplement. Thirty-one patients (79.5%) reported gastrointestinal symptoms. Median time from ingestion to symptom onset was 5 h. Twenty-nine patients (74.4%) reported neurological symptoms, including tremor, myoclonus, muscle rigidity, nystagmus/ocular clonus, drowsiness, dysarthria, seizure, and confusion. Some complained of dizziness, urinary retention, and jaw stiffness. Most patients (94.9%) were admitted to the hospital. Median hospital stay was 3 days. Ibotenic acid was detected in the blood and urine samples of one patient. All received supportive care. Four patients developed infectious complications. No deaths occurred. Consuming fungus-infected cicada nymphs may cause poisoning in humans. Gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms were common. Ibotenic acid might be the underlying cause. The main treatment is supportive care and appropriate management of complications. Education of the general public is advocated to prevent the incidence of this type of poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satariya Trakulsrichai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Ramathibodi Poison Center, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.S.); (P.T.); (W.W.)
| | - Nattapon Satsue
- Ramathibodi Poison Center, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.S.); (P.T.); (W.W.)
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Phantakan Tansuwannarat
- Ramathibodi Poison Center, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.S.); (P.T.); (W.W.)
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan 10540, Thailand
| | - Jatupon Krongvorakul
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (J.K.); (J.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Jetjamnong Sueajai
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (J.K.); (J.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Pitak Santanirand
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (J.K.); (J.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Winai Wananukul
- Ramathibodi Poison Center, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.S.); (P.T.); (W.W.)
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Sueajai J, Sutjarit N, Boonmuen N, Auparakkitanon S, Noumjad N, Suksamrarn A, Vinayavekhin N, Piyachaturawat P. Lowering of lysophosphatidylcholines in ovariectomized rats by Curcuma comosa. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268179. [PMID: 35588422 PMCID: PMC9119514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Decline of ovarian function in menopausal women increases metabolic disease risk. Curcuma comosa extract and its major compound, (3R)-1,7-diphenyl-(4E,6E)-4,6-heptadien-3-ol (DPHD), improved estrogen-deficient ovariectomized (OVX) rat metabolic disturbances. However, information on their effects on metabolites is limited. Here, we investigated the impacts of C. comosa ethanol extract and DPHD on 12-week-old OVX rat metabolic disturbances, emphasizing the less hydrophobic metabolites. Metabolomics analysis of OVX rat serum showed a marked increase compared to sham-operated rat (SHAM) in levels of lysophosphatidylcholines (lysoPCs), particularly lysoPC (18:0) and lysoPC (16:0), and of arachidonic acid (AA), metabolites associated with inflammation. OVX rat elevated lysoPCs and AA levels reverted to SHAM levels following treatments with C. comosa ethanol extract and DPHD. Overall, our studies demonstrate the effect of C. comosa extract in ameliorating the metabolic disturbances caused by ovariectomy, and the elevated levels of bioactive lipid metabolites, lysoPCs and AA, may serve as potential biomarkers of menopausal metabolic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jetjamnong Sueajai
- Toxicology Graduate Program, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nareerat Sutjarit
- Graduate Program in Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nittaya Boonmuen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saranya Auparakkitanon
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nantida Noumjad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Apichart Suksamrarn
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nawaporn Vinayavekhin
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Biocatalyst and Sustainable Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Lertwattanachai T, Montakantikul P, Tangsujaritvijit V, Sanguanwit P, Sueajai J, Auparakkitanon S, Dilokpattanamongkol P. Clinical outcomes of empirical high-dose meropenem in critically ill patients with sepsis and septic shock: a randomized controlled trial. J Intensive Care 2020; 8:26. [PMID: 32318268 PMCID: PMC7158081 DOI: 10.1186/s40560-020-00442-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Appropriate antimicrobial dosing is challenging because of changes in pharmacokinetics (PK) parameters and an increase in multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms in critically ill patients. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an empirical therapy of high-dose versus standard-dose meropenem in sepsis and septic shock patients. Methods We performed a prospective randomized open-label study to compare the changes of modified sequential organ failure assessment (mSOFA) score and other clinical outcomes of the high-dose meropenem (2-g infusion over 3 h every 8 h) versus the standard-dose meropenem (1-g infusion over 3 h every 8 h) in sepsis and septic shock patients. Patients' characteristics, clinical and microbiological outcomes, 14 and 28-day mortality, vasopressor- and ventilator-free days, intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital-free days, percent of the time of antibiotic concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentration (%T>MIC), and safety were assessed. Results Seventy-eight patients were enrolled. Median delta mSOFA was comparable between two groups (- 1 in the high-dose group vs. - 1 in the standard-dose group; P value = 0.75). There was no difference between the two groups regarding clinical and microbiological cure, 14- and 28-day mortality, vasopressor- and ventilator-free days, and ICU- and hospital-free days. In patients admitted from the emergency department (ED) with a mSOFA score ≥ 7, the high-dose group demonstrated significantly better microbiological cure compared with the standard-dose group (75% (9/12 patients) vs. 20% (2/10 patients); P value = 0.03). Likewise, the high-dose group presented higher microbiological cure rate in patients admitted from ED who had either APACHE II score > 20 (83.3% (10/12) vs. 28.6% (2/7); P value = 0.045) or on mechanical ventilator (87.5% (7/8) vs. 23.1% (3/13); P value = 0.008) than the standard-dose group. Adverse events were comparable between the two groups. Conclusions Empirical therapy with the high-dose meropenem presented comparable clinical outcomes to the standard-dose meropenem in sepsis and septic shock patients. Besides, subgroup analysis manifested superior microbiological cure rate in sepsis or septic shock patients admitted from ED. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03344627, registered on November 17, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tospon Lertwattanachai
- 1Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Preecha Montakantikul
- 1Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Viratch Tangsujaritvijit
- 2Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Piyavate Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pitsucha Sanguanwit
- 4Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jetjamnong Sueajai
- 5Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saranya Auparakkitanon
- 5Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Sutjarit N, Sueajai J, Boonmuen N, Sornkaew N, Suksamrarn A, Tuchinda P, Zhu W, Weerachayaphorn J, Piyachaturawat P. Curcuma comosa reduces visceral adipose tissue and improves dyslipidemia in ovariectomized rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2018; 215:167-175. [PMID: 29273438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Curcuma comosa Roxb. (C. comosa) or Wan chak motluk Zingiberaceae family, is widely used in Thai traditional medicine for treatment of gynecological problems as well as relief of postmenopausal symptoms. Since C. comosa contains phytoestrogen and causes lipid lowering effect by an unknown mechanism, we investigated its effect on adiposity and lipid metabolism in estrogen-deprived rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult female rats were ovariectomized (OVX) and received daily doses of either a phytoestrogen from C. comosa [(3R)-1,7-diphenyl-(4E,6E)-4,6-heptadien-3-ol; DPHD], C. comosa extract, or estrogen (17β-estradiol; E2) for 12 weeks. Adipose tissue mass, serum levels of lipids and adipokines were determined. In addition, genes and proteins involved in lipid synthesis and fatty acid oxidation in visceral adipose tissue were analyzed. RESULTS Ovariectomy for 12 weeks elevated level of serum lipids and increased visceral fat mass and adipocyte size. These alterations were accompanied with the up-regulation of lipogenic mRNA and protein expressions including LXR-α, SREBP1c and their downstream targets. OVX rats showed decrease in proteins involved in fatty acid oxidation including AMPK-α and PPAR-α in adipose tissue, as well as alteration of adipokines; leptin and adiponectin. Treatments with E2, DPHD or C. comosa extract in OVX rats prevented an increase in adiposity, down-regulated lipogenic genes and proteins with marked increases in the protein levels of AMPK-α and PPAR-α. These findings indicated that their lipid lowering effects were mediated via the suppression of lipid synthesis in concert with an increase in fatty acid oxidation. CONCLUSIONS C. comosa exerts a lipid lowering effect in the estrogen deficient rats through the modulations of lipid synthesis and AMPK-α activity in adipose tissues, supporting the use of this plant for health promotion in the post-menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nareerat Sutjarit
- Toxicology Graduate Program, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Jetjamnong Sueajai
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Nittaya Boonmuen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Nilubon Sornkaew
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand
| | - Apichart Suksamrarn
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand
| | - Patoomratana Tuchinda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Weiming Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | | | - Pawinee Piyachaturawat
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Krongvorakul J, Auparakkitanon S, Trakulsrichai S, Sanguanwit P, Sueajai J, Noumjad N, Wananukul W. Use of Xylazine in Drug-Facilitated Crimes. J Forensic Sci 2017; 63:1325-1330. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jatupon Krongvorakul
- Division of Toxicology; Department of Pathology; Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital; Mahidol University; Rama VI Road Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Saranya Auparakkitanon
- Division of Toxicology; Department of Pathology; Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital; Mahidol University; Rama VI Road Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Satariya Trakulsrichai
- Ramathibodi Poison Center; Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital; Mahidol University; Rama VI Road Bangkok 10400 Thailand
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital; Mahidol University; Rama VI Road Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Pitsucha Sanguanwit
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital; Mahidol University; Rama VI Road Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Jetjamnong Sueajai
- Division of Toxicology; Department of Pathology; Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital; Mahidol University; Rama VI Road Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Nantida Noumjad
- Division of Toxicology; Department of Pathology; Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital; Mahidol University; Rama VI Road Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Winai Wananukul
- Ramathibodi Poison Center; Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital; Mahidol University; Rama VI Road Bangkok 10400 Thailand
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology; Department of Medicine; Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital; Mahidol University; Rama VI Road Bangkok 10400 Thailand
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Rotjanapan P, Kongprasom P, Bunupuradah P, Auparakkitanon S, Krongvorakul J, Sueajai J. Factors Affecting Treatment Outcome of Extensively Drug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection under Colistin Combination Therapy. Open Forum Infect Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofw172.1572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Porpon Rotjanapan
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Parinda Kongprasom
- Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pakwan Bunupuradah
- Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saranya Auparakkitanon
- Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jatupon Krongvorakul
- Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jetjamnong Sueajai
- Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Vinayavekhin N, Sueajai J, Chaihad N, Panrak R, Chokchaisiri R, Sangvanich P, Suksamrarn A, Piyachaturawat P. Serum lipidomics analysis of ovariectomized rats under Curcuma comosa treatment. J Ethnopharmacol 2016; 192:273-282. [PMID: 27448454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Curcuma comosa Roxb. (C. comosa) or Wan Chak Motluk, Zingiberaceae family, has been used in Thai traditional medicine for the treatment of gynecological problems and inflammation. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of C. comosa by determining the changes in the lipid profiles in the ovariectomized rats, as a model of estrogen-deficiency-induced hyperlipidemia, after treatment with different components of C. comosa using an untargeted lipidomics approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lipids were extracted from the serum of adult female rats subjected to a sham operation (SHAM; control), ovariectomy (OVX), or OVX with 12-week daily doses of estrogen (17β-estradiol; E2), (3R)-1,7-diphenyl-(4E,6E)-4,6-heptadien-3-ol (DPHD; a phytoestrogen from C. comosa), powdered C. comosa rhizomes or its crude ethanol extract. They were then analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, characterized, and subjected to the orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis statistical model to identify tentative biomarkers. RESULTS Levels of five classes of lipids (ceramide, ceramide-1-phosphate, sphingomyelin, 1-O-alkenyl-lysophosphatidylethanolamine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine) were elevated in the OVX rats compared to those in the SHAM rats, while the monoacylglycerols and triacylglycerols were decreased. The E2 treatment only reversed the levels of ceramides, whereas treatments with DPHD, C. comosa extract or powder returned the levels of all upregulated lipids back to those in the SHAM control rats. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest the potential beneficial effects of C. comosa on preventing the increased ceramide levels in OVX rats, a possible cause of metabolic disturbance under estrogen deficiency. Overall, the results demonstrated the power of untargeted lipidomics in discovering disease-relevant biomarkers, as well as evaluating the effectiveness of treatment by C. comosa components (DPHD, extract or powder) as utilized in Thai traditional medicine, and also providing scientific support for its folklore use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawaporn Vinayavekhin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Omics Sciences and Bioinformatics Center, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Jetjamnong Sueajai
- Toxicology Graduate Program, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Nichaboon Chaihad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Ratchanee Panrak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | | | - Polkit Sangvanich
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Apichart Suksamrarn
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand.
| | - Pawinee Piyachaturawat
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Kratom, known botanically as Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.), is an indigenous tree in Southeast Asia. Kratom is currently easily available worldwide via special shops and the Internet to use as a drug of abuse, opioid alternative, or pain killer. So far, the pharmacokinetics of this plant has been studied only in animals, and there is no such study in humans. The major abundant active alkaloid in Kratom, mitragynine, is one of the promising new chemical substances to be developed as a new drug. The aim of this study was to examine the pharmacokinetics of mitragynine and assess the linearity in pharmacokinetics in chronic users. METHODS Since Kratom is illegal in Thailand, studies in healthy subjects would be unethical. We therefore conducted a prospective study by enrolling ten chronic, regular, healthy users. We adjusted the steady state in each subject by giving a known amount of Kratom tea for 7 days before commencement of the experiment. We admitted and gave different oral doses to subjects to confirm linearity in pharmacokinetics. The mitragynine blood concentrations at 17 times points and the urine concentrations during the 24-hour period were collected and measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. RESULTS Ten male subjects completed the study without adverse reactions. The median duration of abuse was 1.75 years. We analyzed one subject separately due to the abnormal behavior of blood concentration. From data of nine subjects, the pharmacokinetic parameters established were time to reach the maximum plasma concentration (0.83±0.35 hour), terminal half-life (23.24±16.07 hours), and the apparent volume of distribution (38.04±24.32 L/kg). The urine excretion of unchanged form was 0.14%. The pharmacokinetics were observed to be oral two-compartment model. CONCLUSION This was the first pharmacokinetic study in humans, which demonstrated linearity and was consistent with the oral two-compartment model with a terminal half-life of about 1 day. The pharmacokinetic linearity and parameters reported are necessary pharmacological information of Kratom, and there is a possibility for it to be developed medically as a pain killer or better opioid substitute in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satariya Trakulsrichai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Ramathibodi Poison Center, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Korbtham Sathirakul
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Drug Research Discovery and Development, Thammasat Univerisity, Prathumthani, Thailand
| | - Saranya Auparakkitanon
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jatupon Krongvorakul
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jetjamnong Sueajai
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nantida Noumjad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chonlaphat Sukasem
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Winai Wananukul
- Ramathibodi Poison Center, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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