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Bahamonde T, Quintana-Donoso D, Linsambarth S, Jerez-Baraona JM, Peña F, Tamburini G, Verdugo DA, Lemunao Y, Ogaz F, Díaz-Galarce R, Rojas S, Stehberg J. The insula mediates the effects of glucocorticoids in anxiety. Neuropharmacology 2023:109620. [PMID: 37263575 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Increased activity in the insula has been consistently reported to be associated with anxiety and anxiety-related disorders. However, little is known on how the insula regulates anxiety. The present study aims at determining the role of the insula on the effects of glucocorticoids in anxiety. A combination of pharmacological manipulations, including blockade of adrenal GC synthesis by metyrapone and intra-insular microinjections of corticosterone, corticosterone-BSA, mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist spironolactone and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist mifepristone, were used to assess the short-term (5 min) effects of intra-insular corticosterone in two anxiety-like behaviors in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The elevated plus maze (EPM) and Novelty Suppressed Feeding (hyponeophagia) were utilized. We found that corticosterone in the insula is sufficient to prevent the anxiolytic effects corticosterone synthesis blockade in anxiety, and that intra-insular corticosterone has anxiolytic or anxiogenic effects depending on the amount of corticosterone microinjected, without affecting the HPA axis. Glucocorticoid anxiolytic effects in the insula are mediated by MRs, while its anxiogenic effects are dependent on a mifepristone-sensitive membrane-bound mechanism. Anxiety appears to be modulated at the insula through a competition between fast MR-dependent anxiolytic and membrane-associated mifepristone-sensitive anxiogenic signaling pathways that orchestrate the behavioral response to stress and determines the resulting level of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Bahamonde
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daisy Quintana-Donoso
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Linsambarth
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Manuel Jerez-Baraona
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Peña
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Giovanni Tamburini
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Antonio Verdugo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yordan Lemunao
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Ogaz
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raúl Díaz-Galarce
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Rojas
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jimmy Stehberg
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
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Tendler A, Goerigk S, Zibman S, Ouaknine S, Harmelech T, Pell GS, Zangen A, Harvey SA, Grammer G, Stehberg J, Adefolarin O, Muir O, MacMillan C, Ghelber D, Duffy W, Mania I, Faruqui Z, Munasifi F, Antin T, Padberg F, Roth Y. Deep TMS H1 Coil treatment for depression: Results from a large post marketing data analysis. Psychiatry Res 2023; 324:115179. [PMID: 37030054 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Phase IV study evaluated Deep TMS for major depression in community settings. Data were aggregated from 1753 patients at 21 sites, who received Deep TMS (high frequency or iTBS) using the H1 coil. Outcome measures varied across subjects and included clinician-based scales (HDRS-21) and self-assessment questionnaires (PHQ-9, BDI-II). 1351 patients were included in the analysis, 202 received iTBS. For participants with data from at least 1 scale, 30 sessions of Deep TMS led to 81.6% response and 65.3% remission rate. 20 sessions led to 73.6% response and 58.1% remission rate. iTBS led to 72.4% response and 69.2% remission. Remission rates were highest when assessed with HDRS (72%). In 84% of responders and 80% of remitters, response and remission was sustained in the subsequent assessment. Median number of sessions (days) for onset of sustained response was 16 (21 days) and for sustained remission 17 (23 days). Higher stimulation intensity was associated with superior clinical outcomes. This study shows that beyond its proven efficacy in RCTs, Deep TMS with the H1 coil is effective for treating depression under naturalistic conditions, and the onset of improvement is usually within 20 sessions. However, initial non-responders and non-remitters benefit from extended treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron Tendler
- The Department of Life Sciences and the Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel; BrainsWay Ltd, Israel.
| | - Stephan Goerigk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, Munich, Federal Republic of Germany; Department of Psychological Methodology and Assessment, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Leopoldstraße 13, Munich 80802, Federal Republic of Germany; Charlotte Fresenius Hochschule, Infanteriestraße 11A, 80797, Munich, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Samuel Zibman
- The Department of Life Sciences and the Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel; BrainsWay Ltd, Israel
| | - Salomé Ouaknine
- BrainsWay Ltd, Israel; Mines Paris, PSL University, Paris 75006, France
| | | | - Gaby S Pell
- The Department of Life Sciences and the Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel; BrainsWay Ltd, Israel
| | - Abraham Zangen
- The Department of Life Sciences and the Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Steven A Harvey
- Greenbrook TMS Neurohealth, 16091 Swingley Ridge Rd. Suite 100, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
| | - Geoffrey Grammer
- Greenbrook TMS Neurohealth, 16091 Swingley Ridge Rd. Suite 100, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
| | - Jimmy Stehberg
- NeuroMagnetics SA, Chile; Neurobiology Lab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello Lab, Chile
| | | | - Owen Muir
- Fermata Health, 58 N 9th St. Suite 13, Brooklyn, NY 11249, USA
| | | | - Diana Ghelber
- Institute for Advanced Psychiatry, 6800 Harris Parkway, Suite 200, Fort Worth, TX 76132, USA
| | - Walter Duffy
- Alivation Health and Alivation Research, 8550 Cuthills Circle, Lincoln, NE 68526, USA
| | - Irakli Mania
- Keystone Health, 110 Chambers Hill Drive, Chambersburg, PA 17201, USA
| | - Zeeshan Faruqui
- Keystone Health, 110 Chambers Hill Drive, Chambersburg, PA 17201, USA
| | - Faisal Munasifi
- Tallahassee Brain Stimulation Center, LLC 1407 MD Lane, Tallahassee, FL 32308, USA
| | - Todd Antin
- PACT Atlanta LLC, 465 Winn Way, Suite 221, Decatur, GA 30030, USA
| | - Frank Padberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, Munich, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Yiftach Roth
- The Department of Life Sciences and the Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel; BrainsWay Ltd, Israel.
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Chang CWT, Poudyal N, Verdugo DA, Peña F, Stehberg J, Retamal MA. KI04 an Aminoglycosides-Derived Molecule Acts as an Inhibitor of Human Connexin46 Hemichannels Expressed in HeLa Cells. Biomolecules 2023; 13:411. [PMID: 36979346 PMCID: PMC10046693 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Connexins (Cxs) are proteins that help cells to communicate with the extracellular media and with the cytoplasm of neighboring cells. Despite their importance in several human physiological and pathological conditions, their pharmacology is very poor. In the last decade, some molecules derived from aminoglycosides have been developed as inhibitors of Cxs hemichannels. However, these studies have been performed in E. coli, which is a very simple model. Therefore, our main goal is to test whether these molecules have similar effects in mammalian cells. METHODS We transfected HeLa cells with the human Cx46tGFP and characterized the effect of a kanamycin-derived molecule (KI04) on Cx46 hemichannel activity by time-lapse recordings, changes in phosphorylation by Western blot, localization by epifluorescence, and possible binding sites by molecular dynamics (MD). RESULTS We observed that kanamycin and KI04 were the most potent inhibitors of Cx46 hemichannels among several aminoglycosides, presenting an IC50 close to 10 μM. The inhibitory effect was not associated with changes in Cx46 electrophoretic mobility or its intracellular localization. Interestingly, 5 mM DTT did not reverse KI04 inhibition, but the KI04 effect completely disappeared after washing out KI04 from the recording media. MD analysis revealed two putative binding sites of KI04 in the Cx46 hemichannel. RESULTS These results demonstrate that KI04 could be used as a Cx46 inhibitor and could help to develop future selective Cx46 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei T. Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-0300, USA
| | - Naveena Poudyal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-0300, USA
| | - Daniel A. Verdugo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7780272, Chile
| | - Francisca Peña
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7780272, Chile
| | - Jimmy Stehberg
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7780272, Chile
| | - Mauricio A. Retamal
- Center for Membrane Protein Research, Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430-6551, USA
- Programa de Comunicación Celular en Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610496, Chile
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Moraga-Amaro R, Muñoz P, Villalobos T, Linsambarth S, Maldonado F, Meirone V, Femopase B, Stehberg J. Real-world data of non-invasive stimulation of the human insula-prefrontal cortices using deep TMS to treat anxiety for occupational stress and generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Res 2023; 320:115036. [PMID: 36586377 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.115036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the insula is found in all anxiety-related disorders and increased insular-prefrontal cortex (PFC) functional connectivity is associated with reduced anxiety. In this study, the combined stimulation of the insula and PFC using the dTMS H4 (insula+LPFC) and H2 (PFC) coils were used to reduce anxiety in 13 subjects experiencing occupational stress, and 55 participants suffering from generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The combined HF stimulation of the insula and PFC significantly decreased anxiety scores according to the HARS, CAS, and STAI anxiety scales, leading to a reduction in anxiety according to HARS of 88.7% and 70.7% in participants with occupational stress and the clinical sample of participants diagnosed with GAD, respectively. The findings suggest that the prefrontal-insular axis is critical for the regulation of anxiety and its stimulation can be used for the treatment of anxiety in people suffering from occupational stress and GAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Moraga-Amaro
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula Muñoz
- Clínica Nova Vita. Del Inca 4446 of. 708. Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tomás Villalobos
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Francisco Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valeria Meirone
- Clínica Nova Vita. Del Inca 4446 of. 708. Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bruno Femopase
- Clínica Nova Vita. Del Inca 4446 of. 708. Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jimmy Stehberg
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
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Gatica S, Aravena C, Prado Y, Aravena D, Echeverría C, Santibanez JF, Riedel CA, Stehberg J, Simon F. Appraisal of the Neuroprotective Effect of Dexmedetomidine: A Meta-Analysis. Adv Exp Med Biol 2023; 1408:163-181. [PMID: 37093427 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26163-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine is an adrenergic receptor agonist that has been regarded as neuroprotective in several studies without an objective measure to it. Thus, the aim of this meta-analysis was to analyze and quantify the current evidence for the neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine in animals. The search was performed by querying the National Library of Medicine. Studies were included based on their language, significancy of their results, and complete availability of data on animal characteristics and interventions. Risk of bias was assessed using SYRCLE's risk of bias tool and certainty was assessed using the ARRIVE Guidelines 2.0. Synthesis was performed by calculating pooled standardized mean difference and presented in forest plots and tables. The number of eligible records included per outcome is the following: 22 for IL-1β, 13 for IL-6, 19 for apoptosis, 7 for oxidative stress, 7 for Escape Latency, and 4 for Platform Crossings. At the cellular level, dexmedetomidine was found protective against production of IL-1β (standardized mean difference (SMD) = - 4.3 [- 4.8; - 3.7]) and IL-6 (SMD = - 5.6 [- 6.7; - 4.6]), apoptosis (measured through TUNEL, SMD = - 6.0 [- 6.8; - 4.6]), and oxidative stress (measured as MDA production, SMD = - 2.0 [- 2.4; - 1.4]) exclusively in the central nervous system. At the organism level, dexmedetomidine improved behavioral outcomes measuring escape latency (SMD = - 2.4 [- 3.3; - 1.6]) and number of platform crossings (SMD = 9.1 [- 6.8; - 11.5]). No eligible study had high risk of bias and certainty was satisfactory for reproducibility in all cases. This meta-analysis highlights the complexity of adrenergic stimulation and sheds light into the mechanisms potentiated by dexmedetomidine, which could be exploited for improving current neuroprotective formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gatica
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiopathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Cristobal Aravena
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiopathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yolanda Prado
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiopathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Aravena
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiopathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cesar Echeverría
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nanomedicine and Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Atacama, Copiapo, Chile
| | - Juan F Santibanez
- Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Integrative Center for Biology and Applied Chemistry (CIBQA), Bernardo O'Higgins University, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiopathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jimmy Stehberg
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Simon
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiopathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Jiménez-Dinamarca I, Reyes-Lizana R, Lemunao-Inostroza Y, Cárdenas K, Castro-Lazo R, Peña F, Lucero CM, Prieto-Villalobos J, Retamal MA, Orellana JA, Stehberg J. GABAergic Regulation of Astroglial Gliotransmission through Cx43 Hemichannels. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13625. [PMID: 36362410 PMCID: PMC9656947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. It is produced by interneurons and recycled by astrocytes. In neurons, GABA activates the influx of Cl- via the GABAA receptor or efflux or K+ via the GABAB receptor, inducing hyperpolarization and synaptic inhibition. In astrocytes, the activation of both GABAA and GABAB receptors induces an increase in intracellular Ca2+ and the release of glutamate and ATP. Connexin 43 (Cx43) hemichannels are among the main Ca2+-dependent cellular mechanisms for the astroglial release of glutamate and ATP. However, no study has evaluated the effect of GABA on astroglial Cx43 hemichannel activity and Cx43 hemichannel-mediated gliotransmission. Here we assessed the effects of GABA on Cx43 hemichannel activity in DI NCT1 rat astrocytes and hippocampal brain slices. We found that GABA induces a Ca2+-dependent increase in Cx43 hemichannel activity in astrocytes mediated by the GABAA receptor, as it was blunted by the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline but unaffected by GABAB receptor antagonist CGP55845. Moreover, GABA induced the Cx43 hemichannel-dependent release of glutamate and ATP, which was also prevented by bicuculline, but unaffected by CGP. Gliotransmission in response to GABA was also unaffected by pannexin 1 channel blockade. These results are discussed in terms of the possible role of astroglial Cx43 hemichannel-mediated glutamate and ATP release in regulating the excitatory/inhibitory balance in the brain and their possible contribution to psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanka Jiménez-Dinamarca
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile
| | - Rachel Reyes-Lizana
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile
| | - Yordan Lemunao-Inostroza
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile
| | - Kevin Cárdenas
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile
| | - Raimundo Castro-Lazo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile
| | - Francisca Peña
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Centro de Fisiología Celular e Integrativa, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Desarrollo–Clínica Alemana, Santiago 7780272, Chile
| | - Claudia M. Lucero
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Juan Prieto-Villalobos
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Mauricio Antonio Retamal
- Centro de Fisiología Celular e Integrativa, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Desarrollo–Clínica Alemana, Santiago 7780272, Chile
| | - Juan Andrés Orellana
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Jimmy Stehberg
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile
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Oliva CA, Stehberg J, Barra R, Mariqueo T. Neuropathic Pain Induces Interleukin-1β Sensitive Bimodal Glycinergic Activity in the Central Amygdala. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137356. [PMID: 35806360 PMCID: PMC9266833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain reduces GABA and glycine receptor (GlyR)-mediated activity in spinal and supraspinal regions associated with pain processing. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) alters Central Amygdala (CeA) excitability by reducing glycinergic inhibition in a mechanism that involves the auxiliary β-subunit of GlyR (βGlyR), which is highly expressed in this region. However, GlyR activity and its modulation by IL-1β in supraspinal brain regions under neuropathic pain have not been studied. We performed chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve in male Sprague Dawley rats, a procedure that induces hind paw plantar hyperalgesia and neuropathic pain. Ten days later, the rats were euthanized, and their brains were sliced. Glycinergic spontaneous inhibitory currents (sIPSCs) were recorded in the CeA slices. The sIPSCs from CeA neurons of CCI animals show a bimodal amplitude distribution, different from the normal distribution in Sham animals, with small and large amplitudes of similar decay constants. The perfusion of IL-1β (10 ng/mL) in these slices reduced the amplitudes within the first five minutes, with a pronounced effect on the largest amplitudes. Our data support a possible role for CeA GlyRs in pain processing and in the neuroimmune modulation of pain perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina A. Oliva
- Facultad de Educación, Universidad de Las Américas, República 71, Santiago 8370040, Chile
- Correspondence: (C.A.O.); (T.M.)
| | - Jimmy Stehberg
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 330, Santiago 8370186, Chile;
| | - Rafael Barra
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica y Aplicada (CIBAP), Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins 3677, Santiago 8320000, Chile;
| | - Trinidad Mariqueo
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Centro de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Talca, Av. Lircay S/N, Talca 3460000, Chile
- Correspondence: (C.A.O.); (T.M.)
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Fernández-Olivares A, Durán-Jara E, Verdugo DA, Fiori MC, Altenberg GA, Stehberg J, Alfaro I, Calderón JF, Retamal MA. Extracellular Cysteines Are Critical to Form Functional Cx46 Hemichannels. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7252. [PMID: 35806258 PMCID: PMC9266770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexin (Cxs) hemichannels participate in several physiological and pathological processes, but the molecular mechanisms that control their gating remain elusive. We aimed at determining the role of extracellular cysteines (Cys) in the gating and function of Cx46 hemichannels. We studied Cx46 and mutated all of its extracellular Cys to alanine (Ala) (one at a time) and studied the effects of the Cys mutations on Cx46 expression, localization, and hemichannel activity. Wild-type Cx46 and Cys mutants were expressed at comparable levels, with similar cellular localization. However, functional experiments showed that hemichannels formed by the Cys mutants did not open either in response to membrane depolarization or removal of extracellular divalent cations. Molecular-dynamics simulations showed that Cys mutants may show a possible alteration in the electrostatic potential of the hemichannel pore and an altered disposition of important residues that could contribute to the selectivity and voltage dependency in the hemichannels. Replacement of extracellular Cys resulted in "permanently closed hemichannels", which is congruent with the inhibition of the Cx46 hemichannel by lipid peroxides, through the oxidation of extracellular Cys. These results point to the modification of extracellular Cys as potential targets for the treatment of Cx46-hemichannel associated pathologies, such as cataracts and cancer, and may shed light into the gating mechanisms of other Cx hemichannels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainoa Fernández-Olivares
- Programa de Comunicación Celular en Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7780272, Chile; (A.F.-O.); (I.A.)
| | - Eduardo Durán-Jara
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7780272, Chile;
| | - Daniel A. Verdugo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7780272, Chile; (D.A.V.); (J.S.)
| | - Mariana C. Fiori
- Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics and Center for Membrane Protein Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430-6551, USA; (M.C.F.); (G.A.A.)
| | - Guillermo A. Altenberg
- Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics and Center for Membrane Protein Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430-6551, USA; (M.C.F.); (G.A.A.)
| | - Jimmy Stehberg
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7780272, Chile; (D.A.V.); (J.S.)
| | - Iván Alfaro
- Programa de Comunicación Celular en Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7780272, Chile; (A.F.-O.); (I.A.)
- Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Santiago 7690000, Chile
| | - Juan Francisco Calderón
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7780272, Chile
| | - Mauricio A. Retamal
- Programa de Comunicación Celular en Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7780272, Chile; (A.F.-O.); (I.A.)
- Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Santiago 7690000, Chile
- Centro de Fisiología Celular e Integrativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7690000, Chile
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9
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Linsambarth S, Carvajal FJ, Moraga‐Amaro R, Mendez L, Tamburini G, Jimenez I, Verdugo DA, Gómez GI, Jury N, Martínez P, Zundert B, Varela‐Nallar L, Retamal MA, Martin C, Altenberg GA, Fiori MC, Cerpa W, Orellana JA, Stehberg J. Astroglial gliotransmitters released via Cx43 hemichannels regulate NMDAR‐dependent transmission and short‐term fear memory in the basolateral amygdala. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22134. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100798rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Linsambarth
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad Andres Bello Santiago Chile
| | - Francisco J. Carvajal
- Laboratorio de Función y Patología Neuronal Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Rodrigo Moraga‐Amaro
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad Andres Bello Santiago Chile
| | - Luis Mendez
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad Andres Bello Santiago Chile
| | - Giovanni Tamburini
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad Andres Bello Santiago Chile
| | - Ivanka Jimenez
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad Andres Bello Santiago Chile
| | - Daniel Antonio Verdugo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad Andres Bello Santiago Chile
| | - Gonzalo I. Gómez
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Autónoma de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Nur Jury
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad Andres Bello Santiago Chile
| | - Pablo Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad Andres Bello Santiago Chile
| | - Brigitte Zundert
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad Andres Bello Santiago Chile
| | - Lorena Varela‐Nallar
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad Andres Bello Santiago Chile
| | - Mauricio A. Retamal
- Centro de Fisiología Celular e Integrativa. Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo Santiago Chile
| | - Claire Martin
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative Centre National la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8251 Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
| | - Guillermo A. Altenberg
- Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics Center for Membrane Protein Research Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Lubbock Texas USA
| | - Mariana C. Fiori
- Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics Center for Membrane Protein Research Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Lubbock Texas USA
| | - Waldo Cerpa
- Laboratorio de Función y Patología Neuronal Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Juan A. Orellana
- Departamento de Neurología Escuela de Medicina Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Jimmy Stehberg
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad Andres Bello Santiago Chile
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10
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Moraga-Amaro R, Guerrin CGJ, Reali Nazario L, Lima Giacobbo B, J O Dierckx RA, Stehberg J, de Vries EFJ, Doorduin J. A single dose of ketamine cannot prevent protracted stress-induced anhedonia and neuroinflammation in rats. Stress 2022; 25:145-155. [PMID: 35384793 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2022.2045269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, millions of people suffer from treatment-resistant depression. Ketamine, a glutamatergic receptor antagonist, can have a rapid antidepressant effect even in treatment-resistant patients. A proposed mechanism for the antidepressant effect of ketamine is the reduction of neuroinflammation. To further explore this hypothesis, we investigated whether a single dose of ketamine can modulate protracted neuroinflammation in a repeated social defeat (RSD) stress rat model, which resembles features of depression. To this end, male animals exposed to RSD were injected with ketamine (20 mg/kg) or vehicle. A combination of behavioral analyses and PET scans of the inflammatory marker TSPO in the brain were performed. Rats submitted to RSD showed anhedonia-like behavior in the sucrose preference test, decreased weight gain, and increased TSPO levels in the insular and entorhinal cortices, as observed by [11C]-PK11195 PET. Whole brain TSPO levels correlated with corticosterone levels in several brain regions of RSD exposed animals, but not in controls. Ketamine injection 1 day after RSD disrupted the correlation between TSPO levels and serum corticosterone levels, but had no effect on depressive-like symptoms, weight gain or the protracted RSD-induced increase in TSPO expression in male rats. These results suggest that ketamine does not exert its effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by modulation of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Moraga-Amaro
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Cyprien G J Guerrin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Luiza Reali Nazario
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Lima Giacobbo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy Stehberg
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Erik F J de Vries
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Janine Doorduin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands
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11
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Moraga-Amaro R, Díaz-Galarce R, Donoso-Ramos JP, Ugalde V, Linsambarth S, Doorduin J, de Vries EF, Ampuero E, Peña F, Pacheco R, Wyneken U, Stehberg J. Prenatal fluoxetine impairs non-hippocampal but not hippocampal memory in adult male rat offspring. Neuropharmacology 2021; 197:108751. [PMID: 34375626 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluoxetine is often prescribed to treat depression during pregnancy. Rodent studies have shown that fluoxetine exposure during early development can induce persistent changes in the emotional behavior of the offspring. However, the effects of prenatal fluoxetine on memory have not been elucidated. This study evaluates the memory of adult male offspring from rat dams orally administered with a clinically relevant dose of 0.7 mg/kg fluoxetine from 9 weeks before pregnancy to 1 week before delivery. Hippocampal-dependent (Morris Water Maze, MWM) and non-hippocampal-dependent (Novel Object Recognition, NOR) memory paradigms were assessed. Anxiety- and depressive-like symptoms were also evaluated using the Open Field Test, Tail Suspension Test and Sucrose Preference Test. Male rats exposed to fluoxetine during gestation displayed NOR memory impairments during adulthood, as well as increased anxiety- and depressive-like symptoms. In the MWM, the offspring of fluoxetine-treated dams did not show learning deficits. However, a retention impairment was found on remote memory, 15 days after the end of training. Molecular analyses showed increased expression of NMDA subunit NR2B, and a decrease in NR2A-to- NR2B ratio in the temporal cortex, but not in the hippocampus, suggesting changes in NMDA receptor composition. These results suggest that in utero exposure to fluoxetine induces detrimental effects on non-hippocampal memory and in remote retention of hippocampal-dependent memory, which is believed to be stored in the temporal cortex, possibly due to changes in cortical NMDA receptor subunit stoichiometry. The present results warrant the need for studies on potential remote memory deficits in human offspring exposed to fluoxetine in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Moraga-Amaro
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Raul Díaz-Galarce
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan P Donoso-Ramos
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valentina Ugalde
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Providencia, 7510156, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Linsambarth
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Janine Doorduin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Erik Fj de Vries
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Estibaliz Ampuero
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Alameda 3363, Estación Central, Santiago, 9170022, Chile
| | - Francisca Peña
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Pacheco
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Providencia, 7510156, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ursula Wyneken
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Universidad de los Andes, Chile
| | - Jimmy Stehberg
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
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12
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Retamal MA, Fernandez-Olivares A, Stehberg J. Over-activated hemichannels: A possible therapeutic target for human diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166232. [PMID: 34363932 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In our body, all the cells are constantly sharing chemical and electrical information with other cells. This intercellular communication allows them to respond in a concerted way to changes in the extracellular milieu. Connexins are transmembrane proteins that have the particularity of forming two types of channels; hemichannels and gap junction channels. Under normal conditions, hemichannels allow the controlled release of signaling molecules to the extracellular milieu. However, under certain pathological conditions, over-activated hemichannels can induce and/or exacerbate symptoms. In the last decade, great efforts have been put into developing new tools that can modulate these over-activated hemichannels. Small molecules, antibodies and mimetic peptides have shown a potential for the treatment of human diseases. In this review, we summarize recent findings in the field of hemichannel modulation via specific tools, and how these tools could improve patient outcome in certain pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio A Retamal
- Universidad del Desarrollo, Programa de Comunicación Celular en Cáncer, Santiago, Chile; Universidad del Desarrollo, Centro de Fisiología Celular e Integrativa, Santiago, Chile.
| | | | - Jimmy Stehberg
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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13
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Solorza J, Oliva CA, Castillo K, Amestica G, Maldifassi MC, López-Cortés XA, Barra R, Stehberg J, Piesche M, Sáez-Briones P, González W, Arenas-Salinas M, Mariqueo TA. Effects of Interleukin-1β in Glycinergic Transmission at the Central Amygdala. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:613105. [PMID: 33746753 PMCID: PMC7973117 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.613105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is an important cytokine that modulates peripheral and central pain sensitization at the spinal level. Among its effects, it increases spinal cord excitability by reducing inhibitory Glycinergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. In the brain, IL-1β is released by glial cells in regions associated with pain processing during neuropathic pain. It also has important roles in neuroinflammation and in regulating NMDA receptor activity required for learning and memory. The modulation of glycine-mediated inhibitory activity via IL-1β may play a critical role in the perception of different levels of pain. The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) participates in receiving and processing pain information. Interestingly, this nucleus is enriched in the regulatory auxiliary glycine receptor (GlyR) β subunit (βGlyR); however, no studies have evaluated the effect of IL-1β on glycinergic neurotransmission in the brain. Hence, we hypothesized that IL-1β may modulate GlyR-mediated inhibitory activity via interactions with the βGlyR subunit. Our results show that the application of IL-1β (10 ng/ml) to CeA brain slices has a biphasic effect; transiently increases and then reduces sIPSC amplitude of CeA glycinergic currents. Additionally, we performed molecular docking, site-directed mutagenesis, and whole-cell voltage-clamp electrophysiological experiments in HEK cells transfected with GlyRs containing different GlyR subunits. These data indicate that IL-1β modulates GlyR activity by establishing hydrogen bonds with at least one key amino acid residue located in the back of the loop C at the ECD domain of the βGlyR subunit. The present results suggest that IL-1β in the CeA controls glycinergic neurotransmission, possibly via interactions with the βGlyR subunit. This effect could be relevant for understanding how IL-1β released by glia modulates central processing of pain, learning and memory, and is involved in neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Solorza
- Center for Medical Research, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.,Centro de Bioinformática, Simulación y Modelado (CBSM), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Carolina A Oliva
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karen Castillo
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Gabriela Amestica
- Center for Medical Research, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - María Constanza Maldifassi
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Xaviera A López-Cortés
- Department of Computer Science and Industries, Faculty of Engineering Science, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Rafael Barra
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica y Aplicada (CIBAP), Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Jimmy Stehberg
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Matthias Piesche
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Medicine Faculty, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile.,Oncology Center, Medicine Faculty, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Patricio Sáez-Briones
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Behavior, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Wendy González
- Centro de Bioinformática, Simulación y Modelado (CBSM), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Mauricio Arenas-Salinas
- Centro de Bioinformática, Simulación y Modelado (CBSM), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Trinidad A Mariqueo
- Center for Medical Research, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
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14
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Retamal MA, Fiori MC, Fernandez-Olivares A, Linsambarth S, Peña F, Quintana D, Stehberg J, Altenberg GA. 4-Hydroxynonenal induces Cx46 hemichannel inhibition through its carbonylation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158705. [PMID: 32244060 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hemichannels formed by connexins mediate the exchange of ions and signaling molecules between the cytoplasm and the extracellular milieu. Under physiological conditions hemichannels have a low open probability, but in certain pathologies their open probability increases, which can result in cell damage. Pathological conditions are characterized by the production of a number of proinflammatory molecules, including 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), one of the most common lipid peroxides produced in response to inflammation and oxidative stress. The aim of this work was to evaluate whether 4-HNE modulates the activity of Cx46 hemichannels. We found that 4-HNE (100 μM) reduced the rate of 4',6-diamino-2-fenilindol (DAPI) uptake through hemichannels formed by recombinant human Cx46 fused to green fluorescent protein, an inhibition that was reversed partially by 10 mM dithiothreitol. Immunoblot analysis showed that the recombinant Cx46 expressed in HeLa cells becomes carbonylated after exposure to 4-HNE, and that 10 mM dithiothreitol reduced its carbonylation. We also found that Cx46 was carbonylated by 4-HNE in the lens of a selenite-induced cataract animal model. The exposure to 100 μM 4-HNE decreased hemichannel currents formed by recombinant rat Cx46 in Xenopus laevis oocytes. This inhibition also occurred in a mutant expressing only the extracellular loop cysteines, suggesting that other Cys are not responsible for the hemichannel inhibition by carbonylation. This work demonstrates for the first time that Cx46 is post-translationally modified by a lipid peroxide and that this modification reduces Cx46 hemichannel activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio A Retamal
- Universidad del Desarrollo, Centro de Fisiología Celular e Integrativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Santiago, Chile; Universidad del Desarrollo, Programa de Comunicación Celular en Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Mariana C Fiori
- Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, Center for Membrane Protein Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430-6551, USA
| | - Ainoa Fernandez-Olivares
- Universidad del Desarrollo, Centro de Fisiología Celular e Integrativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Santiago, Chile; Universidad del Desarrollo, Programa de Comunicación Celular en Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Linsambarth
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Peña
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daisy Quintana
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jimmy Stehberg
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Guillermo A Altenberg
- Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, Center for Membrane Protein Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430-6551, USA
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15
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Duarte Y, Cáceres J, Sepúlveda RV, Arriagada D, Olivares P, Díaz-Franulic I, Stehberg J, González-Nilo F. Novel TRPV1 Channel Agonists With Faster and More Potent Analgesic Properties Than Capsaicin. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1040. [PMID: 32760273 PMCID: PMC7372189 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) ion channel is a member of the family of Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels that acts as a molecular detector of noxious signals in primary sensory neurons. Activated by capsaicin, heat, voltage and protons, it is also well known for its desensitization, which led to the medical use of topically applied TRPV1 agonist capsaicin for its long-lasting analgesic effects. Here we report three novel small molecules, which were identified using a Structure-Based Virtual Screening for TRPV1 from the ZINC database. The three compounds were tested using electrophysiological assays, which confirmed their capsaicin-like agonist activity. von Frey filaments were used to measure the analgesic effects of the compounds applied topically on tactile allodynia induced by intra-plantar carrageenan. All compounds had anti-nociceptive activity, but two of them showed faster and longer lasting analgesic effects than capsaicin. The present results suggest that TRPV1 agonists different from capsaicin could be used to develop topical analgesics with faster onset and more potent effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorley Duarte
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier Cáceres
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Romina V Sepúlveda
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Arriagada
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro Olivares
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Díaz-Franulic
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Jimmy Stehberg
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando González-Nilo
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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16
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Linsambarth S, Jeria A, Avirame K, Todder D, Riquelme R, Stehberg J. Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for the Treatment of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: Beyond an Antidepressant Effect. J ECT 2019; 35:e46-e54. [PMID: 31764455 DOI: 10.1097/yct.0000000000000592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Negative symptoms of schizophrenia show limited response to both typical and atypical antipsychotics. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation applied over the prefrontal cortex (PFC) has been proposed as an adjuvant to pharmacological treatment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia, but whether the improvements obtained are specific to negative symptoms or attributable to antidepressant effects is still unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study is to determine to which extent the improvements in negative symptoms of schizophrenia obtained after high-frequency stimulation of the bilateral PFC using deep TMS (dTMS) are attributable to antidepressant effects. METHODS Repetitive dTMS was administered to the PFC in a cohort of 16 patients with schizophrenia under successful pharmacological control of positive symptoms and predominant negative symptoms. Patients were treated using high-frequency (18 Hz) bilateral stimulation applied over the lateral PFC bilaterally using Brainsway H-2 coil. The effects of dTMS on negative symptoms were measured using the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scales. We then compared the improvements in negative symptoms obtained in patients showing depressive symptoms (≥7 points) with those found in patients without depression (>7 points), as determined by the Calgary Scale for Depression. RESULTS Repetitive dTMS treatment induced significant improvements in negative symptoms as assessed using both Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scales. Comparison of the improvements obtained in patients with or without depression at the beginning of treatment revealed similar improvements in negative symptoms, irrespective of subjacent depression. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the beneficial effects of high frequency dTMS of the PFC cannot be attributed solely to its antidepressant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Linsambarth
- From the Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello
| | - Alvaro Jeria
- NeuroMagnetics, Las Condes
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Doron Todder
- Neuroclinic Health Center, Ramat Gan
- Zlotovsky Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University, Beersheva, Israel
| | | | - Jimmy Stehberg
- From the Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello
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17
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Méndez-Ruette M, Linsambarth S, Moraga-Amaro R, Quintana-Donoso D, Méndez L, Tamburini G, Cornejo F, Torres RF, Stehberg J. The Role of the Rodent Insula in Anxiety. Front Physiol 2019; 10:330. [PMID: 30984021 PMCID: PMC6450210 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The human insula has been consistently reported to be overactivated in all anxiety disorders, activation which has been suggested to be proportional to the level of anxiety and shown to decrease with effective anxiolytic treatment. Nonetheless, studies evaluating the direct role of the insula in anxiety are lacking. Here, we set out to investigate the role of the rodent insula in anxiety by either inactivating different insular regions via microinjections of glutamatergic AMPA receptor antagonist CNQX or activating them by microinjection of GABA receptor antagonist bicuculline in rats, before measuring anxiety-like behavior using the elevated plus maze. Inactivation of caudal and medial insular regions induced anxiogenic effects, while their activation induced anxiolytic effects. In contrast, inactivation of more rostral areas induced anxiolytic effects and their activation, anxiogenic effects. These results suggest that the insula in the rat has a role in the modulation of anxiety-like behavior in rats, showing regional differences; rostral regions have an anxiogenic role, while medial and caudal regions have an anxiolytic role, with a transition area around bregma +0.5. The present study suggests that the insula has a direct role in anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxs Méndez-Ruette
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Linsambarth
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Moraga-Amaro
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daisy Quintana-Donoso
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Méndez
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Giovanni Tamburini
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Cornejo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo F Torres
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jimmy Stehberg
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
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18
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Nuñez-Badinez P, Sepúlveda H, Diaz E, Greffrath W, Treede RD, Stehberg J, Montecino M, van Zundert B. Variable transcriptional responsiveness of the P2X3 receptor gene during CFA-induced inflammatory hyperalgesia. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:3922-3935. [PMID: 29219199 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The purinergic receptor P2X3 (P2X3-R) plays important roles in molecular pathways of pain, and reduction of its activity or expression effectively reduces chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain sensation. Inflammation, nerve injury, and cancer-induced pain can increase P2X3-R mRNA and/or protein levels in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). However, P2X3-R expression is unaltered or even reduced in other pain studies. The reasons for these discrepancies are unknown and might depend on the applied traumatic intervention or on intrinsic factors such as age, gender, genetic background, and/or epigenetics. In this study, we sought to get insights into the molecular mechanisms responsible for inflammatory hyperalgesia by determining P2X3-R expression in DRG neurons of juvenile male rats that received a Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) bilateral paw injection. We demonstrate that all CFA-treated rats showed inflammatory hyperalgesia, however, only a fraction (14-20%) displayed increased P2X3-R mRNA levels, reproducible across both sides. Immunostaining assays did not reveal significant increases in the percentage of P2X3-positive neurons, indicating that increased P2X3-R at DRG somas is not critical for inducing inflammatory hyperalgesia in CFA-treated rats. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays showed a correlated (R2 = 0.671) enrichment of the transcription factor Runx1 and the epigenetic active mark histone H3 acetylation (H3Ac) at the P2X3-R gene promoter in a fraction of the CFA-treated rats. These results suggest that animal-specific increases in P2X3-R mRNA levels are likely associated with the genetic/epigenetic context of the P2X3-R locus that controls P2X3-R gene transcription by recruiting Runx1 and epigenetic co-regulators that mediate histone acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Nuñez-Badinez
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Research, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hugo Sepúlveda
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Research, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emilio Diaz
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Research, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Wolfgang Greffrath
- Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rolf-Detlef Treede
- Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jimmy Stehberg
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Research, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Martin Montecino
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Research, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile
| | - Brigitte van Zundert
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Research, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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19
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Bustos FJ, Ampuero E, Jury N, Aguilar R, Falahi F, Toledo J, Ahumada J, Lata J, Cubillos P, Henríquez B, Guerra MV, Stehberg J, Neve RL, Inestrosa NC, Wyneken U, Fuenzalida M, Härtel S, Sena-Esteves M, Varela-Nallar L, Rots MG, Montecino M, van Zundert B. Epigenetic editing of the Dlg4/PSD95 gene improves cognition in aged and Alzheimer's disease mice. Brain 2017; 140:3252-3268. [PMID: 29155979 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dlg4 gene encodes for post-synaptic density protein 95 (PSD95), a major synaptic protein that clusters glutamate receptors and is critical for plasticity. PSD95 levels are diminished in ageing and neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease. The epigenetic mechanisms that (dys)regulate transcription of Dlg4/PSD95, or other plasticity genes, are largely unknown, limiting the development of targeted epigenome therapy. We analysed the Dlg4/PSD95 epigenetic landscape in hippocampal tissue and designed a Dlg4/PSD95 gene-targeting strategy: a Dlg4/PSD95 zinc finger DNA-binding domain was engineered and fused to effector domains to either repress (G9a, Suvdel76, SKD) or activate (VP64) transcription, generating artificial transcription factors or epigenetic editors (methylating H3K9). These epi-editors altered critical histone marks and subsequently Dlg4/PSD95 expression, which, importantly, impacted several hippocampal neuron plasticity processes. Intriguingly, transduction of the artificial transcription factor PSD95-VP64 rescued memory deficits in aged and Alzheimer's disease mice. Conclusively, this work validates PSD95 as a key player in memory and establishes epigenetic editing as a potential therapy to treat human neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando J Bustos
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Avenida Republica 217, Santiago, Chile.,FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Chile
| | - Estibaliz Ampuero
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Avenida Republica 217, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nur Jury
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Avenida Republica 217, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Aguilar
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Avenida Republica 217, Santiago, Chile.,FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Chile
| | - Fahimeh Falahi
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jorge Toledo
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology, SCIAN-Lab, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Center for Medical Informatics and Telemedicine CIMT, National Center for Health Information Systems CENS, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Ahumada
- Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Jaclyn Lata
- Department of Neurology and Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Paula Cubillos
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Avenida Republica 217, Santiago, Chile
| | - Berta Henríquez
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Avenida Republica 217, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel V Guerra
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Avenida Republica 217, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jimmy Stehberg
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Avenida Republica 217, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rachael L Neve
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- CARE Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Ursula Wyneken
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marco Fuenzalida
- Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Steffen Härtel
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology, SCIAN-Lab, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Center for Medical Informatics and Telemedicine CIMT, National Center for Health Information Systems CENS, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Sena-Esteves
- Department of Neurology and Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Lorena Varela-Nallar
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Avenida Republica 217, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marianne G Rots
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Montecino
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Avenida Republica 217, Santiago, Chile.,FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Chile
| | - Brigitte van Zundert
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Avenida Republica 217, Santiago, Chile
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20
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Retamal MA, Riquelme MA, Stehberg J, Alcayaga J. Connexin43 Hemichannels in Satellite Glial Cells, Can They Influence Sensory Neuron Activity? Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:374. [PMID: 29200997 PMCID: PMC5696352 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review article, we summarize the current insight on the role of Connexin- and Pannexin-based channels as modulators of sensory neurons. The somas of sensory neurons are located in sensory ganglia (i.e., trigeminal and nodose ganglia). It is well known that within sensory ganglia, sensory neurons do not form neither electrical nor chemical synapses. One of the reasons for this is that each soma is surrounded by glial cells, known as satellite glial cells (SGCs). Recent evidence shows that connexin43 (Cx43) hemichannels and probably pannexons located at SGCs have an important role in paracrine communication between glial cells and sensory neurons. This communication may be exerted via the release of bioactive molecules from SGCs and their subsequent action on receptors located at the soma of sensory neurons. The glio-neuronal communication seems to be relevant for the establishment of chronic pain, hyperalgesia and pathologies associated with tissue inflammation. Based on the current literature, it is possible to propose that Cx43 hemichannels expressed in SGCs could be a novel pharmacological target for treating chronic pain, which need to be directly evaluated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio A Retamal
- Centro de Fisiología Celular e Integrativa, Facultad de Medicina, Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Manuel A Riquelme
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Jimmy Stehberg
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Centro de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Julio Alcayaga
- Department of Biology, Cell Physiology Center, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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21
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Avirame K, Stehberg J, Todder D. Enhanced cognition and emotional recognition, and reduced obsessive compulsive symptoms in two adults with high-functioning autism as a result of deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (dTMS): a case report. Neurocase 2017; 23:187-192. [PMID: 28786315 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2017.1361451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We report reduced repetitive behaviors similar to obsessive compulsive disorder and improved emotional recognition and cognitive abilities in two young patients diagnosed with high-functioning Autism as a result of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS). The patients received daily high-frequency (5 Hz) dTMS with HAUT-coil over the medial prefrontal cortex for a period of 5-6 weeks. A computerized cognitive battery, tasks for testing emotional recognition, and clinical questionnaires were used to measure the effects of treatment. TMS might have modulated networks related to metalizing abilities and self-referential processes since both patients reported improved sociability and communication skills.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jimmy Stehberg
- b Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas , Universidad Andres Bello , Santiago , Chile
| | - Doron Todder
- a Neuroclinic Health center , Ramat Gan , Israel.,c Beersheva Mental Health Center , Beersheva , Israel.,d Zlotovsky Center for Neuroscience , Ben-Gurion University , Beersheva , Israel
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22
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Orellana JA, Retamal MA, Moraga-Amaro R, Stehberg J. Role of Astroglial Hemichannels and Pannexons in Memory and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Integr Neurosci 2016; 10:26. [PMID: 27489539 PMCID: PMC4951483 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2016.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, astroglial hemichannels and pannexons allow the release of gliotransmitters from astrocytes. These gliotransmitters are critical in modulating synaptic transmission, plasticity and memory. However, recent evidence suggests that under pathological conditions, they may be central in the development of various neurodegenerative diseases. Here we review current literature on the role of astroglial hemichannels and pannexons in memory, stress and the development of neurodegenerative diseases, and propose that they are not only crucial for normal brain function, including memory, but also a potential target for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Orellana
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio A Retamal
- Centro de Fisiología Celular e Integrativa, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Moraga-Amaro
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Jimmy Stehberg
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
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23
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Moraga-Amaro R, González H, Ugalde V, Donoso-Ramos JP, Quintana-Donoso D, Lara M, Morales B, Rojas P, Pacheco R, Stehberg J. Dopamine receptor D5 deficiency results in a selective reduction of hippocampal NMDA receptor subunit NR2B expression and impaired memory. Neuropharmacology 2016; 103:222-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Retamal MA, García IE, Pinto BI, Pupo A, Báez D, Stehberg J, Del Rio R, González C. Extracellular Cysteine in Connexins: Role as Redox Sensors. Front Physiol 2016; 7:1. [PMID: 26858649 PMCID: PMC4729916 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexin-based channels comprise hemichannels and gap junction channels. The opening of hemichannels allow for the flux of ions and molecules from the extracellular space into the cell and vice versa. Similarly, the opening of gap junction channels permits the diffusional exchange of ions and molecules between the cytoplasm and contacting cells. The controlled opening of hemichannels has been associated with several physiological cellular processes; thereby unregulated hemichannel activity may induce loss of cellular homeostasis and cell death. Hemichannel activity can be regulated through several mechanisms, such as phosphorylation, divalent cations and changes in membrane potential. Additionally, it was recently postulated that redox molecules could modify hemichannels properties in vitro. However, the molecular mechanism by which redox molecules interact with hemichannels is poorly understood. In this work, we discuss the current knowledge on connexin redox regulation and we propose the hypothesis that extracellular cysteines could be important for sensing changes in redox potential. Future studies on this topic will offer new insight into hemichannel function, thereby expanding the understanding of the contribution of hemichannels to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio A Retamal
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Fisiología Celular e Integrativa, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo Santiago, Chile
| | - Isaac E García
- Facultad de Ciencias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Valparaíso Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Bernardo I Pinto
- Facultad de Ciencias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Valparaíso Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Amaury Pupo
- Facultad de Ciencias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Valparaíso Valparaíso, Chile
| | - David Báez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Valparaíso Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Jimmy Stehberg
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Del Rio
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Center for Biomedical Research, Universidad Autónoma de ChileSantiago, Chile; Dirección de Investigación, Universidad Científica del SurLima, Perú
| | - Carlos González
- Facultad de Ciencias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Valparaíso Valparaíso, Chile
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25
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Torres F, Villalon E, Poblete P, Moraga-Amaro R, Linsambarth S, Riquelme R, Zangen A, Stehberg J. Retrospective Evaluation of Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as Add-On Treatment for Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2015; 6:210. [PMID: 26579065 PMCID: PMC4620693 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the safety and assess the different symptom improvements found after a combined low-frequency primary motor cortex and high-frequency prefrontal cortex (PFC) stimulation using the deep TMS (dTMS) H-coil, as an add-on treatment for Parkinson’s disease (PD). Methods Forty-five PD patients underwent 14 dTMS sessions; each consisting of 1 Hz stimulation of the primary motor cortex for 15 min, followed by 10 Hz stimulation of the PFC for 15 min. Clinical assessments were performed, BEFORE, at the MIDDLE, and END of therapy as well as at FOLLOW-UP after 30 days, using Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, TINETTI, UP&GO, SCOPA, HDRS21, Beck Depression Inventory, and self-applied daily motor assessment scales. Results Treatment was well-tolerated, without serious adverse effects. dTMS-induced significant PD symptom improvements at END and at FOLLOW-UP, in all subscales of the UPDRS, gait speed, depressive symptoms, balance, autonomic symptoms, and a 73% increase in daily ON time. Conclusion In the cohort of PD patients treated, dTMS was well-tolerated with only minor adverse effects. The dTMS-induced significant improvements in motor, postural, and motivational symptoms of PD patients and may potentiate concurrent levodopa treatment. Significance The present study demonstrates that dTMS may have a much wider spectrum of beneficial effects than previously reported for TMS, including enhancement of levodopa effects, suggesting that future clinical trials with dTMS should include a broader range of symptom measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Moraga-Amaro
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Andres Bello , Santiago , Chile
| | - Sergio Linsambarth
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Andres Bello , Santiago , Chile
| | | | - Abraham Zangen
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beersheva , Israel
| | - Jimmy Stehberg
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Andres Bello , Santiago , Chile
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Rojas S, Diaz-Galarce R, Jerez-Baraona JM, Quintana-Donoso D, Moraga-Amaro R, Stehberg J. The insula modulates arousal-induced reluctance to try novel tastes through adrenergic transmission in the rat. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:164. [PMID: 26175672 PMCID: PMC4484226 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Reluctance to try novel tastes (neophobia) can be exacerbated in arousing situations, such as when children are under social stress or in rodents, when the new taste is presented in a high arousal context (HA) compared to a low arousal context (LA). The present study aimed at determining whether adrenergic transmission at the Insula regulates the reluctance to try novel tastes induced by arousing contexts. To this end, a combination of systemic and intra-insular manipulations of adrenergic activity was performed before the novel taste (saccharin 0.1%) was presented either in LA or HA contexts in rats. Our results show that systemic adrenergic activity modulates reluctance to try novel tastes. Moreover, intra-insular microinjections of propranolol or norepinephrine (NE) were found to modulate the effects of arousing contexts on reluctance to try novel tastes. Finally, intra-insular propranolol blocked epinephrine-induced increased reluctance, while intra-insular NE blocked oral propranolol-induced decreases in reluctance and increased the reluctance to try novel tastes presented in low arousing contexts. In conclusion, our results suggest that the insula is a critical site for regulating the effects of arousal in the reluctance to try novel tastes via the adrenergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Rojas
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Centro de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Raúl Diaz-Galarce
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Centro de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Manuel Jerez-Baraona
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Centro de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Daisy Quintana-Donoso
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Centro de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Moraga-Amaro
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Centro de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Jimmy Stehberg
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Centro de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
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Orellana JA, Moraga-Amaro R, Díaz-Galarce R, Rojas S, Maturana CJ, Stehberg J, Sáez JC. Restraint stress increases hemichannel activity in hippocampal glial cells and neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:102. [PMID: 25883550 PMCID: PMC4382970 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress affects brain areas involved in learning and emotional responses, which may contribute in the development of cognitive deficits associated with major depression. These effects have been linked to glial cell activation, glutamate release and changes in neuronal plasticity and survival including atrophy of hippocampal apical dendrites, loss of synapses and neuronal death. Under neuro-inflammatory conditions, we recently unveiled a sequential activation of glial cells that release ATP and glutamate via hemichannels inducing neuronal death due to activation of neuronal NMDA/P2X7 receptors and pannexin1 hemichannels. In the present work, we studied if stress-induced glia activation is associated to changes in hemichannel activity. To this end, we compared hemichannel activity of brain cells after acute or chronic restraint stress in mice. Dye uptake experiments in hippocampal slices revealed that acute stress induces opening of both Cx43 and Panx1 hemichannels in astrocytes, which were further increased by chronic stress; whereas enhanced Panx1 hemichannel activity was detected in microglia and neurons after acute/chronic and chronic stress, respectively. Moreover, inhibition of NMDA/P2X7 receptors reduced the chronic stress-induced hemichannel opening, whereas blockade of Cx43 and Panx1 hemichannels fully reduced ATP and glutamate release in hippocampal slices from stressed mice. Thus, we propose that gliotransmitter release through hemichannels may participate in the pathogenesis of stress-associated psychiatric disorders and possibly depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Orellana
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Moraga-Amaro
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Raúl Díaz-Galarce
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Rojas
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Carola J Maturana
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Jimmy Stehberg
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan C Sáez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile ; Instituto Milenio, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso Santiago, Chile
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Stehberg J, Dang PT, Frostig RD. Unimodal primary sensory cortices are directly connected by long-range horizontal projections in the rat sensory cortex. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:93. [PMID: 25309339 PMCID: PMC4174042 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Research based on functional imaging and neuronal recordings in the barrel cortex subdivision of primary somatosensory cortex (SI) of the adult rat has revealed novel aspects of structure-function relationships in this cortex. Specifically, it has demonstrated that single whisker stimulation evokes subthreshold neuronal activity that spreads symmetrically within gray matter from the appropriate barrel area, crosses cytoarchitectural borders of SI and reaches deeply into other unimodal primary cortices such as primary auditory (AI) and primary visual (VI). It was further demonstrated that this spread is supported by a spatially matching underlying diffuse network of border-crossing, long-range projections that could also reach deeply into AI and VI. Here we seek to determine whether such a network of border-crossing, long-range projections is unique to barrel cortex or characterizes also other primary, unimodal sensory cortices and therefore could directly connect them. Using anterograde (BDA) and retrograde (CTb) tract-tracing techniques, we demonstrate that such diffuse horizontal networks directly and mutually connect VI, AI and SI. These findings suggest that diffuse, border-crossing axonal projections connecting directly primary cortices are an important organizational motif common to all major primary sensory cortices in the rat. Potential implications of these findings for topics including cortical structure-function relationships, multisensory integration, functional imaging, and cortical parcellation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Stehberg
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA, USA ; Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Phat T Dang
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ron D Frostig
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA, USA ; The Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA, USA
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Stehberg J, Torres F, Villalón E, Riquelme R. Retrospective Safety and Efficacy of the DeepTMS in a variety of pathologies including refractory Major Depression, Bipolar Depression, Parkinsońs Disease, negative symptoms of Schizophrenia and Stroke in a clinical setting; an update on the post-Marketing experience in Chile. Brain Stimul 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Moraga-Amaro R, Gonzalez H, Pacheco R, Stehberg J. Dopamine receptor D3 deficiency results in chronic depression and anxiety. Behav Brain Res 2014; 274:186-93. [PMID: 25110304 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade accumulating evidence suggests that brain dopamine (DA) has a role in depression, particularly given the high comorbidity of depression with Parkinson's Disease (PD) and the antidepressant effects of the DA receptor subtype 3 (D3R) agonist pramipexole. The present study assesses the role of D3R in depression. Here we hypothesized that D3R mediates the antidepressant effects of DA. Thus, genetic deficiency of D3R in D3R knockout (D3RKO) mice would yield animals with chronic depressive symptoms. Whereas D3R deficient mice did not show significant alterations in locomotion when tested in the openfield, these animals showed anxiety-like symptoms measured as a significant increase in thigmotaxis at the openfield and a significantly lower time spent in the lit compartment at the light/dark exploration test. D3RKO animals also showed depressive-like symptoms as measured by increased immobility time in the Porsolt forced swim test and the tail suspension test, as well as anhedonia measured in the non-motor dependent sucrose test. In conclusion, D3R deficiency results in anxiety-like and depressive-like symptoms that cannot be attributed to motor dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Moraga-Amaro
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hugo Gonzalez
- Laboratorio of Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Av. Zañartu 1482, Ñuñoa (7780272), Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Pacheco
- Laboratorio of Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Av. Zañartu 1482, Ñuñoa (7780272), Santiago, Chile; Programa de Biomedicina, Universidad San Sebastián, Av. Zañartu 1482, Ñuñoa (7780272), Santiago, Chile
| | - Jimmy Stehberg
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
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Delorenzi A, Maza FJ, Suárez LD, Barreiro K, Molina VA, Stehberg J. Memory beyond expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 108:307-22. [PMID: 25102126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The idea that memories are not invariable after the consolidation process has led to new perspectives about several mnemonic processes. In this framework, we review our studies on the modulation of memory expression during reconsolidation. We propose that during both memory consolidation and reconsolidation, neuromodulators can determine the probability of the memory trace to guide behavior, i.e. they can either increase or decrease its behavioral expressibility without affecting the potential of persistent memories to be activated and become labile. Our hypothesis is based on the findings that positive modulation of memory expression during reconsolidation occurs even if memories are behaviorally unexpressed. This review discusses the original approach taken in the studies of the crab Neohelice (Chasmagnathus) granulata, which was then successfully applied to test the hypothesis in rodent fear memory. Data presented offers a new way of thinking about both weak trainings and experimental amnesia: memory retrieval can be dissociated from memory expression. Furthermore, the strategy presented here allowed us to show in human declarative memory that the periods in which long-term memory can be activated and become labile during reconsolidation exceeds the periods in which that memory is expressed, providing direct evidence that conscious access to memory is not needed for reconsolidation. Specific controls based on the constraints of reminders to trigger reconsolidation allow us to distinguish between obliterated and unexpressed but activated long-term memories after amnesic treatments, weak trainings and forgetting. In the hypothesis discussed, memory expressibility--the outcome of experience-dependent changes in the potential to behave--is considered as a flexible and modulable attribute of long-term memories. Expression seems to be just one of the possible fates of re-activated memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Delorenzi
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, IFIByNE-CONICET, Pabellón II, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria (C1428EHA), Argentina.
| | - F J Maza
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, IFIByNE-CONICET, Pabellón II, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria (C1428EHA), Argentina.
| | - L D Suárez
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, IFIByNE-CONICET, Pabellón II, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria (C1428EHA), Argentina.
| | - K Barreiro
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, IFIByNE-CONICET, Pabellón II, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria (C1428EHA), Argentina.
| | - V A Molina
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, IFEC-CONICET (X5000HUA), Argentina.
| | - J Stehberg
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile.
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Abstract
The role of astrocytes in brain function has evolved over the last decade, from support cells to active participants in the neuronal synapse through the release of "gliotransmitters."Astrocytes express receptors for most neurotransmitters and respond to them through Ca(2+) intracellular oscillations and propagation of intercellular Ca(2+) waves. While such waves are able to propagate among neighboring astrocytes through gap junctions, thereby activating several astrocytes simultaneously, they can also trigger the release of gliotransmitters, including glutamate, d-serine, glycine, ATP, adenosine, or GABA. There are several mechanisms by which gliotransmitter release occurs, including functional hemichannels. These gliotransmitters can activate neighboring astrocytes and participate in the propagation of intercellular Ca(2+) waves, or activate pre- and post-synaptic receptors, including NMDA, AMPA, and purinergic receptors. In consequence, hemichannels could play a pivotal role in astrocyte-to-astrocyte communication and astrocyte-to-neuron cross-talk. Recent evidence suggests that astroglial hemichannels are involved in higher brain functions including memory and glucose sensing. The present review will focus on the role of hemichannels in astrocyte-to-astrocyte and astrocyte-to neuron communication and in brain physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Orellana
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Jimmy Stehberg
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Centro de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello Santiago, Chile
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Moraga-Amaro R, Cortés-Rojas A, Simon F, Stehberg J. Role of the insular cortex in taste familiarity. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 109:37-45. [PMID: 24296461 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Determining the role of the main gustatory cortical area within the insular cortex (IC), in conditioned taste aversion (CTA) has been elusive due to effective compensatory mechanisms that allow animals to learn in spite of lacking IC. IC lesions performed before CTA training induces mild if any memory impairments, while IC lesions done weeks after CTA produce amnesia. IC lesions before taste presentation have also been shown not to affect taste familiarity learning (attenuation of neophobia). This lack of effect could be either explained by compensation from other brain areas or by a lack of involvement of the IC in taste familiarity. To assess this issue, rats were bilaterally IC lesioned with ibotenic acid (200-300 nl.; 15 mg/ml) one week before or after taste familiarity, using either a preferred (0.1%) or a non-preferred (0.5%) saccharin solution. Rats lesioned before familiarity showed a decrease in neophobia to both solutions but no difference in their familiarity curve or their slope. When animals were familiarized and then IC lesioned, both IC lesioned groups treated the solutions as familiar, showing no differences from sham animals in their retention of familiarity. However, both lesioned groups showed increased latent inhibition (or impaired CTA) when CTA trained after repeated pre-exposures. The role of the IC in familiarity was also assessed using temporary inactivation of the IC, using bilateral micro-infusions of sodium channel blocker bupivacaine before each of 3 saccharin daily presentations. Intra-insular bupivacaine had no effects on familiarity acquisition, but did impair CTA learning in a different group of rats micro-infused before saccharin presentation in a CTA training protocol. Our data indicate that the IC is not essentially involved in acquisition or retention of taste familiarity, suggesting regional dissociation of areas involved in CTA and taste familiarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Moraga-Amaro
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile
| | - Andrés Cortés-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile
| | - Felipe Simon
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatologia Integrativa, Departaemento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jimmy Stehberg
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile.
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Ampuero E, Stehberg J, Gonzalez D, Besser N, Ferrero M, Diaz-Veliz G, Wyneken U, Rubio FJ. Repetitive fluoxetine treatment affects long-term memories but not learning. Behav Brain Res 2013; 247:92-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Iyyathurai J, D'hondt C, Wang N, De Bock M, Himpens B, Retamal MA, Stehberg J, Leybaert L, Bultynck G. Peptides and peptide-derived molecules targeting the intracellular domains of Cx43: gap junctions versus hemichannels. Neuropharmacology 2013; 75:491-505. [PMID: 23664811 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
About a decade ago, the molecular determinants controlling the opening and closing of Cx43 gap junction channels have been identified. Advanced biophysical approaches revealed a critical role for structural rearrangements in the cytoplasmic loop and dimerization of the C-terminal tail, resulting in binding of the C-terminal tail to the cytoplasmic loop and Cx43 gap junction channel closure during cellular acidosis. This has spurred the development of Cx43-mimetic peptides and peptidomimetics that interfere with these loop/tail interactions, thereby preventing the closure of Cx43 gap junctions, e.g. in the heart upon ischemia. Recently, we found that loop/tail interactions control Cx43-hemichannel activity but with an opposite effect. Binding of the C-terminal tail to the cytoplasmic loop is a requisite for the opening of Cx43 hemichannels in response to different stimuli, like decreased extracellular [Ca2+], increased intracellular [Ca2+], positive membrane potentials or ischemia. Strikingly, peptides that favor the open state of Cx43 gap junctions like the L2 peptide inhibit Cx43-hemichannel opening. These tools now provide unprecedented opportunities to selectively inhibit Cx43 hemichannels while maintaining Cx43 gap junction communication, impossible to achieve with siRNA or knockdown approaches both affecting gap junctions and hemichannels. These tools not only are very helpful to unravel the role of Cx43 hemichannels in complex biological systems, but also hold therapeutic potential to counteract excessive Cx43-hemichannel activity like in ischemia/reperfusion in the brain and the heart or to prevent Cx43 hemichannel-mediated gliotransmitter release in the basal amygdala during memory consolidation in response to emotional events. This article is part of the Special Issue Section entitled 'Current Pharmacology of Gap Junction Channels and Hemichannels'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jegan Iyyathurai
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-I Bus 802, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Catheleyne D'hondt
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-I Bus 802, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nan Wang
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 (Block B-Rm 310), B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marijke De Bock
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 (Block B-Rm 310), B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bernard Himpens
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-I Bus 802, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mauricio A Retamal
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jimmy Stehberg
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas & Facultad de Medicina, Santiago, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luc Leybaert
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 (Block B-Rm 310), B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Bultynck
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-I Bus 802, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Ugarte GD, Diaz E, Biscaia M, Stehberg J, Montecino M, van Zundert B. Transcription of the pain-related TRPV1 gene requires Runx1 and C/EBPβ factors. J Cell Physiol 2012; 228:860-70. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Stehberg J, Moraga-Amaro R, Salazar C, Becerra A, Echeverría C, Orellana JA, Bultynck G, Ponsaerts R, Leybaert L, Simon F, Sáez JC, Retamal MA. Release of gliotransmitters through astroglial connexin 43 hemichannels is necessary for fear memory consolidation in the basolateral amygdala. FASEB J 2012; 26:3649-57. [PMID: 22665389 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-198416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent in vitro evidence indicates that astrocytes can modulate synaptic plasticity by releasing neuroactive substances (gliotransmitters). However, whether gliotransmitter release from astrocytes is necessary for higher brain function in vivo, particularly for memory, as well as the contribution of connexin (Cx) hemichannels to gliotransmitter release, remain elusive. Here, we microinfused into the rat basolateral amygdala (BLA) TAT-Cx43L2, a peptide that selectively inhibits Cx43-hemichannel opening while maintaining synaptic transmission or interastrocyte gap junctional communication. In vivo blockade of Cx43 hemichannels during memory consolidation induced amnesia for auditory fear conditioning, as assessed 24 h after training, without affecting short-term memory, locomotion, or shock reactivity. The amnesic effect was transitory, specific for memory consolidation, and was confirmed after microinfusion of Gap27, another Cx43-hemichannel blocker. Learning capacity was recovered after coinfusion of TAT-Cx43L2 and a mixture of putative gliotransmitters (glutamate, glutamine, lactate, d-serine, glycine, and ATP). We propose that gliotransmitter release from astrocytes through Cx43 hemichannels is necessary for fear memory consolidation at the BLA. Thus, the present study is the first to demonstrate a physiological role for astroglial Cx43 hemichannels in brain function, making these channels a novel pharmacological target for the treatment of psychiatric disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Stehberg
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
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Tapia P, Chinchón E, Morales D, Stehberg J, Simon F. Effectiveness of short-term 6-hour high-volume hemofiltration during refractory severe septic shock. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012; 72:1228-1238. [PMID: 22673249 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e318248bc6c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effectiveness of a single 6-hour session of high-volume hemofiltration (HVHF) was evaluated in terms of decreased norepinephrine (NE) requirements, progressive refractory hypotension and hypoperfusion by the fourth hour, and observed versus expected hospital mortality in patients with refractory severe septic shock. METHODS A prospective cohort study conducted at the intensive care unit with 31 patients suffering from severe septic shock (NE dose ≥ 0.3 μg kg min to maintain mean arterial pressure 70-80 mm Hg and lactic acidosis) and refractory to treatments recommended by Surviving Sepsis Campaign, 2008. All patients were subjected to a single short-term 6-hour HVHF with a goal-directed protocol. Changes in NE dose, hemodynamic, metabolic, and respiratory parameters were measured at the onset (t0), 4 (t4) and 6 hours (t6) during HVHF. Patients were considered responders if by t4 of HVHF, they showed a decrease in NE dose ≥ 50%, maintaining mean arterial pressure 80 mm Hg to 70 mm Hg. RESULTS : Twenty-five of the 31 patients responded to HVHF treatment (responders), whereas 6 did not (nonresponders). In the responders group, a decrease in NE dose was observed by t4 (1.3 ± 0.5 μg kg min). This beneficial effect was maintained by t6 of treatment. Hemodynamic, metabolic, and respiratory parameters and other organic function indicators were also significantly improved by t4 and maintained by t6. Hospital mortality (45.16%) was significantly lower than that predicted by Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (>90%): 83% for nonresponders versus 36% for responders. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that a single session of short-term 6-hour HVHF in patients with refractory severe septic shock reduces NE dose requirements and improves organic function already by the fourth hour of treatment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III, therapeutic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Tapia
- Universidad Católica de Chile, Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Marcoleta 367, 8330024 Santiago, Chile.
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Echeverría C, Becerra A, Nuñez-Villena F, Muñoz-Castro A, Stehberg J, Zheng Z, Arratia-Perez R, Simon F, Ramírez-Tagle R. The paramagnetic and luminescent [Re6Se8I6]3− cluster. Its potential use as an antitumoral and biomarker agent. NEW J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2nj21016a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Stehberg J, Moraga-Amaro R, Simon F. The role of the insular cortex in taste function. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2011; 96:130-5. [PMID: 21447397 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In spite of over 30 years of research, the role of the Insular Cortex (IC) in taste memory still remains elusive. To study the role of the IC in taste memory, we used conditioned taste aversion (CTA) for two different concentrations of saccharin; 0.1% which is highly preferred, and 0.5% which is non-preferred. Rats that had been IC lesioned bilaterally with ibotenic acid (15 mg/ml) before CTA showed significant learning impairments for saccharin 0.1% but not for saccharin 0.5%. To test CTA memory retention, rats lesioned a week after CTA training became completely amnesic for saccharin 0.1% yet only mildly impaired for saccharin 0.5%. Interestingly, the resulting preference for either concentration matched that of IC lesioned animals when exposed to either saccharin solution for the first time, but not those of sham animals, implying that IC lesions after CTA for either saccharin solution rendered complete amnesia, irrespective of the original preference. Our data indicate that an intact IC is essential for CTA learning and retention, as well as for an early neophobic response, but not for taste preference itself. Our data supports a model where the IC is involved in general taste rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Stehberg
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
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Stehberg J, Simon F. Involvement of the insular cortex in retention of conditioned taste aversion is not time dependent. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2011; 95:14-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Reconsolidation of long-term memory is blocked in animal models by macromolecular synthesis inhibitors, resulting in item-specific post-retrieval amnesia. The induction of such amnesia could ameliorate traumatic memories and phobias. However, this pharmacological approach is of limited value in humans because of toxicity. Here we report that reconsolidation of conditioned taste aversion in the rat is impaired by localized intracranial electrical stimulation. Lasting impairment was obtained only when stimulation was applied during memory reactivation and only to the dysgranular insular cortex bilaterally, which subserves the memory, but not to adjacent brain sites. The ability to learn a new association was not affected. The same method blocked new memory consolidation, but produced anterograde amnesia, reminiscent of the known effect of non-localized electroconvulsive therapy. Our results suggest that localized electrical microstimulation, such as produced by deep-brain stimulation or deep transcranial magnetic stimulation, could be used to impair long-term memory if applied during memory reactivation, and could lead to the development of a novel treatment for intractable post-traumatic stress disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Stehberg
- Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Frostig RD, Xiong Y, Chen-Bee CH, Kvasnák E, Stehberg J. Large-scale organization of rat sensorimotor cortex based on a motif of large activation spreads. J Neurosci 2008; 28:13274-84. [PMID: 19052219 PMCID: PMC2710304 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4074-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parcellation according to function (e.g., visual, somatosensory, auditory, motor) is considered a fundamental property of sensorimotor cortical organization, traditionally defined from cytoarchitectonics and mapping studies relying on peak evoked neuronal activity. In the adult rat, stimulation of single whiskers evokes peak activity at topographically appropriate locations within somatosensory cortex and provides an example of cortical functional specificity. Here, we show that single whisker stimulation also evokes symmetrical areas of suprathreshold and subthreshold neuronal activation that spread extensively away from peak activity, effectively ignoring cortical borders by spilling deeply into multiple cortical territories of different modalities (auditory, visual and motor), where they were blocked by localized neuronal activity blocker injections and thus ruled out as possibly caused by "volume conductance." These symmetrical activity spreads were supported by underlying border-crossing, long-range horizontal connections as confirmed with transection experiments and injections of anterograde neuronal tracer experiments. We found such large evoked activation spreads and their underlying connections regardless of whisker identity, cortical layer, or axis of recorded responses, thereby revealing a large scale nonspecific organization of sensorimotor cortex based on a motif of large symmetrical activation spreads. Because the large activation spreads and their underlying horizontal connections ignore anatomical borders between cortical modalities, sensorimotor cortex could therefore be viewed as a continuous entity rather than a collection of discrete, delineated unimodal regions, an organization that could coexist with established specificity of cortical organization and that could serve as a substrate for associative learning, direct multimodal integration and recovery of function after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron D Frostig
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, The Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-4550, USA.
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Berman DE, Hazvi S, Stehberg J, Bahar A, Dudai Y. Conflicting processes in the extinction of conditioned taste aversion: behavioral and molecular aspects of latency, apparent stagnation, and spontaneous recovery. Learn Mem 2003; 10:16-25. [PMID: 12551960 PMCID: PMC196653 DOI: 10.1101/lm.53703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2002] [Accepted: 11/15/2002] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The study of experimental extinction and of the spontaneous recovery of the extinguished memory could cast light on neurobiological mechanisms by which internal representations compete to control behavior. In this work, we use a combination of behavioral and molecular methods to dissect subprocesses of experimental extinction of conditioned taste aversion (CTA). Extinction of CTA becomes apparent only 90 min after the extinction trial. This latency is insensitive to muscarinic and beta-adrenergic modulation and to protein synthesis inhibition in the insular cortex (IC). Immediately afterwards, however, the extinguishing trace becomes sensitive to beta-adrenergic blockade and protein synthesis inhibition. The subsequent kinetics and magnitude of extinction depend on whether a spaced or massed extinction protocol is used. A massed protocol is highly effective in the short run, but results in apparent stagnation of extinction in the long-run, which conceals fast spontaneous recovery of the preextinguished trace. This recovery can be truncated by a beta-adrenergic agonist or a cAMP analog in the insular cortex, suggesting that spontaneous overtaking of the behavioral control by the original association is regulated at least in part by beta-adrenergic input, probably operating via the cAMP cascade, long after the offset of the conditioned stimulus. Hence, the performance of the subject in experimental extinction is the sum total of multiple, sometimes conflicting, time-dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego E Berman
- Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Abstract
Visceral sensory perception is subjected to modulation by attention or distraction, like other sensory systems. The thalamic reticular nucleus is a key region in selective attention, effecting a change in the mode of thalamocortical transmission. Each major thalamocortical system is connected with a particular sector of the thalamic reticular nucleus. No connections from the thalamic reticular nucleus have been described to the visceral sensory thalamus. We used axonal tracing techniques to study the possible existence of reciprocal connections between the visceral sensory relay in the lateral ventroposterior parvicellular thalamic nucleus, and the reticular nucleus of the thalamus. We also studied the projections from the visceral sensory cortex, located in the granular insular cortex in the rat, to the reticular nucleus of the thalamus. We found a convergent input from both thalamic and cortical sensory visceral regions to the same sector of the reticular nucleus of the thalamus. This visceral sector in turn sent GABAergic feedback connections to the lateral ventroposterior parvicellular thalamic nucleus. In addition, the visceral thalamus received histaminergic projections from the tuberomammillary nucleus, and noradrenergic projections from the locus coeruleus; both nuclei belong to the ascending activating system. Our findings indicate that the visceral sensory thalamocortical pathway is connected to the same subcortical structures that provide attention mechanisms for other thalamocortical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stehberg
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
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