Association of child neurodevelopmental or behavioural problems with maternal unemployment in a population-based birth cohort

PURPOSE

To estimate associations between suspected or diagnosed neurodevelopmental or behavioural problems in 7-year-old children and maternal unemployment at child age 7 and 10, in a Portuguese birth cohort.

METHODS

We evaluated 5754 mothers and their children of the population-based birth cohort Generation XXI in Porto, Portugal. Data on suspected and diagnosed child neurodevelopmental and behavioural problems (exposures)-learning, attention and language problems, externalising behaviours, developmental delay, autism spectrum disorders, and other neurodevelopmental problems-were retrieved at 7 years of age by interviewing caregivers. Maternal employment status (outcome) was collected at the 7- and 10-year follow-up waves. Robust Poisson regression models were used to estimate associations.

RESULTS

After adjustment for maternal and household characteristics, women were more likely to be unemployed at child age 10 if the child had, up to age 7, any of the following suspected problems: an autism spectrum disorder (PR = 1.73; 95% CI 1.07, 2.79), developmental delay (PR = 1.58; 95% CI 1.20, 2.06), externalising behaviours (PR = 1.29; 95% CI 1.11, 1.50) or learning problems (PR = 1.26; 95% CI 1.07, 1.48). When the exposure was restricted to clinically diagnosed disorders, the magnitude of associations remained similar but estimates were less precise. Associations with unemployment were stronger at child age 10 (prospective analyses), than at child age 7 (cross-sectional).

CONCLUSION

Having a child with learning, developmental or behavioural problems, or an autism spectrum disorder up to age 7 was associated with maternal unemployment three years later, even in a less affluent European economy where the dual-earner family structure is often necessary to make ends meet.

Towards harmonisation of case definitions for eight work-related musculoskeletal disorders - an international multi-disciplinary Delphi study

Background

International consensus is needed on case definitions of work-related musculoskeletal disorders and diseases (MSDs) for use in epidemiological research. We aim to: 1) study what information is needed for the case definition of work-related low back pain (LBP), lumbosacral radicular syndrome (LRS), subacromial pain syndrome (SAPS), carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), lateral and medial elbow tendinopathy, and knee and hip osteoarthritis, and to 2) seek consensus among occupational health professionals/researchers regarding the case definitions of these work-related MSDs.

Methods

A two-round Delphi study was conducted with occupational health professionals/researchers from 24 countries. Definition of work-related MSDs were composed of a case definition with work exposures. Round 1 included 32 case definitions and round 2, 60 case definitions. After two rounds, consensus required 75% of the panellists to rate a case definition including work exposures ≥7 points on a 9-point rating scale (completely disagree/completely agree).

Results

Fifty-eight panellists completed both rounds (response rate 90%). Forty-five (70%) panellists thought that for LBP a case definition can be based on symptoms only. Consensus was only reached for work-related medial elbow tendinopathy, while the lowest agreement was found for knee osteoarthritis. Where consensus was not reached, this was – except for LBP - related to physical examination and imaging rather than disagreement on key symptoms.

Conclusion

Consensus on case definitions was reached only for work-related medial elbow tendinopathy. Epidemiological research would benefit from harmonized case definitions for all MSDs including imaging and physical examination for LRS, SAPS, CTS, lateral elbow tendinopathy and hip and knee osteoarthritis.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12891-021-04871-9.

Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among workers of the public higher education institutions of Porto, Portugal: a cross-sectional study

Objectives

To assess the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM and IgG antibodies among workers of the three public higher education institutions of Porto, Portugal, up to July 2020.

Methods

A rapid point-of-care test for specific IgM and IgG antibodies of SARS-CoV-2 was offered to all workers (SD Biosensor STANDARD Q COVID-19 IgM/IgG Duo and STANDARD Q COVID-19 IgM/IgG Combo). Testing was performed and a questionnaire was completed by 4592 workers on a voluntary basis from 21 May to 31 July 2020. We computed the apparent IgM, IgG, and combined IgM or IgG prevalence, along with the true prevalence and 95% credible intervals (95% CrI) using Bayesian inference.

Results

We found an apparent prevalence of 3.1% for IgM, 1.0% for IgG and 3.9% for either. The estimated true prevalence was 2.0% (95% CrI 0.1% to 4.3%) for IgM, 0.6% (95% CrI 0.0% to 1.3%) for IgG, and 2.5% (95% CrI 0.1% to 5.3%) for IgM or IgG. A SARS-CoV-2 molecular diagnosis was reported by 21 (0.5%) workers; and of these, 90.5% had a reactive IgG result. Seroprevalence was higher among those reporting contacts with confirmed cases, having been quarantined, having a previous molecular negative test or having had symptoms.

Conclusions

The seroprevalence among workers from the three public higher education institutions of Porto after the first wave of the SARS-CoV-2 infection was similar to national estimates for the same age working population. However, the estimated true seroprevalence was approximately five times higher than the reported SARS-CoV-2 infection based on a molecular test.

History of work-related health problems in a population-based sample of women: An exploratory factor analysis

BACKGROUND

Beyond the health-enhancing effects, work also has the potential of causing or worsening different health conditions in the same individual. However, research on within-worker aggregation of work-related health problems is scarce.

OBJECTIVE

To describe the history and aggregation of work-related health problems in a population-based sample of women.

METHODS

A total of 4330 women were asked whether they had ever had "a physical or mental health problem that was caused or made worse by your work". The aggregation of work-related health problems was assessed using an exploratory factor analysis.

RESULTS

Five groups were identified. Factor 1 included all items on musculoskeletal disorders - lower socioeconomic position, higher BMI, smokers and history of occupational accidents. Factor 2 included mental disorders together with headache and/or eyestrain - higher socioeconomic position. Factor 3 included the other disorders item with some loading from digestive disorders - older and public sector workers. Factor 4 included respiratory disorders - lower socioeconomic position and history of occupational accidents. Factor 5 included hearing and ear problems - blue-collar workers.

CONCLUSION

There was a relevant aggregation of work-related health problems, which may inform the selection of specific components for interventions that aim to improve women's work-related health.

Work-life prevalence of self-reported occupational injuries in mothers of a birth cohort

Purpose. This study investigated self-reported occupational injuries among mothers in a large birth cohort study and the relation of their characteristics to different injury outcomes: occurrence, severity, temporal proximity and recurrence. Methods. We asked 4338 women whether they had been in 'an accident at work, even if it did not require medical treatment', and the number of accidents throughout their working life, type of injury and whether it occurred within the last 12 months. Results. Over one-fifth (21.8%) of working-age mothers reported having at least one occupational injury throughout their working life. Wounds and superficial injuries were the most frequently reported types of occupational injuries (11.0%), followed by dislocated bones and joints, sprains and strains (10.7%). Women who reported a history of occupational injuries also had a higher likelihood of reporting a work-related health problem (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.64; 95% confidence interval [CI] [2.27, 3.07]) and of having a partner who also reported an occupational injury throughout their working life (adjusted OR = 1.86; 95% CI [1.33, 2.62]). Associations remained fairly stable across all outcomes. Conclusions. Our findings point towards a broadened understanding of occupational injury consequences and research focusing on family-level factors that account for the embeddedness of workers in households.

Increased Functional Connectivity After Listening to Favored Music in Adults With Alzheimer Dementia

BACKGROUND

Personalized music programs have been proposed as an adjunct therapy for patients with Alzheimer disease related dementia, and multicenter trials have now demonstrated improvements in agitation, anxiety, and behavioral symptoms. Underlying neurophysiological mechanisms for these effects remain unclear.

METHODS

We examined 17 individuals with a clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer disease related dementia using functional MRI following a training period in a personalized music listening program.

RESULTS

We find that participants listening to preferred music show specific activation of the supplementary motor area, a region that has been associated with memory for familiar music that is typically spared in early Alzheimer disease. We also find widespread increases in functional connectivity in corticocortical and corticocerebellar networks following presentation of preferred musical stimuli, suggesting a transient effect on brain function.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings support a mechanism whereby attentional network activation in the brain's salience network may lead to improvements in brain network synchronization.

Early childhood as a sensitive period for the effect of growth on childhood bone mass: Evidence from Generation XXI birth cohort

BACKGROUND

To identify sensitive periods for the effect of early life growth on childhood bone mass we compared the associations between weight and length/height velocities from birth to age six and bone mineral content (BMC) and areal density (aBMD) at 7 years of age.

METHODS

We analyzed data from 1853 participants from the Generation XXI birth cohort scanned with a whole body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry system. Velocities of growth in weight and length/height were obtained through linear spline multilevel models on the basis of data collected during routine health examinations. Using linear regression we computed associations of birth weight, birth length, five weight velocities ("early neonatal": 0-10 days, "early infancy": 10 days-3 months, "late infancy": 3-12 months, "early childhood": 1-3 years, and "later childhood": 3-6 years) and four length/height velocities ("early infancy": 0-3 months, "late infancy": 3-12 months, "early childhood": 1-3 years, and "later childhood": 3-6 years) with outcomes BMC, aBMD, height and height-adjusted BMC at age seven. Confounding by maternal and child characteristics was addressed and effects of growth velocities were adjusted to preceding growth.

RESULTS

Weight and length/height velocities up to the age of six were associated with increased bone mass, areal density and height at 7 years with the strongest associations observed for growth in early childhood. In this age period, after concurrent height and confounder adjustment, one standard deviation (SD) increase in weight velocity was associated with higher BMC z-scores: 0.27 (95%CI: 0.22, 0.32) in girls and 0.24 (95%CI: 0.19, 0.29) in boys. Height velocity was also associated with greater height-adjusted BMC z-score: 0.12 (95%CI: 0.07, 0.17) per SD in girls and 0.11 (95%CI: 0.06, 0.16) in boys. The pattern of associations was similar, albeit attenuated, after adjusting for preceding growth.

CONCLUSION

Growth in second and third years of life may represent a sensitive period for the effect of growth on childhood bone mass, partly through their effect on concurrent body size.

Neighborhood Socioeconomic Deprivation and Allostatic Load: A Scoping Review

Residing in socioeconomically deprived neighborhoods may pose substantial physiological stress, which can then lead to higher allostatic load (AL), a marker of biological wear and tear that precedes disease. The aim of the present study was to map the current evidence about the relationship between neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation and AL. A scoping review approach was chosen to provide an overview of the type, quantity, and extent of research available. The review was conducted using three bibliographic databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science) and a standardized protocol. Fourteen studies were identified. Studies were predominantly from the USA, cross-sectional, focused on adults, and involved different races and ethnic groups. A wide range of measures of AL were identified: the mode of the number of biomarkers per study was eight but with large variability (range: 6⁻24). Most studies (n = 12) reported a significant association between neighborhood deprivation and AL. Behaviors and environmental stressors seem to mediate this relationship and associations appear more pronounced among Blacks, men, and individuals with poor social support. Such conclusions have important public health implications as they enforce the idea that neighborhood environment should be improved to prevent physiological dysregulation and consequent chronic diseases.

Prevalence and Determinants of Bullying Among Health Care Workers in Portugal

Bullying is defined as systematic exposure to humiliation as well as hostile and violent behaviors against one or more individuals. These behaviors are a serious, growing problem, which affects a significant proportion of health care professionals. To support the hospital's risk management policy, a cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of bullying in this institution and identify the determinants of bullying. Bullying was measured using the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised, Portuguese version (NAQ-R), a self-administered tool. The questionnaire was made available in digital format on the hospital's internal network (Intranet) and in hard copy; questionnaires were returned via nonidentified internal mail addressed to the occupational health unit or deposited in suggestion boxes located throughout the hospital. Multiple questionnaire delivery methods guaranteed data anonymity and confidentiality. The prevalence of bullying in this hospital was 8% (95% confidence interval [CI] = [6.2, 10.2]). Reported bullying was predominantly vertical and more frequently occurring among nurses, clerical staff, and health care assistants (12.5%, 7.6%, 6.4%, respectively; p = .005). After adjusting for gender, age, occupation, type of contract, and work schedule, only type of contract was significantly associated with bullying in the workplace; the risk of bullying was twice as high among government employees compared to workers with indefinite duration employment contracts ( p = .038). This study identified a high prevalence of bullying among health professionals; hence a program to prevent and control this phenomenon was implemented in this institution.

Left-right organizer flow dynamics: how much cilia activity reliably yields laterality?

Internal organs are asymmetrically positioned inside the body. Embryonic motile cilia play an essential role in this process by generating a directional fluid flow inside the vertebrate left-right organizer. Detailed characterization of how fluid flow dynamics modulates laterality is lacking. We used zebrafish genetics to experimentally generate a range of flow dynamics. By following the development of each embryo, we show that fluid flow in the left-right organizer is asymmetric and provides a good predictor of organ laterality. This was tested in mosaic organizers composed of motile and immotile cilia generated by dnah7 knockdowns. In parallel, we used simulations of fluid dynamics to analyze our experimental data. These revealed that fluid flow generated by 30 or more cilia predicts 90% situs solitus, similar to experimental observations. We conclude that cilia number, dorsal anterior motile cilia clustering, and left flow are critical to situs solitus via robust asymmetric charon expression.

Interventions for treating posterior cruciate ligament injuries of the knee in adults

BACKGROUND

Injuries of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) of the knee frequently occur in automobile accidents and sports injuries, although they are less frequent overall than injuries of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Some patients show significant symptoms and subsequent articular deterioration, while others are essentially asymptomatic, maintaining habitual function. Management of PCL injuries remains controversial and prognosis can vary widely. Interventions extend from non-operative (conservative) procedures to reconstruction of the PCL, in the hope that the surgical procedure may have a positive effect in the reduction/prevention of future osteoarthritic changes in the knee.

OBJECTIVES

To determine the effectiveness and safety of surgical and conservative interventions for PCL injuries in adults.

SEARCH STRATEGY

We searched the Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group Specialised Register (April 2004), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library Issue 1, 2004), MEDLINE via PubMed (1966 to April 2004), EMBASE (1966 to April 2004), CINAHL (1982 to April 2004), LILACS (1982 to April 2004), SportsDiscus (1975 to April 2004), and reference lists of articles.

SELECTION CRITERIA

Randomized or quasi-randomized clinical trials comparing various methods of operative and conservative interventions, and comparisons with each other for the treatment of PCL injuries.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

References found with the search strategy were evaluated independently by two review authors.

MAIN RESULTS

No randomized or quasi-randomized controlled studies meeting the selection criteria were identified.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

Future research should include randomized controlled trials of acute isolated PCL injuries, or PCL injuries when combined with other ligament injuries of the knee, treated operatively and conservatively. Adequate numbers of patients and an objective methodology for patient evaluation must be used in future studies of these interventions to determine the long-term results.

[A rare etiology of hepatic steatosis associated with lactic acidosis: the toxicity of antiviral nucleoside analogues]

We report three cases of hepatic steatosis associated with lactic acidosis occurring in HIV positive patients and due to a toxicity of antiviral nucleoside analogues. The clinico-pathological presentation was similar associating digestive signs (vomiting and abdominal pain), polypnea, lactic acidosis, a lethal clinical course, and an hepatomegaly with a diffuse macrovacuolar steatosis. The ultrastructural study performed in two cases showed mitochondrial alterations in hepatocytes. The toxicity of antiviral nucleoside analogues is due to a mitochondrial DNA polymerase inhibition. The incidence of this disease is actually low but probably underestimated. The diagnosis should be rapidly performed and the treatment immediatly interrupted.

Treatment of human scabies with oral ivermectin

Thirty-eight patients with scabies (21 males and 17 females) received oral ivermectin in two doses of 200 microg/kg at 7 days interval. Excellent results were achieved in 29 cases (76.34%), improvement in 6 (15.78%) and poor responses in 3 (7.88%). Tolerance was satisfactory-excellent in 32 patients (84.2%). The effectiveness and safety of the drug described in previous studies are confirmed by the present results.

Inhibition of auditory nerve action potentials by acetylcholine and physostigmine

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