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Papierowska E, Beczek M, Mazur R, Szatyłowicz J, Szewińska J, Polakowski C, Ryżak M, Stańczyk T, Sochan A, Frankowska-Łukawska J, Bieganowski A. Drop impact dynamics on the hydrophobic leaf surface of an aquatic plant: a case study of Pistia stratiotes. J Exp Bot 2023; 74:5255-5272. [PMID: 37249250 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Pistia stratiotes is an aquatic plant with a complex structure that allows it to stay afloat. It grows quickly, and in large numbers becomes an undesirable plant as an invasive species. Describing the dynamics of a water drop splash on P. stratiotes leaves can contribute to increasing knowledge of its behavior and finding alternative methods for eradicating it or using it for the benefit of the environment. The non-wettable surface of P. stratiotes presents a complex structure-simple uniseriate trichomes and also ridges and veins. We analyzed the drop impact on a leaf placed on the water surface and recorded it by high-speed cameras. Based on the recordings, quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed. After impacting the leaf, the water drop spread until it reached its maximum surface area accompanied by the ejection of early droplets in the initial stage. Thereafter, three scenarios of water behavior were observed: (i) drop receding and stabilization; (ii) drop receding and ejection of late droplets formed in the later stage as an effect of elastic deformation of the leaf; and (iii) drop breaking apart and ejection of late droplets. The results indicated that the increasing kinetic energy of the impacting drops expressed by the Weber number and the complex leaf surface have an effect on the course of the splash. The simple uniseriate trichomes of the P. stratiotes leaf and the high energy of the falling drops were responsible for the formation and characteristics of the early droplets. The presence of ridges and veins and the leaf's mechanical response had an impact on the occurrence of late droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Papierowska
- Water Centre, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Beczek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Rafał Mazur
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jan Szatyłowicz
- Department of Environmental Management, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Szewińska
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cezary Polakowski
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Ryżak
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Stańczyk
- Department of Hydrology, Meteorology and Water Management Institute of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Sochan
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Justyna Frankowska-Łukawska
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bieganowski
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
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Papierowska E, Szatyłowicz J, Samborski S, Szewińska J, Różańska E. The Leaf Wettability of Various Potato Cultivars. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:plants9040504. [PMID: 32295290 PMCID: PMC7238215 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Leaf wettability has an impact on a plant's ability to retain water on its leaf surface, which in turn has many environmental consequences. In the case of the potato leaf (Solanum tuberosum L.), water on the leaf surface may contribute to the development of a fungal disease. If fungal disease is caused, this may reduce the size of potato harvests, which contribute significantly to meeting global food demand. The aim of this study was to assess the leaf wettability of five potato cultivars (i.e., Bryza, Lady Claire, Rudawa, Russet Burbank, Sweet Caroline) in the context of its direct and indirect impact on potato yield. Leaf wettability was assessed on the basis of contact angle measurements using a sessile drop method with an optical goniometer. For Bryza and Rudawa cultivars, which showed, respectively, the highest and the lowest contact angle values, light microscopy as well as scanning electron microscopy analyses were performed. The results of the contact angle measurements and microscopic image analyses of the potato leaf surfaces indicated that the level of wettability was closely related to the type of trichomes on the leaf and their density. Therefore, higher resistance of the Rudawa cultivar to biotic stress conditions could be the result of the presence of two glandular trichome types (VI and VII), which produce and secrete metabolites containing various sticky and/or toxic chemicals that may poison or repel herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Papierowska
- Water Centre, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, ul. Jana Ciszewskiego 6, 02-766 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Jan Szatyłowicz
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, ul. Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Stanisław Samborski
- Institute of Agriculture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, ul. Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Joanna Szewińska
- Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, ul. Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (J.S.); (E.R.)
| | - Elżbieta Różańska
- Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, ul. Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (J.S.); (E.R.)
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Abstract
Proteolysis is an important process for development and germination of cereal seeds. Among the many types of proteases identified in plants are the cysteine proteases (CPs) of the papain and legumain families, which play a crucial role in hydrolysing storage proteins during seed germination as well as in processing the precursors of these proteins and the inactive forms of other proteases. Moreover, all of the tissues of cereal seeds undergo progressive degradation via programed cell death, which is integral to their growth. In view of the important roles played by proteases, their uncontrolled activity could be harmful to the development of seeds and young seedlings. Thus, the activities of these enzymes are regulated by intracellular inhibitors called phytocystatins (PhyCys). The phytocystatins inhibit the activity of proteases of the papain family, and the presence of an additional motif in their C-termini allows them to also regulate the activity of members of the legumain family. A balance between the levels of cysteine proteases and phytocystatins is necessary for proper cereal seed development, and this is maintained through the antagonistic activities of gibberellins (GAs) and abscisic acid (ABA), which regulate the expression of the corresponding genes. Transcriptional regulation of cysteine proteases and phytocystatins is determined by cis-acting elements located in the promoters of these genes and by the expression of their corresponding transcription factors (TFs) and the interactions between different TFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Szewińska
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Nowoursynowska 159 street, Warsaw 02-776, Poland.
| | - Joanna Simińska
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Nowoursynowska 159 street, Warsaw 02-776, Poland
| | - Wiesław Bielawski
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Nowoursynowska 159 street, Warsaw 02-776, Poland
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Labudda M, Różańska E, Szewińska J, Sobczak M, Dzik JM. Protease activity and phytocystatin expression in Arabidopsis thaliana upon Heterodera schachtii infection. Plant Physiol Biochem 2016; 109:416-429. [PMID: 27816823 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The activity of plant proteases is important for amino acids recycling, removal of damaged proteins as well as defence responses. The second-stage juvenile of the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii penetrates host roots and induces the feeding site called a syncytium. To determine whether infection by H. schachtii affects proteolysis, the protease activity was studied in Arabidopsis roots and shoots at the day of inoculation and 3, 7 and 15 days post inoculation (dpi). Nematode infection caused a decrease of protease activities in infected roots over the entire examination period at all studied pH values. In contrast, the activities of the low molecular mass as well as Ca2+-dependent cysteine proteases were found to be stimulated. In shoots of infected plants, the protease activity was diminished only at 15 dpi at all tested pH values. It was accompanied by changes in total soluble protein content, a higher protein carbonylation and a total polyphenol content. To go deeper into proteolysis regulation, the expression of phytocystatin genes, endogenous inhibitors of cysteine proteases, was examined in syncytia, roots and shoots. Expression of AtCYS1, AtCYS5 and AtCYS6 genes was enhanced upon cyst nematode infection. Our results suggest that changes in protease activities in roots and shoots and altered cystatin expression patterns in syncytia, roots and shoots are important for protein metabolism during cyst nematode infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Labudda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Różańska
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Szewińska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Mirosław Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Maria Dzik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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Chojnacka M, Szewińska J, Mielecki M, Nykiel M, Imai R, Bielawski W, Orzechowski S. A triticale water-deficit-inducible phytocystatin inhibits endogenous cysteine proteinases in vitro. J Plant Physiol 2015; 174:161-165. [PMID: 25462979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Water-deficit is accompanied by an increase in proteolysis. Phytocystatins are plant inhibitors of cysteine proteinases that belong to the papain and legumain family. A cDNA encoding the protein inhibitor TrcC-8 was identified in the vegetative organs of triticale. In response to water-deficit, increases in the mRNA levels of TrcC-8 were observed in leaf and root tissues. Immunoblot analysis indicated that accumulation of the TrcC-8 protein occurred after 72h of water-deficit in the seedlings. Using recombinant protein, inhibitory activity of TrcC-8 against cysteine proteases from triticale and wheat tissues was analyzed. Under water-deficit conditions, there are increases in cysteine proteinase activities in both plant tissues. The cysteine proteinase activities were inhibited by addition of the recombinant TrcC-8 protein. These results suggest a potential role for the triticale phytocystatin in modulating cysteine proteinase activities during water-deficit conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Chojnacka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Szewińska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marcin Mielecki
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Nykiel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ryozo Imai
- Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Hitsujigaoka 1, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo 062-8555, Japan.
| | - Wiesław Bielawski
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Sławomir Orzechowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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Szewińska J, Zdunek-Zastocka E, Pojmaj M, Bielawski W. Molecular Cloning and Expression Analysis of Triticale Phytocystatins During Development and Germination of Seeds. Plant Mol Biol Report 2012; 30:867-877. [PMID: 24415837 PMCID: PMC3881564 DOI: 10.1007/s11105-011-0384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Three triticale cDNAs encoding inhibitors of cysteine endopeptidases, belonging to phytocystatins, have been identified and designated as TrcC-1, TrcC-4 and TrcC-5. Full-length cDNAs of TrcC-1 (617 bp) and TrcC-4 (940 bp), as well as a fragment of TrcC-5 cDNA (369 bp), were obtained. A high-level identity of the deduced amino acid sequence of TrcCs with other known phytocystatins, especially with wheat and barley, has been observed. Moreover, the presence of conserved domain, containing the G and W residues, the sequence of QxVxG and the sequence of LARFAV, characteristic for plant cysteine endopeptidase inhibitors, has been noted. The profiles of TrcC-1 and TrcC-5 mRNA levels in the developing seeds of two triticale cultivars that differ in their resistance to preharvest sprouting (Zorro and Disco) were similar. However, the expression of TrcC-4 was, higher in the developing seeds, and in the scutellum of germinating seeds of a cultivar more resistant to preharvest sprouting (Zorro) than in the less resistant (Disco). Additionally, the expression of TrcC-4 remained longer in developing seeds of Zorro as compared to Disco. The performed studies suggest that TrcC-4 might have an influence on the higher resistance of Zorro cultivar to preharvest sprouting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Szewińska
- Department of Biochemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edyta Zdunek-Zastocka
- Department of Biochemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Wiesław Bielawski
- Department of Biochemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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