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Thomas N, Rutz HJ, Hook SA, Hinckley AF, Lukacik G, Backenson BP, Feldman KA, White JL. Assessing diagnostic coding practices among a sample of healthcare facilities in Lyme disease endemic areas: Maryland and New York - A Brief Report. Zoonoses Public Health 2017; 65:275-278. [PMID: 29086480 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The value of using diagnostic codes in Lyme disease (LD) surveillance in highly endemic states has not been well studied. Surveys of healthcare facilities in Maryland (MD) and New York (NY) regarding coding practices were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of using diagnostic codes as a potential method for LD surveillance. Most respondents indicated that their practice utilized electronic medical records (53%) and processed medical/billing claims electronically (74%). Most facilities were able to search office visits associated with specific ICD-9-CM and CPT codes (74% and 73%, respectively); no discernible differences existed between the healthcare facilities in both states. These codes were most commonly assigned by the practitioner (82%), and approximately 70% of respondents indicated that these codes were later validated by administrative staff. These results provide evidence for the possibility of using diagnostic codes in LD surveillance. However, the utility of these codes as an alternative to traditional LD surveillance requires further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Thomas
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - H J Rutz
- Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S A Hook
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - A F Hinckley
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - G Lukacik
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - B P Backenson
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - K A Feldman
- Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J L White
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
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Dinh HT, White JL, Hipwell M, Nguyen CTK, Pharris A. The role of the family in HIV status disclosure among women in Vietnam: Familial dependence and independence. Health Care Women Int 2017; 39:415-428. [PMID: 28812447 DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2017.1358723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Insights into disclosure by people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) can inform strategies for treatment and support, yet Vietnamese women's self-disclosure patterns are poorly understood. We conducted interviews with 12 HIV-positive women, identifying three principal factors influencing disclosure to family members: patrilocal residence, desire to protect own family, and the need for financial support. Women's decision-making about disclosure was significantly affected by dependence on or independence of parents-in-law and their own parents. We believe that our findings reveal the complex interplay of stigma and disclosure within Vietnamese families, highlighting the need for specific social measures that promote self-disclosure combined with family support for female PLWHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Dinh
- a Medical Collaboration Center, Bach Mai Hospital , Ha Noi , Vietnam
| | - J L White
- b Department of Health and Social Sciences , University of the West of England, Bristol , UK
| | - M Hipwell
- c Department of Health and Social Sciences , Queen Margaret University , Edinburgh , Scotland
| | - C T K Nguyen
- d Health Systems Research Project, Hanoi Medical University , Ha Noi , Vietnam
| | - A Pharris
- e Division of International Health (IHCAR), Department of Public Health Sciences , Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden
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McFarland BK, Berrah N, Bostedt C, Bozek J, Bucksbaum PH, Castagna JC, Coffee RN, Cryan JP, Fang L, Farrell JP, Feifel R, Gaffney KJ, Glownia JM, Martinez TJ, Miyabe S, Mucke M, Murphy B, Natan A, Osipov T, Petrovic VS, Schorb S, Schultz T, Spector LS, Swiggers M, Tarantelli F, Tenney I, Wang S, White JL, White W, Gühr M. Experimental strategies for optical pump – soft x-ray probe experiments at the LCLS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/488/1/012015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Cryan JP, Glownia JM, Andreasson J, Belkacem A, Berrah N, Blaga CI, Bostedt C, Bozek J, Buth C, DiMauro LF, Fang L, Gessner O, Guehr M, Hajdu J, Hertlein MP, Hoener M, Kornilov O, Marangos JP, March AM, McFarland BK, Merdji H, Petrović VS, Raman C, Ray D, Reis D, Tarantelli F, Trigo M, White JL, White W, Young L, Bucksbaum PH, Coffee RN. Auger electron angular distribution of double core-hole states in the molecular reference frame. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 105:083004. [PMID: 20868096 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.083004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The Linac Coherent Light Source free electron laser is a source of high brightness x rays, 2×10(11) photons in a ∼5 fs pulse, that can be focused to produce double core vacancies through rapid sequential ionization. This enables double core vacancy Auger electron spectroscopy, an entirely new way to study femtosecond chemical dynamics with Auger electrons that probe the local valence structure of molecules near a specific atomic core. Using 1.1 keV photons for sequential x-ray ionization of impulsively aligned molecular nitrogen, we observed a rich single-site double core vacancy Auger electron spectrum near 413 eV, in good agreement with ab initio calculations, and we measured the corresponding Auger electron angle dependence in the molecular frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Cryan
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, The PULSE Institute for Ultrafast Energy Science, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
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Glownia JM, Cryan J, Andreasson J, Belkacem A, Berrah N, Blaga CI, Bostedt C, Bozek J, DiMauro LF, Fang L, Frisch J, Gessner O, Gühr M, Hajdu J, Hertlein MP, Hoener M, Huang G, Kornilov O, Marangos JP, March AM, McFarland BK, Merdji H, Petrovic VS, Raman C, Ray D, Reis DA, Trigo M, White JL, White W, Wilcox R, Young L, Coffee RN, Bucksbaum PH. Time-resolved pump-probe experiments at the LCLS. Opt Express 2010; 18:17620-30. [PMID: 20721148 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.017620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The first time-resolved x-ray/optical pump-probe experiments at the SLAC Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) used a combination of feedback methods and post-analysis binning techniques to synchronize an ultrafast optical laser to the linac-based x-ray laser. Transient molecular nitrogen alignment revival features were resolved in time-dependent x-ray-induced fragmentation spectra. These alignment features were used to find the temporal overlap of the pump and probe pulses. The strong-field dissociation of x-ray generated quasi-bound molecular dications was used to establish the residual timing jitter. This analysis shows that the relative arrival time of the Ti:Sapphire laser and the x-ray pulses had a distribution with a standard deviation of approximately 120 fs. The largest contribution to the jitter noise spectrum was the locking of the laser oscillator to the reference RF of the accelerator, which suggests that simple technical improvements could reduce the jitter to better than 50 fs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Glownia
- The PULSE Institute for Ultrafast Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025. USA.
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Abstract
In vitro RNA synthesis by tobacco mosaic virus and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus replicase were inhibited by cordycepin triphosphate. Inhibition could be overcome with higher concentrations of ATP in assay mixtures but not with UTP. Products synthesized in vitro by tobacco mosaic virus RNA replicase in the presence of inhibitor revealed replicative form but not replicative intermediate RNAs. These results suggest that cordycepin triphosphate competes specifically with ATP and results in premature termination of viral RNA synthesis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L White
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
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Abstract
Changes in ground reaction forces that result from different breast support conditions may have implications for sports performance and transmission of forces through the skeleton. The aim of this investigation was to compare kinetic variables and breast motion in a no-bra, everyday-bra and two sports-bra conditions. Following ethical approval, eight female participants with D-cup breasts had retro-reflective markers placed on the left and right nipples, anterior superior iliac spines and clavicles. Five calibrated ProReflex infra-red cameras (100 Hz; Qualisys) measured 3-D displacement of markers and synchronised kinetic data were collected using a force platform (500 Hz, Kistler 9281CA). A repeated measures one-way ANOVA revealed a significantly higher medial impact force in the no-bra condition (0.15 times body weight) compared with the compression sports-bra condition (0.12 times body weight) (F = 3.64 (3,21), p = 0.03). Findings suggest that inadequate breast support affects a female's running kinetics, which may have negative physiological consequences on sports performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L White
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.
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Salazar-gutierrez MM, White JL, Hem SL. Controlling the Degree of Dispersion of Aluminum Hydroxide Suspensions by Steric Stabilization. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/03639048909040194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Konechnik TJ, Hause W, Pendharkar CM, Luber JR, Jhawar RJ, White JL, Hem SL. The Use of Capillary Suction Time to Characterize the Surface of Aluminum Hydroxide Suspensions. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/03639048709040188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Liu JC, Feldkamp JR, White JL, Hem SL, Otsuka N, Conroy DF, Pendharkar CM, Feld KM, Harwood RJ, Grim WM. Particle Morphology of Amorphous Aluminum Hydroxycarbonate and Its Effect on Tablet Production. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/03639048709020575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Mclaughlin WJ, White JL, Hem SL. Surface charge characteristics of aluminum hydroxycarbonate as influenced by carbonate equilibrium. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/03639049209040921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- F O Tonney
- Department of Hygiene and Bacteriology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Wang SL, Johnston CT, Bish DL, White JL, Hem SL. Water-vapor adsorption and surface area measurement of poorly crystalline boehmite. J Colloid Interface Sci 2003; 260:26-35. [PMID: 12742031 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9797(02)00150-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Water-vapor adsorption on poorly crystalline boehmite (PCB) was studied using a gravimetric FTIR apparatus that measured FTIR spectra and water adsorption isotherms simultaneously. The intensity of the delta(HOH) band of adsorbed water changed linearly with water content and this linear relationship was used to determine the dry mass of the sample. Adsorption and desorption isotherms of PCB showed a Type IV isotherm. The BET(H2O) surface area of PCB was 514+/-36 m2/g. The mean crystallite dimensions of PCB were estimated to be 4.5 x 2.2 x 10.0 nm (dimensions along the a, b, and c axes, respectively) based on application of the Scherrer equation to powder diffraction data of PCB. A surface area value of 504+/-45 m2/g calculated using the mean crystallite dimensions was in good agreement with the BET(H2O) surface area. This work also demonstrated a method to determine surface areas for materials with minimal perturbation of their surface structure. In addition, the FTIR spectra of PCB were influenced by changes in water content. The delta(AlOH) band at 835 cm(-1) observed under dry conditions was assigned to the non-H-bonded surface OH groups. As the amount of adsorbed water increased, the intensity at 835 cm(-1) decreased and that at 890 and 965 cm(-1) increased. The 890- and 965-cm(-1) bands are assigned to surface OH groups H-bonded with adsorbed water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li Wang
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Dandashli EA, Zhao Q, Yitta S, Morefield GL, White JL, Hem SL. Effect of thermal treatment during the preparation of aluminum hydroxide adjuvant on the protein adsorption capacity during aging. Pharm Dev Technol 2002; 7:401-6. [PMID: 12503522 DOI: 10.1081/pdt-120015042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Six aluminum hydroxide adjuvants, poorly crystalline aluminum oxyhydroxide (AlOOH) were prepared using different thermal treatments of amorphous aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) in an effort to increase the protein adsorption capacity. All of the adjuvants initially exhibited a higher protein adsorption capacity. However, the protein adsorption capacity decreased during aging at room temperature. X-ray and differential centrifugal sedimentation analysis revealed that complete dehydration of amorphous aluminum hydroxide to aluminum oxyhydroxide is required to produce a stable adjuvant. Any residual amorphous aluminum hydroxide will spontaneously transform to crystalline aluminum hydroxide during aging at room temperature. Since crystalline aluminum hydroxide has a small surface area, the protein adsorption capacity of adjuvants containing amorphous aluminum hydroxide decreased by 30-40% when stored for 6 months at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euphemie A Dandashli
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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White JL, Hem SL. Characterization of aluminium-containing adjuvants. Dev Biol (Basel) 2001; 103:217-28. [PMID: 11214239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The approved aluminium-containing vaccine adjuvants have been shown to be poorly crystalline aluminium oxyhydroxide (AIO(OH)) and amorphous aluminium hydroxyphosphate of varying phosphate content. Adsorption of the antigen by the adjuvant is implied in many proposed mechanisms of antibody production enhancement caused by the adjuvants. The World Health Organization recommends adsorption of 80% or more of tetanus and diphtheria toxoid by the aluminium-containing adjuvants. Thus, one objective in the preparation of vaccines containing these adjuvants is to optimize adsorption of the antigen on the adjuvant. Production of a consistent adjuvant effect in vaccines would be facilitated by the thorough characterization of aluminium-containing adjuvants with reference to properties that affect adsorption and other colloidal behaviour. Such properties include surface area, surface charge, chemical composition, structure, and morphology. Techniques and measurements such as X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectrometry, Doppler electrophoretic light scattering analysis, dissolution rates, and adsorption isotherms provide a basis for understanding and predicting interactions and behaviour in monovalent as well as multivalent vaccines. Such characterization would be crucial in vaccine standardization and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L White
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1150, USA
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White JL, Conner BT, Perfetti TA, Bombick BR, Avalos JT, Fowler KW, Smith CJ, Doolittle DJ. Effect of pyrolysis temperature on the mutagenicity of tobacco smoke condensate. Food Chem Toxicol 2001; 39:499-505. [PMID: 11313117 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(00)00155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke aerosols with fewer mutagens in the particulate fraction may present reduced risk to the smoker. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the temperature at which tobacco is pyrolyzed or combusted can affect the mutagenicity of the particulate fraction of the smoke aerosol. Tobacco smoke aerosol was generated under precisely controlled temperature conditions from 250 to 550 degrees C by heating compressed tobacco tablets in air. The tobacco aerosols generated had a cigarette smoke-like appearance and aroma. The tobacco smoke aerosol was passed through a Cambridge filter pad to collect the particulate fraction, termed the smoke condensate. Although condensates of tobacco smoke and whole cigarette mainstream smoke share many of the same chemical components, there are physical and chemical differences between the two complex mixtures. The condensates from smoke aerosols prepared at different temperatures were assayed in the Ames Salmonella microsome test with metabolic activation by rat liver S9 using tester strains TA98 and TA100. Tobacco smoke condensates were not detectably mutagenic in strain TA98 when the tobacco smoke aerosol was generated at temperatures below 400 degrees C. Above 400 degrees C, condensates were mutagenic in strain TA98. Similarly, condensates prepared from tobacco smoke aerosols generated at temperatures below 475 degrees C were not detectably mutagenic in strain TA100. In contrast, tobacco tablets heated to temperatures of 475 degrees C or greater generated smoke aerosol that was detectably mutagenic as measured in TA100. Therefore, heating and pyrolyzing tobacco at temperatures below those found in tobacco burning cigarettes reduces the mutagenicity of the smoke condensate. Highly mutagenic heterocyclic amines derived from the pyrolysis of tobacco leaf protein may be important contributors to the high temperature production of tobacco smoke Ames Salmonella mutagens. The relevance of these findings regarding cancer risk in humans is difficult to assess because of the lack of a direct correlation between mutagenicity in the Ames Salmonella test and carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L White
- Research and Development, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company,Winston-Salem, NC 27102-1487, USA
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Chang M, Shi Y, Nail SL, HogenEsch H, Adams SB, White JL, Hem SL. Degree of antigen adsorption in the vaccine or interstitial fluid and its effect on the antibody response in rabbits. Vaccine 2001; 19:2884-9. [PMID: 11282199 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00559-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the degree of adsorption of lysozyme by aluminium hydroxide adjuvant on the immune response in rabbits was studied. The surface charge of the adjuvant was modified by pretreatment with phosphate anion to produce five vaccines having degrees of adsorption ranging from 3 to 90%. The degree of adsorption of vaccines exhibiting 3, 35 or 85% adsorption changed to 40% within 1 h after each vaccine was mixed with sheep interstitial fluid to simulate subcutaneous administration. The mean anti-lysozyme antibody titers produced by the vaccines were the same and were four times greater than that produced by a lysozyme solution. Thus, the degree of adsorption of lysozyme in sheep interstitial fluid rather than the degree of adsorption in the vaccine correlated with the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chang
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Aubert B, Boutigny D, De Bonis I, Gaillard JM, Jeremie A, Karyotakis Y, Lees JP, Robbe P, Tisserand V, Palano A, Chen GP, Chen JC, Qi ND, Rong G, Wang P, Zhu YS, Eigen G, Reinertsen PL, Stugu B, Abbott B, Abrams GS, Borgland AW, Breon AB, Brown DN, Button-Shafer J, Cahn RN, Clark AR, Dardin S, Day C, Dow SF, Elioff T, Fan Q, Gaponenko I, Gill MS, Goozen FR, Gowdy SJ, Gritsan A, Groysman Y, Jacobsen RG, Jared RC, Kadel RW, Kadyk J, Karcher A, Kerth LT, Kipnis I, Kluth S, Kolomensky YG, Kral JF, Lafever R, LeClerc C, Levi ME, Lewis SA, Lionberger C, Liu T, Long M, Lynch G, Marino M, Marks K, Meyer AB, Mokhtarani A, Momayezi M, Nyman M, Oddone PJ, Ohnemus J, Oshatz D, Patton S, Perazzo A, Peters C, Pope W, Pripstein M, Quarrie DR, Rasson JE, Roe NA, Romosan A, Ronan MT, Shelkov VG, Stone R, Telnov AV, von der Lippe H, Weber T, Wenzel WA, Zisman MS, Bright-Thomas PG, Harrison TJ, Hawkes CM, Kirk A, Knowles DJ, O'Neale SW, Watson AT, Watson NK, Deppermann T, Koch H, Krug J, Kunze M, Lewandowski B, Peters K, Schmuecker H, Steinke M, Andress JC, Barlow NR, Bhimji W, Chevalier N, Clark PJ, Cottingham WN, De Groot N, Dyce N, Foster B, Mass A, McFall JD, Wallom D, Wilson FF, Abe K, Hearty C, Mattison TS, McKenna JA, Thiessen D, Camanzi B, Jolly S, McKemey AK, Tinslay J, Blinov VE, Bukin AD, Bukin DA, Buzykaev AR, Dubrovin MS, Golubev VB, Ivanchenko VN, Kolachev GM, Korol AA, Kravchenko EA, Onuchin AP, Salnikov AA, Serednyakov SI, Skovpen YI, Telnov VI, Yushkov AN, Lankford AJ, Mandelkern M, McMahon S, Stoker DP, Ahsan A, Buchanan C, Chun S, MacFarlane DB, Prell S, Rahatlou S, Raven G, Sharma V, Burke S, Campagnari C, Dahmes B, Hale D, Hart PA, Kuznetsova N, Kyre S, Levy SL, Long O, Lu A, Richman JD, Verkerke W, Witherell M, Yellin S, Beringer J, Dorfan DE, Eisner AM, Frey A, Grillo AA, Grothe M, Heusch CA, Johnson RP, Kroeger W, Lockman WS, Pulliam T, Sadrozinski H, Schalk T, Schmitz RE, Schumm BA, Seiden A, Spencer EN, Turri M, Walkowiak W, Williams DC, Chen E, Dubois-Felsmann GP, Dvoretskii A, Hanson JE, Hitlin DG, Metzler S, Oyang J, Porter FC, Ryd A, Samuel A, Weaver M, Yang S, Zhu RY, Devmal S, Geld TL, Jayatilleke S, Jayatilleke SM, Mancinelli G, Meadows BT, Sokoloff MD, Bloom P, Fahey S, Ford WT, Gaede F, van Hoek WC, Johnson DR, Michael AK, Nauenberg U, Olivas A, Park H, Rankin P, Roy J, Sen S, Smith JG, Wagner DL, Blouw J, Harton JL, Krishnamurthy M, Soffer A, Toki WH, Warner DW, Wilson RJ, Zhang J, Brandt T, Brose J, Colberg T, Dahlinger G, Dickopp M, Dubitzky RS, Eckstein P, Futterschneider H, Krause R, Maly E, Müller-Pfefferkorn R, Otto S, Schubert KR, Schwierz R, Spaan B, Wilden L, Behr L, Bernard D, Bonneaud GR, Brochard F, Cohen-Tanugi J, Ferrag S, Fouque G, Gastaldi F, Matricon P, Mora de Freitas P, Renard C, Roussot E, T'Jampens S, Thiebaux C, Vasileiadis G, Verderi M, Anjomshoaa A, Bernet R, Di Lodovico F, Khan A, Muheim F, Playfer S, Swain JE, Falbo M, Bozzi C, Dittongo S, Folegani M, Piemontese L, Treadwell E, Anulli F, Baldini-Ferroli R, Calcaterra A, de Sangro R, Falciai D, Finocchiaro G, Patteri P, Peruzzi IM, Piccolo M, Xie Y, Zallo A, Bagnasco S, Buzzo A, Contri R, Crosetti G, Lo Vetere M, Macri M, Monge MR, Pallavicini M, Passaggio S, Pastore FC, Patrignani C, Pia MG, Robutti E, Santroni A, Morii M, Bartoldus R, Dignan T, Hamilton R, Mallik U, Cochran J, Crawley HB, Fischer PA, Lamsa J, McKay R, Meyer WT, Rosenberg EI, Albert JN, Beigbeder C, Benkebil M, Breton D, Cizeron R, Du S, Grosdidier G, Hast C, Höcker A, LePeltier V, Lutz AM, Plaszczynski S, Schune MH, Trincaz-Duvoid S, Truong K, Valassi A, Wormser G, Bionta RM, Brigljević V, Brooks A, Fackler O, Fujino D, Lange DJ, Mugge M, O'Connor TG, Pedrotti B, Shi X, van Bibber K, Wenaus TJ, Wright DM, Wuest CR, Yamamoto B, Carroll M, Fry JR, Gabathuler E, Gamet R, George M, Kay M, Payne DJ, Sloane RJ, Touramanis C, Aspinwall ML, Bowerman DA, Dauncey PD, Egede U, Eschrich I, Gunawardane NJ, Martin R, Nash JA, Price DR, Sanders P, Smith D, Azzopardi DE, Back JJ, Dixon P, Harrison PF, Newman-Coburn D, Potter RJ, Shorthouse HW, Strother P, Vidal PB, Williams MI, Cowan G, George S, Green MG, Kurup A, Marker CE, McGrath P, McMahon TR, Salvatore F, Scott I, Vaitsas G, Brown D, Davis CL, Ford K, Li Y, Pavlovich J, Allison J, Barlow RJ, Boyd JT, Fullwood J, Jackson F, Lafferty GD, Savvas N, Simopoulos ET, Thompson RJ, Weatherall JH, Bard R, Farbin A, Jawahery A, Lillard V, Olsen J, Roberts DA, Schieck JR, Blaylock G, Dallapiccola C, Flood KT, Hertzbach SS, Kofler R, Lin CS, Staengle H, Willocq S, Wittlin J, Brau B, Cowan R, Sciolla G, Taylor F, Yamamoto RK, Britton DI, Milek M, Patel PM, Trischuk J, Lanni F, Palombo F, Bauer JM, Booke M, Cremaldi L, Eschenberg V, Kroeger R, Reep M, Reidy J, Sanders DA, Summers DJ, Beaulieu M, Martin JP, Nief JY, Seitz R, Taras P, Zacek V, Nicholson H, Sutton CS, Cavallo N, Cartaro C, De Nardo G, Fabozzi F, Gatto C, Lista L, Paolucci P, Piccolo D, Sciacca C, LoSecco JM, Alsmiller JR, Gabriel TA, Handler T, Heck J, Brau JE, Frey R, Iwasaki M, Sinev NB, Strom D, Borsato E, Colecchia F, Dal Corso F, Galeazzi F, Margoni M, Marzolla M, Michelon G, Morandin M, Posocco M, Rotondo M, Simonetto F, Stroili R, Torassa E, Voci C, Bailly P, Benayoun M, Briand H, Chauveau J, David P, De La Vaissière C, Del Buono L, Genat JF, Hamon O, Le Diberder F, Lebbolo H, Leruste P, Lory J, Martin L, Roos L, Stark J, Versillé S, Zhang B, Manfredi PF, Ratti L, Re V, Speziali V, Frank ED, Gladney L, Guo QH, Panetta JH, Angelini C, Batignani G, Bettarini S, Bondioli M, Bosi F, Carpinelli M, Forti F, Giorgi MA, Lusiani A, Martinez-Vidal F, Morganti M, Neri N, Paoloni E, Rama M, Rizzo G, Sandrelli F, Simi G, Triggiani G, Walsh J, Hairre M, Judd D, Paick K, Turnbull L, Wagoner DE, Albert J, Bula C, Fernholz R, Lu C, McDonald KT, Miftakov V, Sands B, Schaffner SF, Smith AJ, Tumanov A, Varnes EW, Bronzini F, Buccheri A, Bulfon C, Cavoto G, del Re D, Faccini R, Ferrarotto F, Ferroni F, Fratini K, Lamanna E, Leonardi E, Mazzoni MA, Morganti S, Piredda G, Safai Tehrani F, Serra M, Voena C, Waldi R, Jacques PF, Kalelkar M, Plano RJ, Adye T, Claxton B, Franek B, Galagedera S, Geddes NI, Gopal GP, Lidbury J, Xella SM, Aleksan R, Besson P, Bourgeois P, De Domenico G, Emery S, Gaidot A, Ganzhur SF, Gosset L, Hamel de Monchenault G, Kozanecki W, Langer M, London GW, Mayer B, Serfass B, Vasseur G, Yeche C, Zito M, Copty N, Purohit MV, Singh H, Yumiceva FX, Adam I, Anthony PL, Aston D, Baird K, Bartelt J, Becla J, Bell R, Bloom E, Boeheim CT, Boyarski AM, Boyce RF, Bulos F, Burgess W, Byers B, Calderini G, Claus R, Convery MR, Coombes R, Cottrell L, Coupal DP, Coward DH, Craddock WW, DeStaebler H, Dorfan J, Doser M, Dunwoodie W, Ecklund S, Fieguth TH, Field RC, Freytag DR, Glanzman T, Godfrey GL, Grosso P, Haller G, Hanushevsky A, Harris J, Hasan A, Hewett JL, Himel T, Huffer ME, Innes WR, Jessop CP, Kawahara H, Keller L, Kelsey MH, Kim P, Klaisner LA, Kocian ML, Krebs HJ, Kunz PF, Langenegger U, Langeveld W, Leith DW, Louie SK, Luitz S, Luth V, Lynch HL, MacDonald J, Manzin G, Mariske H, McCulloch M, McShurley D, Menke S, Messner R, Metcalfe S, Moffeit KC, Mount R, Muller DR, Nelson D, Nordby M, O'Grady CP, O'Neill FG, Oxoby G, Pavel T, Perl J, Petrak S, Putallaz G, Quinn H, Raines PE, Ratcliff BN, Reif R, Robertson SH, Rochester LS, Roodman A, Russell JJ, Sapozhnikov L, Saxton OH, Schietinger T, Schindler RH, Schwiening J, Seeman JT, Serbo VV, Skarpass K, Snyder A, Soha A, Spanier SM, Stahl A, Stelzer J, Su D, Sullivan MK, Talby M, Tanaka HA, Va'vra J, Wagner SR, Weinstein AJ, White JL, Wienands U, Wisniewski WJ, Young CC, Zioulas G, Burchat PR, Cheng CH, Kirkby D, Meyer TI, Roat C, De Silva A, Henderson R, Berridge S, Bugg W, Cohn H, Hart E, Weidemann AW, Benninger T, Izen JM, Kitayama I, Lou XC, Turcotte M, Bianchi F, Bona M, Di Girolamo B, Gamba D, Smol A, Zanin D, Bosisio L, Della Ricca G, Lanceri L, Pompili A, Poropat P, Vuagnin G, Panvini RS, Brown CM, Kowalewski R, Roney JM, Band HR, Charles E, Dasu S, Elmer P, Hu H, Johnson JR, Nielsen J, Orejudos W, Pan Y, Prepost R, Scott IJ, von Wimmersperg-Toeller JH, Wu SL, Yu Z, Zobernig H, Kordich TM, Moore TB, Neal H. Measurement of CP-violating asymmetries in B0 decays to CP eigenstates. Phys Rev Lett 2001; 86:2515-2522. [PMID: 11289970 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.86.2515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present measurements of time-dependent CP-violating asymmetries in neutral B decays to several CP eigenstates. The measurement uses a data sample of 23x10(6) Upsilon(4S)-->BbarB decays collected by the BABAR detector at the PEP-II asymmetric B Factory at SLAC. In this sample, we find events in which one neutral B meson is fully reconstructed in a CP eigenstate containing charmonium and the flavor of the other neutral B meson is determined from its decay products. The amplitude of the CP-violating asymmetry, which in the standard model is proportional to sin2beta, is derived from the decay time distributions in such events. The result is sin2beta = 0.34+/-0.20 (stat)+/-0.05 (syst).
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Affiliation(s)
- B Aubert
- Laboratoire de Physique des Particules, Annecy-le-Vieux, France
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrathecal administration of morphine produces intense analgesia, but it depresses respiration, an effect that can be life-threatening. Whether intrathecal morphine affects the ventilatory response to hypoxia, however, is not known. METHODS We randomly assigned 30 men to receive one of three study treatments in a double-blind fashion: intravenous morphine (0.14 mg per kilogram of body weight) with intrathecal placebo; intrathecal morphine (0.3 mg) with intravenous placebo; or intravenous and intrathecal placebo. The selected doses of intravenous and intrathecal morphine produce similar degrees of analgesia. The ventilatory response to hypercapnia, the subsequent response to acute hypoxia during hypercapnic breathing (targeted end-tidal partial pressures of expired oxygen and carbon dioxide, 45 mm Hg), and the plasma levels of morphine and morphine metabolites were measured at base line (before drug administration) and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hours after drug administration. RESULTS At base line, the mean (+/-SD) values for the ventilatory response to hypoxia (calculated as the difference between the minute ventilation during the second full minute of hypoxia and the fifth minute of hypercapnic ventilation) were similar in the three groups: 38.3+/-23.2 liters per minute in the placebo group, 33.5+/-16.4 liters per minute in the intravenous-morphine group, and 30.2+/-11.6 liters per minute in the intrathecal-morphine group (P=0.61). The overall ventilatory response to hypoxia (the area under the curve) was significantly lower after either intravenous morphine (20.2+/-10.8 liters per minute) or intrathecal morphine (14.5+/-6.4 liters per minute) than after placebo (36.8+/-19.2 liters per minute) (P=O.003). Twelve hours after treatment, the ventilatory response to hypoxia in the intrathecal-morphine group (19.9+/-8.9 liters per minute), but not in the intravenous-morphine group (30+/-15.8 liters per minute), remained significantly depressed as compared with the response in the placebo group (40.9+/-19.0 liters per minute) (P= 0.02 for intrathecal morphine vs. placebo). Plasma concentrations of morphine and morphine metabolites either were not detectable after intrathecal morphine or were much lower after intrathecal morphine than after intravenous morphine. CONCLUSIONS Depression of the ventilatory response to hypoxia after the administration of intrathecal morphine is similar in magnitude to, but longer-lasting than, that after the administration of an equianalgesic dose of intravenous morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Bailey
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Burrell LS, Johnston CT, Schulze D, Klein J, White JL, Hem SL. Aluminium phosphate adjuvants prepared by precipitation at constant pH. Part I: composition and structure. Vaccine 2000; 19:275-81. [PMID: 10930682 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Aluminium phosphate adjuvant was precipitated under constant pH conditions in an effort to characterize materials formed at defined precipitation conditions. A reaction vessel was designed to provide a continuous steady-state process. An aqueous solution containing aluminium chloride and sodium dihydrogen phosphate was pumped into the reaction vessel at a constant rate. A second pump infused a sodium hydroxide solution at the rate required to maintain the desired pH. Precipitations were performed between pH 3.0 and 7.5, at intervals of pH 0.5. The adjuvants were characterized using 27Al NMR, FTIR, Raman and X-ray diffraction methods along with elemental analysis. The results of this study indicate that a continuum of amorphous aluminium hydroxyphosphates were formed having properties that changed as a continuous function of the precipitation pH. The phosphate content decreased as the pH of precipitation increased. 27Al NMR spectra revealed that the majority of the aluminium was octahedrally coordinated, with a small percentage of tetrahedrally coordinated aluminium. The density of the adjuvants was directly related to the pH of precipitation. The most prominent feature of the IR and Raman spectra is the P-O stretching vibration of the structural PO(4) groups. The positions of these bands decreased linearly as the precipitation pH increased. The results of selective deuteration FTIR experiments are consistent with high surface area materials as most of the OH groups were exposed near the surface of the adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Burrell
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Burrell LS, Johnston CT, Schulze D, Klein J, White JL, Hem SL. Aluminium phosphate adjuvants prepared by precipitation at constant pH. Part II: physicochemical properties. Vaccine 2000; 19:282-7. [PMID: 10930683 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00162-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The impact of the pH of precipitation on the physicochemical properties of aluminium phosphate adjuvants was investigated by precipitating aluminium phosphate adjuvants under constant pH conditions at pH values from 3.0 to 7.5 at intervals of 0.5. The pH of precipitation did not affect the morphology, but the point of zero charge (PZC) and rate of acid neutralization varied directly with pH of precipitation. Aggregation and protein adsorption capacity exhibited a parabolic relationship to the pH of precipitation. Minimum protein adsorption and maximum aggregation were observed at pH 5.5. In contrast to adjuvants precipitated from the same reactants but under uncontrolled pH conditions, the pH of all of the adjuvants precipitated under constant pH conditions remained constant for a 3-month aging period at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Burrell
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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27
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Abstract
Aluminium phosphate adjuvant and aluminium hydroxide adjuvant became more ordered during aging at room temperature. The increased degree of order was accompanied by a decrease in protein adsorption capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Burrell
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Sharp RE, Gibney BR, Palmitessa A, White JL, Dixon JA, Moser CC, Daldal F, Dutton PL. Effect of inhibitors on the ubiquinone binding capacity of the primary energy conversion site in the Rhodobacter capsulatus cytochrome bc(1) complex. Biochemistry 1999; 38:14973-80. [PMID: 10555979 DOI: 10.1021/bi9914863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A key issue concerning the primary conversion (Q(O)) site function in the cytochrome bc(1) complex is the stoichiometry of ubiquinone/ubihydroquinone occupancy. Previous evidence suggests that the Q(O) site is able to accommodate two ubiquinone molecules, the double occupancy model [Ding, H., Robertson, D. E., Daldal, F., and Dutton, P. L. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 3144-3158]. In the recently reported crystal structures of the cytochrome bc(1) complex, no electron density was identified in the Q(O) site that could be ascribed to ubiquinone. To provide further insight into this issue, we have manipulated the cytochrome bc(1) complex Q(O) site occupancy in photosynthetic membranes from Rhodobacter capsulatus by using inhibitor titrations and ubiquinone extraction to modulate the amount of ubiquinone bound in the site. The nature of the Q(O) site occupants was probed via the sensitivity of the reduced [2Fe-2S] cluster electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra to modulation of Q(O) site occupancy. Diphenylamine (DPA) and methoxyacrylate (MOA)-stilbene are known Q(O) site inhibitors of the cytochrome bc(1) complex. Addition of stoichiometric concentrations of MOA-stilbene or excess DPA to cytochrome bc(1) complexes with natural levels of ubiquinone elicits the same change in the [2Fe-2S] cluster EPR spectra; the g(x)() resonance broadens and shifts from 1. 800 to 1.783. This is exactly the same signal as that obtained when there is only one ubiquinone present in the Q(O) site. Furthermore, addition of MOA-stilbene or DPA to the cytochrome bc(1) complex depleted of ubiquinone does not alter the [2Fe-2S] cluster EPR spectral line shapes, which remain indicative of one ubiquinone or zero ubiquinones in the Q(O) site, with broad g(x)() resonances at 1. 783 or 1.765, respectively. The results are quite consistent with the Q(O) site double occupancy model, in which MOA-stilbene and DPA inhibit by displacing one, but not both, of the Q(O) site ubiquinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Sharp
- Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Plant Science Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Heimlich JM, Regnier FE, White JL, Hem SL. The in vitro displacement of adsorbed model antigens from aluminium-containing adjuvants by interstitial proteins. Vaccine 1999; 17:2873-81. [PMID: 10438058 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines prepared by adsorbing an antigen onto an aluminium-containing adjuvant are usually administered by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection. The vaccine then comes in contact with interstitial fluid which contains proteins. In vitro displacement studies were performed to determine whether antigens, which are adsorbed to aluminium-containing adjuvants, can be displaced by interstitial proteins. It was found that when previously adsorbed model antigens such as lysozyme or myoglobin were exposed to interstitial proteins such as albumin or fibrinogen that extensive displacement occurred. A factorial study of the displacement of myoglobin from aluminium hydroxide adjuvant by albumin was performed. The displacement occurred rapidly with the majority of the displacement occurring in less than 15 min. Whether the concentration of the adsorbed myoglobin was above or below the adsorptive capacity of the aluminium hydroxide adjuvant affected the amount which could be displaced. Less myoglobin was displaced when the concentration was below the adsorptive capacity. The age of the model vaccine (1, 2 or 7 days) prior to exposure to the interstitial protein did not influence the amount of myoglobin that was displaced. The affinity of model antigens and interstitial proteins for aluminium hydroxide or aluminium phosphate adjuvant was characterized by the adsorption coefficient in the Langmuir equation. In every case studied, the protein having the larger adsorption coefficient was able to displace the protein with the smaller adsorption coefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Heimlich
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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30
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Abstract
Aluminium phosphate adjuvant remained amorphous when autoclaved for 30 or 60 min at 121 degrees C. However, deprotonation and dehydration reactions occurred as evidenced by a decrease in the pH. The protein adsorption capacity, rate of acid neutralization at pH 2.5 and point of zero charge also decreased indicating that the deprotonation/dehydration reactions resulted in a decreased surface area. Autoclaving aluminium hydroxide adjuvant increased the degree of crystallinity as measured by the width at half height of the major band in the X-ray diffractogram. The pH decreased during autoclaving suggesting that the same deprotonation/dehydration reactions which reduced the surface area of aluminium phosphate adjuvant were responsible for the increased degree of crystallinity. These reactions also resulted in a reduced surface area as both the protein adsorption capacity and viscosity decreased following autoclaving.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Burrell
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Hakaim AG, Cunningham L, White JL, Hoover K. Selective type III phosphodiesterase inhibition prevents elevated compartment pressure after ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Trauma 1999; 46:869-72. [PMID: 10338405 DOI: 10.1097/00005373-199905000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new synthetic cyclic adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase inhibitor, cilostazol, has been shown to inhibit platelet aggregation and act synergistically with endogenous prostaglandin I2 to enhance smooth-muscle cell vasodilitation. The effect of cilostazol in ischemia/reperfusion injury-induced compartment syndrome was investigated. METHODS Sixteen rabbits underwent femoral artery occlusion after ligation of branches from the terminal aorta to the femoral artery. After 7 hours of ischemia, reperfusion was established with heparinized polyethylene shunts. Experimental animals (n = 8) received cilostazol (3.0 mg/kg) and control animals (n = 8) received normal saline as an intravenous infusion 10 minutes before shunt placement. During reperfusion, anterior compartment pressure was continuously monitored in the left lower extremity, and femoral artery blood flow was measured by laser Doppler fluorometry. To quantitate skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism and viability, triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) reduction (micrograms of TTC per milligram of protein) of tibialis anterior muscle from the right lower extremity was measured at femoral artery occlusion, 7 hours of ischemia, and 2 hours of reperfusion. To assess tissue edema, dry/wet weight ratios were also determined at these intervals. Data were expressed as means +/- SE. Comparisons within groups were performed by analysis of variance, and comparisons between groups with two-tailed unpaired t tests. RESULTS At 2 hours of reperfusion, the difference between controls and cilostazol-treated animals was extremely significant (p = 0.0008). Preischemia and 2-hour reperfusion TTC and dry/wet weight ratios were not significantly different within or between experimental groups, nor was femoral artery blood flow during reperfusion. CONCLUSION Cilostazol inhibits the increase in compartment pressure central to the development of the compartment syndrome. The mechanism appears to be independent of altered tissue permeability or oxidative metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Hakaim
- Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts, USA.
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Sharp RE, Palmitessa A, Gibney BR, White JL, Moser CC, Daldal F, Dutton PL. Ubiquinone binding capacity of the Rhodobacter capsulatus cytochrome bc1 complex: effect of diphenylamine, a weak binding QO site inhibitor. Biochemistry 1999; 38:3440-6. [PMID: 10079091 DOI: 10.1021/bi982639+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diphenylamine (DPA), a known inhibitor of polyene and isoprene biosynthesis, is shown to inhibit flash-activatable electron transfer in photosynthetic membranes of Rhodobacter capsulatus. DPA is specific to the QO site of ubihydroquinone:cytochrome c oxidoreductase, where it inhibits not only reduction of the [2Fe-2S]2+ cluster in the FeS subunit and subsequent cytochrome c reduction but also heme bL reduction in the cytochrome b subunit. In both cases, the kinetic inhibition constant (Ki) is 25 +/- 10 microM. A novel aspect of the mode of action of DPA is that complete inhibition is established without disturbing the interaction between the reduced [2Fe-2S]+ cluster and the QO site ubiquinone complement, as observed from the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectral line shape of the reduced [2Fe-2S] cluster, which remained characteristic of two ubiquinones being present. These observations imply that DPA is behaving as a noncompetitive inhibitor of the QO site. Nevertheless, at higher concentrations (>10 mM), DPA can interfere with the QO site ubiquinone occupancy, leading to a [2Fe-2S] cluster EPR spectrum characteristic of the presence of only one ubiquinone in the QO site. Evidently, DPA can displace the more weakly bound of the two ubiquinones in the site, but this is not requisite for its inhibiting action.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Sharp
- Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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Abstract
The Wellness Wednesdays program has shown itself to be an effective method for providing community-based service learning opportunities in a setting that is convenient for participants, students, and faculty. As the program continues to grow, it will provide opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration with other health-related departments on campus. It also will provide a setting for faculty and student research in multiple areas related to management, health promotion, disease prevention, and health behavior motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L White
- University of Southwestern Louisiana, College of Nursing, Lafayette 70504, USA
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Moody EK, Barker RW, White JL, Crutcher JM. Ticks and tick-borne diseases in Oklahoma. J Okla State Med Assoc 1998; 91:438-45. [PMID: 9828526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Tick-borne diseases are common in Oklahoma, especially the eastern part of the state where tick prevalence is highest. Three species of hard ticks are present in Oklahoma that are known vectors of human disease--the American dog tick (Rocky Mountain spotted fever; RMSF), the lone star tick (ehrlichiosis) and the black-legged tick (Lyme disease). Oklahoma consistently ranks among the top states in numbers of reported RMSF cases, and Ehrlichiosis may be as prevalent as RMSF. Although Lyme disease is frequently reported in Oklahoma, over-diagnosing of this disease due to false-positive test results is common; positive or equivocal screening tests should be confirmed by Western immunoblot. At present, it is unclear whether the disease seen here is Lyme disease or another Lyme-like disease. If true Lyme disease is present in the state, it is probably rare. Physicians should be aware of the most recent recommendations for diagnosis, therapy and prevention of tick-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Moody
- Oklahoma State Department of Health, Oklahoma City 73117, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE In this study we sought to determine if and when a difference exists with regards to differential sensory blockade between spinal and epidural anaesthesia using lidocaine. METHODS Ten healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to receive both spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Non-epinephrine containing solutions of lidocaine, 100 mg lidocaine 5% with 7.5% dextrose (spinal) and 600 mg lidocaine 2% (epidural), were used to establish sensory blockade. At five minute intervals, for a total of 65 min, the following sensory modalities were tested: anaesthesia (complete loss of sensation to pinprick), analgesia (loss of an equally sharp sensation to pinprick compared with that at an unblocked dermatome), cold sensation (complete loss of cold temperature discrimination). RESULTS At all times, except at time = 0 during spinal anaesthesia, the levels of analgesia and cold sensation were more cephalad than the level of anaesthesia for both spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Multiple comparison testing among the three dermatomal response levels showed that, during epidural anaesthesia, the level of analgesia was more cephalad than the level of cold sensation at the following times: 25 min, 30 min, and from 40 to 60 min. In contrast, the level of analgesia was not different from the level of cold sensation during spinal anaesthesia. CONCLUSIONS Spinal and epidural anaesthesia with lidocaine produce a similar degree of differential sensory blockade. Epidural anaesthesia produces a detectable difference between the level of analgesia and cold sensation at various times, whereas spinal anaesthesia did not reliably do so in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L White
- Department of Anesthesiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., USA
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36
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Abstract
The effect of adjusting the pH of a model ovalbumin (iep = 4.7) and aluminum hydroxide adjuvant (iep = 11.5) vaccine or a model lysozyme (iep = 11.4) and aluminum phosphate adjuvant (iep = 5.0) vaccine to values ranging from 3 to 11 was studied. The model vaccine prepared at pH 7.4 served as the reference. Additional adsorption of ovalbumin occurred in the pH range 7.4 to 4.1. Elution of ovalbumin occurred when the pH was adjusted to values above 7.4 or below 4.1. Maximum elution occurred at pH 2.9 and 11.0. Elution of lysozyme from aluminum phosphate adjuvant occurred when the pH was adjusted to any value other than the reference pH of 7.4. More lysozyme was eluted at pH 2.9 than at pH 11.0. The adsorption/elution behavior could be explained by the effect of pH on: (1) the ionization state of the protein, 2) the solubility of the adjuvant, and (3) the electrostatic interaction between the protein and adjuvant. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- JV Rinella
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy
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Rinella JV, Workman RF, Hermodson MA, White JL, Hem SL. Elutability of Proteins from Aluminum-Containing Vaccine Adjuvants by Treatment with Surfactants. J Colloid Interface Sci 1998; 197:48-56. [PMID: 9466843 DOI: 10.1006/jcis.1997.5230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The elutability of proteins from adjuvants in model vaccines composed of ovalbumin adsorbed by aluminum hydroxide adjuvant or lysozyme adsorbed by aluminum phosphate adjuvant following treatment with surfactant solutions was studied. Nonionic (Triton X-100, lauryl maltoside), zwitterionic (lauryl sulfobetaine), anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate), and cationic (cetylpyridinium chloride, dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride) surfactants were investigated. Cetylpyridinium chloride produced the greatest degree of elution (60%) of ovalbumin from aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. Sodium dodecyl sulfate completely eluted lysozyme from aluminum phosphate adjuvant. The effectiveness of surfactants in removing preadsorbed proteins was directly related to their ability to denature the protein. Micellar solubilization and electrostatic repulsion may also contribute to desorption. Copyright 1998 Academic Press. Copyright 1998Academic Press
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Affiliation(s)
- JV Rinella
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907
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38
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Abstract
We report results of magic-angle spinning (MAS) nuclear Overhauser experiments on solid polymers. Specifically, the focus of this work is to demonstrate that methyl groups provide unique motional labels in crystalline and amorphous materials that may be exploited to provide spatial information. The motivation for this work stems from the fact that recently developed techniques for distance determination in organic solids, e.g. REDOR and related spin-echo methods, typically require isotopic labelling. Comparison of heteronuclear MAS 13C-1H NOE growth rates for bis-phenol A (a crystalline organic solid), polycarbonate, chloral polycarbonate, polystyrene, poly(4-methylstyrene), and poly(alpha-methylstyrene) confirms that methyl groups are the only sources of cross-relaxation in these rigid polymers. The experiments are straightforward, and have the advantage that no isotopic labelling is required. In general, decreased growth rates and increased induction periods for carbons distant from methyl groups are observed. Critical analysis of the data suggests that the rates are sensitive to packing density, and we address the contribution of intrachain and interchain interactions to the observed rates. We expect that methyl-stimulated NOE's are general to all rigid solids, and that these experiments could prove useful for local structure characterization of polymers in cases where isotopic labelling is not practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L White
- Exxon Chemical, Baytown Polymers Center, TX 77522-5200, USA.
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Stevens RA, Frey K, Liu SS, Kao TC, Mikat-Stevens M, Beardsley D, Holman S, White JL. Sympathetic block during spinal anesthesia in volunteers using lidocaine, tetracaine, and bupivacaine. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1997; 22:325-31. [PMID: 9223197 DOI: 10.1016/s1098-7339(97)80006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Spinal anesthesia to high thoracic dermatomes is alleged to result in almost complete block of all sympathetic efferent nerves. To examine the degree of sympathectomy during spinal anesthesia, the sympathetic response to a cold pressor test (CPT) applied to unblocked dermatomes before and during spinal anesthesia was measured with use of three different local anesthetics. METHODS Twelve healthy volunteers were studied in a randomized and double-blind fashion on three separate occasions. In random order, each volunteer received approximately equipotent spinal doses of tetracaine 15 mg, bupivacaine 15 mg, and lidocaine 100 mg in hyperbaric solutions. Prior to and 30 minutes after spinal injection of local anesthetic, a CPT was applied for 2 minutes, and changes from baseline resting conditions in five physiologic variables were measured. RESULTS The CPT 1 given before anesthetic administration resulted in an increase in heart rate, mean arterial pressure, cardiac index, and plasma concentrations of norepinephrine and epinephrine. Spinal anesthesia to a median level of T3 resulted in a decrease in mean arterial pressure by 10-12% but did not significantly decrease the other variables. Spinal anesthesia did not change the increase in heart rate or cardiac index in response to the second CPT, but the increase in mean arterial pressure was attenuated compared to the CPT before anesthesia. No increase in norepinephrine or epinephrine concentration was observed during the CPT given during spinal anesthesia. There was no significant relationship between level of analgesia and sympathetic response to stress. CONCLUSIONS Spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric solutions of tetracaine 15 mg, bupivacaine 15 mg, and lidocaine 100 mg attenuated sympathetic function but did not produce complete sympathectomy. The effects were independent of the local anesthetic used.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Stevens
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
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40
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Abstract
Aluminium hydroxide (AH) and aluminium phosphate (AP) adjuvants, labelled with 26Al, were injected intramuscularly (i.m.) in New Zealand White rabbits. Blood and urine samples were collected for 28 days and analysed for 26Al using accelerator mass spectrometry to determine the absorption and elimination of AH and AP adjuvants. 26Al was present in the first blood sample (1 h) for both adjuvants. The area under the blood level curve for 28 days indicates that three times more aluminium was absorbed from AP adjuvant than AH adjuvant. The distribution profile of aluminium to tissues was the same for both adjuvants (kidney > spleen > liver > heart > lymph node > brain). This study has demonstrated that in vivo mechanisms are available to eliminate aluminium-containing adjuvants after i.m. administration. In addition, the pharmacokinetic profiles of AH and AP adjuvants are different.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Flarend
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Gruenhagen SE, Schulze DG, Chansiri G, Hem KJ, White JL, Hem SL. Effect of sorbitol on the phosphate adsorptive capacity of ferrihydrite suspensions. Pharm Dev Technol 1997; 2:81-6. [PMID: 9552433 DOI: 10.3109/10837459709022611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to stabilize the phosphate adsorptive capacity of aqueous suspensions of ferrihydrite, a potential phosphate binder. Ferrihydrite was precipitated by the addition of 1 N NaOH to 1 M FeCl3 until pH 8.0 was reached. The ferrihydrite suspension was divided into three portions and an amount of sorbitol was added to produce sorbitol concentrations of 0, 1, or 5% w/v, respectively. The phosphate adsorptive capacity and X-ray diffraction pattern were periodically determined during aging at room temperature. The phosphate adsorptive capacity of the ferrihydrite suspension containing 0% sorbitol decreased steadily from 0.012 mgP/mg to 0.007 mgP/mg during the 1-year aging period. In contrast, suspensions containing 1 or 5% sorbitol exhibited constant phosphate adsorptive capacities during this period. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that ferrihydrite transformed to hematite and goethite during aging of the control suspension. The presence of 1 or 5% sorbitol prevented the transformation of ferrihydrite to more crystalline iron oxides. This study suggests that the phosphate adsorptive capacity of ferrihydrite suspensions can be stabilized by the incorporation of small amounts of sorbitol into the formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Gruenhagen
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Chang MF, White JL, Nail SL, Hem SL. Role of the electrostatic attractive force in the adsorption of proteins by aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. PDA J Pharm Sci Technol 1997; 51:25-9. [PMID: 9099061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The fact that both aluminum hydroxide adjuvant and proteins have a pH dependent surface charge means that electrostatic forces play a role in the adsorption of proteins by aluminum hydroxide adjuvant during the preparation of vaccines. The objective of this study was to examine the contribution of the electrostatic attractive force in the adsorption of proteins by aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. Since the surface charge characteristics of aluminum hydroxide adjuvant can be modified by the adsorption of phosphate anion, a series of aluminum hydroxide adjuvants were prepared by treatment with various concentrations of phosphate anion. The isoelectric points (iep) of these adjuvants ranged from 11.0 to 4.6 and the electrophoretic mobilities at pH 7.4 ranged from 2.0 to -3.3 microns cm/V s. The line broadening of the (020) band of the X-ray diffraction pattern indicated that treatment with phosphate anion did not change the primary crystallite dimension. Adsorption at pH 7.4 of positively charged lysozyme (iep = 11.1) was directly related to the negative surface charge of the adjuvant. No adsorption occurred when the surface charge was positive. In contrast, negatively charged ovalbumin (iep = 4.6) was adsorbed by all of the adjuvants at pH 7.4, although the adsorptive capacity was the greatest when the surface charge was positive. The results indicate that adsorptive forces in addition to the electrostatic attractive force play an important role in the adsorption of some proteins by aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. It is believed the structurally flexible proteins, like ovalbumin, exhibit more complex adsorption behavior than structurally rigid proteins, like lysozyme, for which adsorptive behavior can be explained by electrostatic forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Chang
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Anthony PL, Arnold RG, Band HR, Borel H, Bosted PE, Breton V, Cates GD, Chupp TE, Dietrich FS, Dunne J, Erbacher R, Fellbaum J, Fonvieille H, Gearhart R, Holmes R, Hughes EW, Johnson JR, Kawall D, Keppel C, Kuhn SE, Lombard-Nelsen RM, Marroncle J, Maruyama T, Meyer W, Meziani Z, Middleton H, Morgenstern J, Newbury NR, Petratos GG, Pitthan R, Prepost R, Roblin Y, Rock SE, Rokni SH, Shapiro G, Smith T, Souder PA, Spengos M, Staley F, Stuart LM, Szalata ZM, Terrien Y, Thompson AK, White JL, Woods M, Xu J, Young CC, Zapalac G. Deep inelastic scattering of polarized electrons by polarized 3He and the study of the neutron spin structure. Phys Rev D Part Fields 1996; 54:6620-6650. [PMID: 10020671 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.54.6620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Hancock KE, Peck GE, Perry DL, White JL, Hem SL. The Effect of Humidity on the Physical and Chemical Stability of Spray-Dried Aluminum Hydroxycarbonate. J Colloid Interface Sci 1996; 183:431-40. [PMID: 8954687 DOI: 10.1006/jcis.1996.0566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The moisture sorption isotherm of amorphous spray-dried aluminum hydroxycarbonate (SDAHC) at 25°C revealed that moisture sorption increased sharply when the relative humidity exceeded 80%. The physical and chemical stability of SDAHC was studied for 1 year at 25°C and 0, 11, 54, 84, or 100% RH. The results were interpreted to reveal that two mechanisms affect the properties of SDAHC at 25°C. The sample stored at 0% RH did not exhibit any significant changes during the 1-year study period. The surface area and rate of acid neutralization decreased when samples were stored at 11 or 54% RH, but the material remained amorphous. This change is believed to be due to aggregation and cementation of particles. Much larger changes in surface area and the rate of acid neutralization occurred in the samples aged at 84 or 100% RH. Under these humidity conditions, polymorphic transformations occurred in addition to aggregation and cementation. X-ray diffraction indicated that microcrystalline boehmite was an intermediate phase. The stable polymorph was bayerite, which is believed to form due to the high surface pH produced by water sorption at 84 or 100% RH. The moisture sorption isotherm was useful in identifying the humidity conditions which resulted in high moisture sorption. Polymorphic transformations were only detected when the SDAHC was aged under these humidity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- KE Hancock
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907
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Bravar A, Adams DL, Akchurin N, Belikov NI, Bonner BE, Bystricky J, Corcoran MD, Cossairt JD, Cranshaw J, Derevschikov AA, En'yo H, Funahashi H, Goto Y, Grachov OA, Grosnick DP, Hill DA, Iijima T, Imai K, Itow Y, Iwatani K, Kharlov YV, Kuroda K, Laghai M, Lehar F, Lopiano D, Luehring FC, Maki T, Makino S, Masaike A, Matulenko YA, Meschanin AP, Michalowicz A, Miller DH, Miyake K, Nagamine T, Nessi-Tedaldi F, Nessi M, Nguyen C, Nurushev SB, Ohashi Y, Onel Y, Patalakha DI, Pauletta G, Penzo A, Rappazzo GF, Read AL, Roberts JB, Rykov VL, Saito N, Salvato G, Schiavon P, Skeens J, Solovyanov VL, Spinka H, Stanek RW, Takashima R, Takeutchi F, Tamura N, Underwood DG, Vasiliev AN, White JL, Yamashita S. Single-Spin Asymmetries in Inclusive Charged Pion Production by Transversely Polarized Antiprotons. Phys Rev Lett 1996; 77:2626-2629. [PMID: 10062005 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.77.2626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Anthony PL, Becker-Szendy R, Bosted PE, Cavalli-Sforza M, Keller LP, Kelley LA, Klein SR, Niemi G, Perl ML, Rochester LS, White JL. Measurement of dielectric suppression of bremsstrahlung. Phys Rev Lett 1996; 76:3550-3553. [PMID: 10060996 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.76.3550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Adams DL, Akchurin N, Belikov NI, Bravar A, Bystricky J, Corcoran MD, Cossairt JD, Cranshaw J, Derevschikov AA, En'yo H, Funahashi H, Goto Y, Grachov OA, Grosnick DP, Hill DA, Iijima T, Imai K, Itow Y, Iwatani K, Krueger KW, Kuroda K, Lehar F, Lopiano D, Luehring FC, Maki T, Makino S, Masaike A, Matulenko YA, Meschanin AP, Michalowicz A, Miller DH, Miyake K, Nagamine T, Nessi-Tedaldi F, Nessi M, Nguyen C, Nurushev SB, Ohashi Y, Onel Y, Patalakha DI, Pauletta G, Penzo A, Read AL, Roberts JB, Rykov VL, Saito N, Salvato G, Schiavon P, Shima T, Skeens J, Solovyanov VL, Spinka H, Stanek RW, Takashima R, Takeutchi F, Tamura N, Tanaka N, Underwood DG, Vasiliev AN, White JL, Yamashita S, Yokosawa A. Single-spin asymmetries and invariant cross sections of the high transverse-momentum inclusive pi 0 production in 200 GeV/c pp and p-barp interactions. Phys Rev D Part Fields 1996; 53:4747-4755. [PMID: 10020471 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.53.4747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Arrington J, Anthony P, Arnold RG, Beise EJ, Belz JE, Bosted PE, Bulten H, Chapman MS, Coulter KP, Dietrich F, Ent R, Epstein M, Filippone BW, Gao H, Gearhart RA, Geesaman DF, Hansen J, Holt RJ, Jackson HE, Jones CE, Keppel CE, Kinney ER, Kuhn S, Lee K, Lorenzon W, Lung A, Makins NC, Margaziotis DJ, McKeown RD, Milner RG, Mueller B, Napolitano J, Nelson J, O'Neill TG, Papavassiliou V, Petratos GG, Potterveld DH, Rock SE, Spengos M, Szalata ZM, Tao LH, White JL, Winter D, Zeidman B. Inclusive electron scattering from nuclei at x~=1. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1996; 53:2248-2251. [PMID: 9971203 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.53.2248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Abstract
Aluminium hydroxide adjuvant has an isoelectric point (i.e.p.) of ca 11 and is a good adsorbent for acidic proteins due to the contribution of electrostatic attractive forces. However, electrostatic repulsive forces reduce its ability to adsorb basic proteins. Pretreatment of aluminium hydroxide adjuvant with carefully selected concentrations of phosphate anion reduces the positive surface charge which exists at pH 7.4. Treatment with higher concentrations of phosphate anion produces a negative surface charge. The adsorption of lysozyme (i.e.p = 11.1) was found to be directly related to the concentration of phosphate anion used to pretreat the aluminium hydroxide adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Rinella
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907, USA
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50
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Ent R, Anthony PL, Arnold RG, Arrington J, Beise EJ, Belz JE, Bosted PE, Bulten H, Chapman MS, Coulter KP, Dietrich FS, Epstein M, Filippone BW, Gao H, Gearhart RA, Geesaman DF, Hansen J, Holt RJ, Jackson HE, Jones CE, Keppel CE, Kinney ER, Kuhn S, Lee K, Lorenzon W, Lung A, Makins NC, Margaziotis DJ, McKeown RD, Milner RG, Mueller B, Napolitano J, Nelson J, O'Neill TG, Papavassiliou V, Petratos GG, Potterveld DH, Rock SE, Spengos M, Szalata ZM, Tao LH, Wasson DA, White JL, Zeidman B. Evidence for virtual Compton scattering from the proton. Phys Rev D Part Fields 1995; 52:4868-4871. [PMID: 10019711 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.52.4868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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