1
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Womersley FC, Rohner CA, Abrantes K, Afonso P, Arunrugstichai S, Bach SS, Bar S, Barash A, Barnes P, Barnett A, Boldrocchi G, Buffat N, Canon T, Perez CC, Chuangcharoendee M, Cochran JEM, de la Parra R, Diamant S, Driggers W, Dudgeon C, Erdmann MV, Fitzpatrick R, Flam A, Fontes J, Francis G, Galvan BE, Graham R, Green SM, Green JR, Grosmark Y, Guzman HM, Hardenstine RS, Harvey M, Harvey-Carroll J, Hasan AW, Hearn AR, Hendon JM, Putra MIH, Himawan MR, Hoffmayer E, Holmberg J, Hsu HH, Jaidah MY, Jansen A, Judd C, Kuguru B, Lester E, Macena BCL, Magson K, Maguiño R, Manjaji-Matsumoto M, Marcoux S, Marcoux T, McKinney J, Meekan M, Mendoza A, Moazzam M, Monacella E, Norman B, Perry C, Pierce S, Prebble C, Macías DR, Raudino H, Reynolds S, Robinson D, Rowat D, Santos MD, Schmidt J, Scott C, See ST, Sianipar A, Speed CW, Syakurachman I, Tyne JA, Waples K, Winn C, Yuneni RR, Zareer I, Araujo G. Identifying priority sites for whale shark ship collision management globally. Sci Total Environ 2024:172776. [PMID: 38697520 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The expansion of the world's merchant fleet poses a great threat to the ocean's biodiversity. Collisions between ships and marine megafauna can have population-level consequences for vulnerable species. The Endangered whale shark (Rhincodon typus), shares a circumglobal distribution with this expanding fleet and tracking of movement pathways has shown that large vessel collisions pose a major threat to the species. However, it is not yet known whether they are also at risk within aggregation sites, where up to 400 individuals can gather to feed on seasonal bursts of planktonic productivity. These "constellation" sites are of significant ecological, socio-economic and cultural value. Here, through expert elicitation, we gathered information from most known constellation sites for this species across the world (>50 constellations and >13,000 individual whale sharks). We defined the spatial boundaries of these sites and their overlap with shipping traffic. Sites were then ranked based on relative levels of potential collision danger posed to whale sharks in the area. Our results showed that researchers and resource managers may underestimate the threat posed by large ship collisions due to a lack of direct evidence, such as injuries or witness accounts, which are available for other, sub-lethal threat categories. We found that constellations in the Arabian Sea and adjacent waters, the Gulf of Mexico, the Gulf of California, and Southeast and East Asia, had the greatest level of vessel collision threat. We also identified 39 sites where peaks in shipping activity coincided with peak seasonal occurrences of whale sharks, sometimes across several months. Simulated potential collision mitigation options estimated a minimal impact to industry, as most whale shark core habitat areas were relatively small. Given the threat posed by vessel collisions, a coordinated, multi-national approach to collision mitigation is needed within priority whale shark habitats to ensure collision protection for the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya C Womersley
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, UK; Marine Research and Conservation Foundation, Somerset, UK; Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | | | | | - Pedro Afonso
- Institute of Marine Research - IMAR, Department of Oceanography and Fisheries, University of the Azores, 9900-140 Horta, Portugal; Institute of Marine Sciences, OKEANOS, University of the Azores, 9900-140 Horta, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter Barnes
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation, and Attractions, WA Government, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rafael de la Parra
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Christine Dudgeon
- National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, USA
| | - Mark V Erdmann
- University of Sunshine Coast, School of Science, Technology and Engineering, Petrie, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Anna Flam
- Marine Megafauna Foundation, West Palm Beach, FL 33411, USA
| | - Jorge Fontes
- Institute of Marine Research - IMAR, Department of Oceanography and Fisheries, University of the Azores, 9900-140 Horta, Portugal; Institute of Marine Sciences, OKEANOS, University of the Azores, 9900-140 Horta, Portugal
| | - Gemma Francis
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation, and Attractions, WA Government, Australia
| | - Beatriz Eugenia Galvan
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sofia M Green
- MarAlliance, Cabo Verde; Galápagos Whale Shark Project, USA
| | | | | | - Hector M Guzman
- Galápagos Science Center, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, USFQ, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Diego de Robles sn y Pampite, Quito, Ecuador; MigraMar, 2099 Westshore Rd, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
| | | | | | - Jessica Harvey-Carroll
- Maldives Whale Shark Research Programme, Maldives; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 18A, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Alex R Hearn
- Galápagos Whale Shark Project, USA; MigraMar, 2099 Westshore Rd, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
| | - Jill M Hendon
- The University of Southern Mississippi, Center for Fisheries Research and Development, Ocean Springs, MS, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Hua Hsun Hsu
- Coastal and Offshore Resources Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taiwan
| | - Mohammed Y Jaidah
- Qatar Whale Shark Research Project, Doha, Qatar; Qatar Ministry of Environment, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Baraka Kuguru
- Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute, United Republic of Tanzania
| | | | - Bruno C L Macena
- Institute of Marine Research - IMAR, Department of Oceanography and Fisheries, University of the Azores, 9900-140 Horta, Portugal; Institute of Marine Sciences, OKEANOS, University of the Azores, 9900-140 Horta, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark Meekan
- Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Brad Norman
- ECOCEAN Inc., Australia; Murdoch University, Australia
| | - Cameron Perry
- Maldives Whale Shark Research Programme, Maldives; Georgia Aquarium, USA; Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
| | - Simon Pierce
- Marine Megafauna Foundation, West Palm Beach, FL 33411, USA; National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, USA
| | - Clare Prebble
- Marine Megafauna Foundation, West Palm Beach, FL 33411, USA
| | | | - Holly Raudino
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation, and Attractions, WA Government, Australia
| | | | | | - David Rowat
- Marine Conservation Society Seychelles, Seychelles
| | | | | | | | - Sian Tian See
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, University Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia
| | | | - Conrad W Speed
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Julian A Tyne
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation, and Attractions, WA Government, Australia
| | - Kelly Waples
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation, and Attractions, WA Government, Australia
| | - Chloe Winn
- Maldives Whale Shark Research Programme, Maldives
| | | | | | - Gonzalo Araujo
- Marine Research and Conservation Foundation, Somerset, UK; Environmental Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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2
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Green SM, Hearn A, Green JR. Species associated with whale sharks Rhincodontypus (Orectolobiformes, Rhincodontidae) in the Galapagos Archipelago. Biodivers Data J 2023; 11:e97864. [PMID: 38327377 PMCID: PMC10848626 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.11.e97864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Whale sharks Rhincodontypus frequently appear to interact or associate with other species, which vary depending on the community structure and the demographic of the whale sharks at each location globally. Here, we present the species sighted frequently around whale sharks in the Galapagos Archipelago and reported by dive guides and scientists and also in earlier publications. These associated species include cetacean species: bottlenose dolphins Tursiopstruncatus, other shark species: silky sharks Carcharhinusfalciformis, Galapagos sharks Carcharhinusgalapagensis, scalloped hammerhead sharks Sphyrnalewini, tiger sharks Galeocerdocuvier and teleost fish species: remoras Remora remora, yellowfin tuna Thunnusalbacares, almaco jacks Seriolarivoliana and black jacks Caranxlugubris. The recording of interspecies associations and interactions may lead to better understanding of the natural history of whale sharks and can show important symbiotic relationships or interdependence between different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia M Green
- Galapagos Whale Shark Project, Puerto Ayora, EcuadorGalapagos Whale Shark ProjectPuerto AyoraEcuador
| | - Alex Hearn
- Galapagos Whale Shark Project, Puerto Ayora, EcuadorGalapagos Whale Shark ProjectPuerto AyoraEcuador
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, EcuadorUniversidad San Francisco de QuitoQuitoEcuador
| | - Jonathan R Green
- Galapagos Whale Shark Project, Puerto Ayora, EcuadorGalapagos Whale Shark ProjectPuerto AyoraEcuador
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3
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Matsumoto R, Murakumo K, Nozu R, Acuña-Marrero D, Green JR, Pierce SJ, Rohner CA, Reyes H, Green SM, Dove ADM, Torres ML, Hearn AR. Underwater ultrasonography and blood sampling provide the first observations of reproductive biology in free-swimming whale sharks. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2023. [DOI: 10.3354/esr01226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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4
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Andrzejaczek S, Lucas TC, Goodman MC, Hussey NE, Armstrong AJ, Carlisle A, Coffey DM, Gleiss AC, Huveneers C, Jacoby DMP, Meekan MG, Mourier J, Peel LR, Abrantes K, Afonso AS, Ajemian MJ, Anderson BN, Anderson SD, Araujo G, Armstrong AO, Bach P, Barnett A, Bennett MB, Bezerra NA, Bonfil R, Boustany AM, Bowlby HD, Branco I, Braun CD, Brooks EJ, Brown J, Burke PJ, Butcher P, Castleton M, Chapple TK, Chateau O, Clarke M, Coelho R, Cortes E, Couturier LIE, Cowley PD, Croll DA, Cuevas JM, Curtis TH, Dagorn L, Dale JJ, Daly R, Dewar H, Doherty PD, Domingo A, Dove ADM, Drew M, Dudgeon CL, Duffy CAJ, Elliott RG, Ellis JR, Erdmann MV, Farrugia TJ, Ferreira LC, Ferretti F, Filmalter JD, Finucci B, Fischer C, Fitzpatrick R, Forget F, Forsberg K, Francis MP, Franks BR, Gallagher AJ, Galvan-Magana F, García ML, Gaston TF, Gillanders BM, Gollock MJ, Green JR, Green S, Griffiths CA, Hammerschlag N, Hasan A, Hawkes LA, Hazin F, Heard M, Hearn A, Hedges KJ, Henderson SM, Holdsworth J, Holland KN, Howey LA, Hueter RE, Humphries NE, Hutchinson M, Jaine FRA, Jorgensen SJ, Kanive PE, Labaja J, Lana FO, Lassauce H, Lipscombe RS, Llewellyn F, Macena BCL, Mambrasar R, McAllister JD, McCully Phillips SR, McGregor F, McMillan MN, McNaughton LM, Mendonça SA, Meyer CG, Meyers M, Mohan JA, Montgomery JC, Mucientes G, Musyl MK, Nasby-Lucas N, Natanson LJ, O’Sullivan JB, Oliveira P, Papastamtiou YP, Patterson TA, Pierce SJ, Queiroz N, Radford CA, Richardson AJ, Richardson AJ, Righton D, Rohner CA, Royer MA, Saunders RA, Schaber M, Schallert RJ, Scholl MC, Seitz AC, Semmens JM, Setyawan E, Shea BD, Shidqi RA, Shillinger GL, Shipley ON, Shivji MS, Sianipar AB, Silva JF, Sims DW, Skomal GB, Sousa LL, Southall EJ, Spaet JLY, Stehfest KM, Stevens G, Stewart JD, Sulikowski JA, Syakurachman I, Thorrold SR, Thums M, Tickler D, Tolloti MT, Townsend KA, Travassos P, Tyminski JP, Vaudo JJ, Veras D, Wantiez L, Weber SB, Wells RD, Weng KC, Wetherbee BM, Williamson JE, Witt MJ, Wright S, Zilliacus K, Block BA, Curnick DJ. Diving into the vertical dimension of elasmobranch movement ecology. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabo1754. [PMID: 35984887 PMCID: PMC9390984 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo1754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the three-dimensional movement patterns of elasmobranchs is vital to understand their ecological roles and exposure to anthropogenic pressures. To date, comparative studies among species at global scales have mostly focused on horizontal movements. Our study addresses the knowledge gap of vertical movements by compiling the first global synthesis of vertical habitat use by elasmobranchs from data obtained by deployment of 989 biotelemetry tags on 38 elasmobranch species. Elasmobranchs displayed high intra- and interspecific variability in vertical movement patterns. Substantial vertical overlap was observed for many epipelagic elasmobranchs, indicating an increased likelihood to display spatial overlap, biologically interact, and share similar risk to anthropogenic threats that vary on a vertical gradient. We highlight the critical next steps toward incorporating vertical movement into global management and monitoring strategies for elasmobranchs, emphasizing the need to address geographic and taxonomic biases in deployments and to concurrently consider both horizontal and vertical movements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim C.D. Lucas
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Nigel E. Hussey
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Amelia J. Armstrong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Aaron Carlisle
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE, USA
| | - Daniel M. Coffey
- Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, USA
| | - Adrian C. Gleiss
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Charlie Huveneers
- Southern Shark Ecology Group, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David M. P. Jacoby
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
- Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | - Mark G. Meekan
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Johann Mourier
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- UMS 3514 Plateforme Marine Stella Mare, Université de Corse Pasquale Paoli, Biguglia, France
| | - Lauren R. Peel
- The Manta Trust, Catemwood House, Corscombe, Dorset, UK
- Save Our Seas Foundation–D’Arros Research Centre, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kátya Abrantes
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Biopixel Oceans Foundation, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - André S. Afonso
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Matthew J. Ajemian
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
| | - Brooke N. Anderson
- New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Gonzalo Araujo
- Environmental Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Marine Research and Conservation Foundation, Lydeard St Lawrence, Somerset, UK
| | - Asia O. Armstrong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Pascal Bach
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Sète, France
| | - Adam Barnett
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Biopixel Oceans Foundation, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Mike B. Bennett
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Natalia A. Bezerra
- Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Departamento de Oceanografia e Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Ramon Bonfil
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR)–Unidad Chetumal, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico
- Océanos Vivientes A.C., Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andre M. Boustany
- Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, CA, USA
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Heather D. Bowlby
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS, Canada
| | - Ilka Branco
- Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Camrin D. Braun
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | | | - Judith Brown
- Ascension Island Government Conservation and Fisheries Department, Georgetown, Ascension Island, UK
| | - Patrick J. Burke
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Butcher
- NSW Department of Primary Industries–Fisheries Research, National Marine Science Centre, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Taylor K. Chapple
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, USA
| | - Olivier Chateau
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Ecology, Aquarium des Lagons, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | | | - Rui Coelho
- Portuguese Institute for the Ocean and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Olhão, Algarve, Portugal
- Centre of Marine Sciences of the Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Algarve, Portugal
| | - Enric Cortes
- Southeast Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, Panama City, FL, USA
| | | | - Paul D. Cowley
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Donald A. Croll
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Juan M. Cuevas
- Wildlife Conservation Society Argentina, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- División Zoología de Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tobey H. Curtis
- Atlantic Highly Migratory Species Management Division, NOAA Fisheries, Gloucester, MA, USA
| | - Laurent Dagorn
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Sète, France
| | - Jonathan J. Dale
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Daly
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Makhanda, South Africa
- Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Heidi Dewar
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Philip D. Doherty
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Andrés Domingo
- Laboratorio de Recursos Pelágicos, Dirección Nacional de Recursos Acuáticos (DINARA), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Michael Drew
- Southern Shark Ecology Group, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- SARDI Aquatic Sciences, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Christine L. Dudgeon
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, The University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Riley G. Elliott
- Institute of Marine Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jim R. Ellis
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, Suffolk, UK
| | | | - Thomas J. Farrugia
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
- Alaska Ocean Observing System, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Luciana C. Ferreira
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Francesco Ferretti
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - John D. Filmalter
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Brittany Finucci
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Richard Fitzpatrick
- Biopixel Oceans Foundation, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Fabien Forget
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Sète, France
| | | | - Malcolm P. Francis
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Bryan R. Franks
- Marine Science Research Institute, Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Felipe Galvan-Magana
- Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Mirta L. García
- Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Troy F. Gaston
- College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia
| | - Bronwyn M. Gillanders
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Jonathan R. Green
- Galapagos Whale Shark Project, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos, Ecuador
| | - Sofia Green
- Galapagos Whale Shark Project, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos, Ecuador
| | - Christopher A. Griffiths
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, Suffolk, UK
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Marine Research, Lysekil, Sweden
| | - Neil Hammerschlag
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Abdi Hasan
- Yayasan Konservasi Indonesia, Sorong, West Papua, Indonesia
| | - Lucy A. Hawkes
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Fabio Hazin
- Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Matthew Heard
- Southern Shark Ecology Group, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- SARDI Aquatic Sciences, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Conservation and Wildlife Branch, Department for Environment and Water, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Alex Hearn
- Migramar, Forest Knolls, CA, USA
- Galapagos Whale Shark Project, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos, Ecuador
- Galapagos Science Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | | | | | - Kim N. Holland
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Kaneohe, HI, USA
| | - Lucy A. Howey
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Haiti Ocean Project, Petite Riviere de Nippes, Haiti
| | - Robert E. Hueter
- OCEARCH, Park City, UT, USA
- Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | | | - Melanie Hutchinson
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Kaneohe, HI, USA
- Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Fabrice R. A. Jaine
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, NSW, Australia
| | - Salvador J. Jorgensen
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Paul E. Kanive
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Jessica Labaja
- Large Marine Vertebrates Research Institute Philippines, Jagna, Bohol, Philippines
| | - Fernanda O. Lana
- Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Hugo Lassauce
- The Manta Trust, Catemwood House, Corscombe, Dorset, UK
- ISEA, University of New Caledonia, Nouméa, New Caledonia
- Conservation International New Caledonia, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - Rebecca S. Lipscombe
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Bruno C. L. Macena
- Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Okeanos Centre, University of the Azores, Horta, Faial, Portugal
| | | | - Jaime D. McAllister
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | | | | | - Matthew N. McMillan
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Sibele A. Mendonça
- Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Carl G. Meyer
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Kaneohe, HI, USA
| | - Megan Meyers
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - John A. Mohan
- School of Marine and Environmental Programs, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, USA
| | - John C. Montgomery
- Institute of Marine Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gonzalo Mucientes
- Instituto de Investigacions Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Vairao, Portugal
| | | | - Nicole Nasby-Lucas
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Paulo Oliveira
- Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Yannis P. Papastamtiou
- Institute of the Environment, Department of Biological Science, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Nuno Queiroz
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Vairao, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, Vairao, Portugal
| | - Craig A. Radford
- Institute of Marine Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andy J. Richardson
- Ascension Island Government Conservation and Fisheries Department, Georgetown, Ascension Island, UK
| | - Anthony J. Richardson
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - David Righton
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, Suffolk, UK
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Mark A. Royer
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Kaneohe, HI, USA
| | | | | | | | - Michael C. Scholl
- Bimini Biological Field Station Foundation, Bimini, The Bahamas
- IUCN SSC Shark Specialist Group, Gland, Vaud, Switzerland
- Aquarium-Muséum Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Wallonia, Belgium
| | - Andrew C. Seitz
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Jayson M. Semmens
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Edy Setyawan
- The Manta Trust, Catemwood House, Corscombe, Dorset, UK
- Institute of Marine Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Brendan D. Shea
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Beneath the Waves, Herndon, VA, USA
| | - Rafid A. Shidqi
- Coastal Science and Policy Program, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
- Thresher Shark Project Indonesia, Alor Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
| | - George L. Shillinger
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
- Migramar, Forest Knolls, CA, USA
- Upwell, Monterey, CA, USA
| | | | - Mahmood S. Shivji
- Guy Harvey Research Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Abraham B. Sianipar
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Joana F. Silva
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, Suffolk, UK
| | - David W. Sims
- The Marine Biological Association, Plymouth, UK
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Lara L. Sousa
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Julia L. Y. Spaet
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | | | - Guy Stevens
- The Manta Trust, Catemwood House, Corscombe, Dorset, UK
| | - Joshua D. Stewart
- The Manta Trust, Catemwood House, Corscombe, Dorset, UK
- Marine Mammal Institute, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, USA
| | - James A. Sulikowski
- New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Simon R. Thorrold
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Michele Thums
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - David Tickler
- Marine Futures Lab, School of Biological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | | | - Kathy A. Townsend
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, The University of the Sunshine Coast, Hervey Bay, QLD, Australia
| | - Paulo Travassos
- Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - John P. Tyminski
- OCEARCH, Park City, UT, USA
- Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | - Jeremy J. Vaudo
- Guy Harvey Research Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Drausio Veras
- Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Serra Talhada, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Sam B. Weber
- Ascension Island Government Conservation and Fisheries Department, Georgetown, Ascension Island, UK
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - R.J. David Wells
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kevin C. Weng
- Fisheries Science, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, USA
| | - Bradley M. Wetherbee
- Guy Harvey Research Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
- University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Jane E. Williamson
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Witt
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Serena Wright
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, Suffolk, UK
| | - Kelly Zilliacus
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Barbara A. Block
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
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5
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Williams LH, Anstett A, Bach Muñoz V, Chisholm J, Fallows C, Green JR, Higuera Rivas JE, Skomal G, Winton M, Hammerschlag N. Sharks as exfoliators: widespread chafing between marine organisms suggests an unexplored ecological role. Ecology 2021; 103:e03570. [PMID: 34709650 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lacey H Williams
- Department of Marine Ecosystems and Society, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33149, USA
| | - Alexandra Anstett
- Department of Marine Ecosystems and Society, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33149, USA
| | - Victor Bach Muñoz
- Department of Marine Ecosystems and Society, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33149, USA
| | - John Chisholm
- Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, 836 South Rodney French Blvd, New Bedford, Massachusetts, 02744, USA
| | - Chris Fallows
- Apex Shark Expeditions, Shop 3 Quayside Center, Simonstown, Cape Town, 7975, South Africa
| | - Jonathan R Green
- Galapagos Whale Shark Project, Santa Barbara, B4, Francisco de Orellana y Alba Calderon, Cumbaya, EC170901, Ecuador
| | - Jesús Erick Higuera Rivas
- Protección y Conservación Pelágica AC, Gobernador García Conde 28 San Miguel Chapultepec I secc, Ciudad de México, CDMX, 11850, Mexico
| | - Gregory Skomal
- Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, 836 South Rodney French Blvd, New Bedford, Massachusetts, 02744, USA
| | - Megan Winton
- Atlantic White Shark Conservancy, 235 Orleans Road, North Chatham, Massachusetts, 02650, USA
| | - Neil Hammerschlag
- Department of Marine Ecosystems and Society, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33149, USA
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6
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Darwaish F, Selzler R, Law A, Chen E, Ibey A, Aubertin C, Greenwood K, Redpath S, Chan ADC, Green JR, Langlois RG. Preliminary Laboratory Vibration Testing of a Complete Neonatal Patient Transport System. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2020; 2020:6086-6089. [PMID: 33019359 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Premature infants or neonates in need of advanced clinical care must be transported to specialized hospitals. Past studies have examined vibrations experienced by patients during transport; however, multiple confounding factors limit the utility of on-road data. Hence, the development of a standardized test environment is warranted. The overall purpose of this project is to characterize vibrations during neonatal patient transport and develop mitigation strategies to reduce exposure. This paper focusses on the development of a laboratory test environment and procedure that enables studying the equipment vibration in a comprehensive and repeatable manner. For the first time, a complete neonatal patient transport system, including a stretcher, has been mounted on an industrial shaker. Results largely validate the system's ability to simulate on-road vibrations with high repeatability.
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7
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Reid IR, Green JR, Lyles KW, Reid DM, Trechsel U, Hosking DJ, Black DM, Cummings SR, Russell RGG, Eriksen EF. Zoledronate. Bone 2020; 137:115390. [PMID: 32353565 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Zoledronate is the most potent and most long-acting bisphosphonate in clinical use, and is administered as an intravenous infusion. Its major uses are in osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and in myeloma and cancers to reduce adverse skeletal related events (SREs). In benign disease, it is a first- or second-line treatment for osteoporosis, achieving anti-fracture efficacy comparable to that of the RANKL blocker, denosumab, over 3 years, and it reduces fracture risk in osteopenic older women. It is the preferred treatment for Paget's disease, achieving higher rates of remissions which are much more prolonged than with any other agent. Some trials have suggested that it reduces mortality, cardiovascular disease and cancer, but these findings are not consistent across all studies. It is nephrotoxic, so should not be given to those with significant renal impairment, and, like other potent anti-resorptive agents, can cause hypocalcemia in patients with severe vitamin D deficiency, which should be corrected before administration. Its most common adverse effect is the acute phase response, seen in 30-40% of patients after their first dose, and much less commonly subsequently. Clinical trials in osteoporosis have not demonstrated increases in osteonecrosis of the jaw or in atypical femoral fractures. Observational databases are currently inadequate to determine whether these problems are increased in zoledronate users. Now available as a generic, zoledronate is a cost-effective agent for fracture prevention and for management of Paget's disease, but wider provision of infusion facilities is important to increase patient access. There is a need to further explore its potential for reducing cancer, cardiovascular disease and mortality, since these effects could be substantially more important than its skeletal actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Reid
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | | | | | - David M Reid
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | | - Dennis M Black
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven R Cummings
- San Francisco Coordinating Center, Sutter Health Research, San Francisco, CA, USA; Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - R Graham G Russell
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Erik F Eriksen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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8
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Goswami I, Redpath S, Langlois RG, Green JR, Lee KS, Whyte HEA. Whole-body vibration in neonatal transport: a review of current knowledge and future research challenges. Early Hum Dev 2020; 146:105051. [PMID: 32464450 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interfacility transport to tertiary care for high-risk neonates has become an integral part of equitable access to optimal perinatal healthcare. Excellence in clinical care requires expertise in transport medicine and the coordination of safe transport processes. However, concerns remain regarding environmental stressors involved in the transportation of sick high-risk neonates, including noise and vibration. In order to mitigate the potential deleterious effects of these physical stressors during transport, further knowledge of the burden of exposure, injury mechanisms and engineering interventions/modifications as adjuncts during transport would be beneficial. We reviewed the current literature with a focus on the contribution of new and emerging technologies in the transport environment with particular reference to whole-body vibration. This review intends to highlight what is known about vibration as a physical stressor in neonates and areas for further research; with the goal to making recommendations for minimizing these stressors during transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Goswami
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Redpath
- Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - R G Langlois
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Carleton University, Canada
| | - J R Green
- Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Canada
| | - K S Lee
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - H E A Whyte
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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9
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Abstract
Methods for the de novo identification of microRNA (miRNA) have been developed using a range of sequence-based features. With the increasing availability of next generation sequencing (NGS) transcriptome data, there is a need for miRNA identification that integrates both NGS transcript expression-based patterns as well as advanced genomic sequence-based methods. While miRDeep2 does examine the predicted secondary structure of putative miRNA sequences, it does not leverage many of the sequence-based features used in state-of-the-art de novo methods. Meanwhile, other NGS-based methods, such as miRanalyzer, place an emphasis on sequence-based features without leveraging advanced expression-based features reflecting miRNA biosynthesis. This represents an opportunity to combine the strengths of NGS-based analysis with recent advances in de novo sequence-based miRNA prediction. We here develop a method, microRNA Prediction using Integrated Evidence (miPIE), which integrates both expression-based and sequence-based features to achieve significantly improved miRNA prediction performance. Feature selection identifies the 20 most discriminative features, 3 of which reflect strictly expression-based information. Evaluation using precision-recall curves, for six NGS data sets representing six diverse species, demonstrates substantial improvements in prediction performance compared to three methods: miRDeep2, miRanalyzer, and mirnovo. The individual contributions of expression-based and sequence-based features are also examined and we demonstrate that their combination is more effective than either alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Peace
- Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Sheikh Hassani
- Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - J R Green
- Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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10
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Ryan JP, Green JR, Espinoza E, Hearn AR. Association of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) with thermo-biological frontal systems of the eastern tropical Pacific. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182599. [PMID: 28854201 PMCID: PMC5576648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite tracking of 27 whale sharks in the eastern tropical Pacific, examined in relation to environmental data, indicates preferential occupancy of thermo-biological frontal systems. In these systems, thermal gradients are caused by wind-forced circulation and mixing, and biological gradients are caused by associated nutrient enrichment and enhanced primary productivity. Two of the frontal systems result from upwelling, driven by divergence in the current systems along the equator and the west coast of South America; the third results from wind jet dynamics off Central America. All whale sharks were tagged near Darwin Island, Galápagos, within the equatorial Pacific upwelling system. Occupancy of frontal habitat is pronounced in synoptic patterns of shark locations in relation to serpentine, temporally varying thermal fronts across a zonal expanse > 4000 km. 80% of shark positions in northern equatorial upwelling habitat and 100% of positions in eastern boundary upwelling habitat were located within the upwelling front. Analysis of equatorial shark locations relative to thermal gradients reveals occupancy of a transition point in environmental stability. Equatorial subsurface tag data show residence in shallow, warm (>22°C) water 94% of the time. Surface zonal current speeds for all equatorial tracking explain only 16% of the variance in shark zonal movement speeds, indicating that passive drifting is not a primary determinant of movement patterns. Movement from equatorial to eastern boundary frontal zones occurred during boreal winter, when equatorial upwelling weakens seasonally. Off Peru sharks tracked upwelling frontal positions within ~100–350 km from the coast. Off Central America, the largest tagged shark (12.8 m TL) occupied an oceanic front along the periphery of the Panama wind jet. Seasonal movement from waning equatorial upwelling to productive eastern boundary habitat is consistent with underlying trophic dynamics. Persistent shallow residence in thermo-biological frontal zones suggests the role of physical-biological interactions that concentrate food resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Ryan
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Eduardo Espinoza
- Galápagos National Park Directorate, Puerto Ayora, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
| | - Alex R. Hearn
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito / Galápagos Science Center, Quito, Ecuador
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Stell
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Liverpool, ENTInfirmary, Myrtle Street, Liverpool, L7 7DF
| | - J R Green
- Department of Computational Science and Statistics, University of Liverpool
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12
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Jahnke W, Bold G, Marzinzik AL, Ofner S, Pellé X, Cotesta S, Bourgier E, Lehmann S, Henry C, Hemmig R, Stauffer F, Hartwieg JCD, Green JR, Rondeau JM. A General Strategy for Targeting Drugs to Bone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:14575-9. [PMID: 26457482 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Targeting drugs to their desired site of action can increase their safety and efficacy. Bisphosphonates are prototypical examples of drugs targeted to bone. However, bisphosphonate bone affinity is often considered too strong and cannot be significantly modulated without losing activity on the enzymatic target, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS). Furthermore, bisphosphonate bone affinity comes at the expense of very low and variable oral bioavailability. FPPS inhibitors were developed with a monophosphonate as a bone-affinity tag that confers moderate affinity to bone, which can furthermore be tuned to the desired level, and the relationship between structure and bone affinity was evaluated by using an NMR-based bone-binding assay. The concept of targeting drugs to bone with moderate affinity, while retaining oral bioavailability, has broad application to a variety of other bone-targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Jahnke
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Center for Proteomic Chemistry and Oncology Research, 4002 Basel (Switzerland).
| | - Guido Bold
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Center for Proteomic Chemistry and Oncology Research, 4002 Basel (Switzerland)
| | - Andreas L Marzinzik
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Center for Proteomic Chemistry and Oncology Research, 4002 Basel (Switzerland)
| | - Silvio Ofner
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Center for Proteomic Chemistry and Oncology Research, 4002 Basel (Switzerland)
| | - Xavier Pellé
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Center for Proteomic Chemistry and Oncology Research, 4002 Basel (Switzerland)
| | - Simona Cotesta
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Center for Proteomic Chemistry and Oncology Research, 4002 Basel (Switzerland)
| | - Emmanuelle Bourgier
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Center for Proteomic Chemistry and Oncology Research, 4002 Basel (Switzerland)
| | - Sylvie Lehmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Center for Proteomic Chemistry and Oncology Research, 4002 Basel (Switzerland)
| | - Chrystelle Henry
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Center for Proteomic Chemistry and Oncology Research, 4002 Basel (Switzerland)
| | - René Hemmig
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Center for Proteomic Chemistry and Oncology Research, 4002 Basel (Switzerland)
| | - Frédéric Stauffer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Center for Proteomic Chemistry and Oncology Research, 4002 Basel (Switzerland)
| | - J Constanze D Hartwieg
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Center for Proteomic Chemistry and Oncology Research, 4002 Basel (Switzerland)
| | - Jonathan R Green
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Center for Proteomic Chemistry and Oncology Research, 4002 Basel (Switzerland)
| | - Jean-Michel Rondeau
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Center for Proteomic Chemistry and Oncology Research, 4002 Basel (Switzerland)
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13
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Jahnke W, Bold G, Marzinzik AL, Ofner S, Pellé X, Cotesta S, Bourgier E, Lehmann S, Henry C, Hemmig R, Stauffer F, Hartwieg JCD, Green JR, Rondeau JM. Gezielte Anreicherung von Wirkstoffen am Knochen am Beispiel von allosterischen FPPS-Inhibitoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Centanni TM, Sanmann JN, Green JR, Iuzzini-Seigel J, Bartlett C, Sanger WG, Hogan TP. The role of candidate-gene CNTNAP2 in childhood apraxia of speech and specific language impairment. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2015; 168:536-43. [PMID: 26097074 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a debilitating pediatric speech disorder characterized by varying symptom profiles, comorbid deficits, and limited response to intervention. Specific Language Impairment (SLI) is an inherited pediatric language disorder characterized by delayed and/or disordered oral language skills including impaired semantics, syntax, and discourse. To date, the genes associated with CAS and SLI are not fully characterized. In the current study, we evaluated behavioral and genetic profiles of seven children with CAS and eight children with SLI, while ensuring all children were free of comorbid impairments. Deletions within CNTNAP2 were found in two children with CAS but not in any of the children with SLI. These children exhibited average to high performance on language and word reading assessments in spite of poor articulation scores. These findings suggest that genetic variation within CNTNAP2 may be related to speech production deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Centanni
- MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, Massachusetts
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - J N Sanmann
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - J R Green
- MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - J Iuzzini-Seigel
- MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, Massachusetts
- Marquette University, Milwaukee, Michigan
| | - C Bartlett
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - W G Sanger
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - T P Hogan
- MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, Massachusetts
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15
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Acuña-Marrero D, Jiménez J, Smith F, Doherty PF, Hearn A, Green JR, Paredes-Jarrín J, Salinas-de-León P. Whale shark (Rhincodon typus) seasonal presence, residence time and habitat use at darwin island, galapagos marine reserve. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115946. [PMID: 25551553 PMCID: PMC4281130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The life history of the whale shark (Rhincodon typus), including its reproductive ecology, still remains largely unknown. Here, we present results from the first whale shark population study around Darwin Island, Galapagos Marine Reserve. Following a diversified approach we characterized seasonal occurrence, population structure and size, and described habitat use of whale sharks based on fine scale movements around the island. Whale shark presence at Darwin Island was negatively correlated with Sea Surface Temperature (SST), with highest abundance corresponding to a cool season between July and December over six years of monitoring. From 2011 to 2013 we photo-identified 82 whale sharks ranging from 4 to 13.1 m Total Length (TL). Size distribution was bimodal, with a great majority (91.5%) of adult female individuals averaging 11.35 m±0.12 m (TL±SE), all but one showing signs of a potential pregnancy. Population dynamics models for apparently pregnant sharks estimated the presence of 3.76±0.90 (mean ± SE) sharks in the study area per day with an individual residence time of 2.09±0.51 (mean ± SE) days. Movement patterns analysis of four apparently pregnant individuals tracked with acoustic tags at Darwin Island revealed an intense use of Darwin's Arch, where no feeding or specific behavior has been recorded, together with periodic excursions around the island's vicinity. Sharks showed a preference for intermediate depths (20-30 m) with occasional dives mostly to mid-water, remaining the majority of their time at water temperatures between 24-25°C. All of our results point to Darwin Island as an important stopover in a migration, possibly with reproductive purposes, rather than an aggregation site. Current studies carried out in this area to investigate regional scale movement patterns may provide essential information about possible pupping grounds for this enigmatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesús Jiménez
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
| | - Franz Smith
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
| | - Paul F. Doherty
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Alex Hearn
- Turtle Island Restoration Network, Olema, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan R. Green
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
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16
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Fraser GD, Chan ADC, Green JR, Abser N, MacIsaac D. CleanEMG--power line interference estimation in sEMG using an adaptive least squares algorithm. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2012; 2011:7941-4. [PMID: 22256182 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2011.6091958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents an adaptive least squares algorithm for estimating the power line interference in surface electromyography (sEMG) signals. The algorithm estimates the power line interference, without the need for a reference input. Power line interference can be removed by subtracting the estimate from the original sEMG signal. The algorithm is evaluated with simulated sEMG based on its ability to accurately estimate power line interference at different frequencies and at various signal-to-noise ratios. Power line estimates produced by the algorithm are accurate for signal-to-noise ratios below 15 dB (SNR estimation error at 15 dB is 14.7995 dB + 1.6547 dB).
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Fraser
- Department of Systems & Computer Engineering, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Widler L, Jahnke W, R. Green J. The Chemistry of Bisphosphonates: From Antiscaling Agents to Clinical Therapeutics. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2012; 12:95-101. [DOI: 10.2174/187152012799014959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Jahnke W, Rondeau JM, Cotesta S, Marzinzik A, Pellé X, Geiser M, Strauss A, Götte M, Bitsch F, Hemmig R, Henry C, Lehmann S, Glickman JF, Roddy TP, Stout SJ, Green JR. Allosteric non-bisphosphonate FPPS inhibitors identified by fragment-based discovery. Nat Chem Biol 2010; 6:660-6. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Dyer TA, Skinner J, Canning D, Green JR. A health equity methodology for auditing oral health and NHS General Dental Services in Sheffield, England. Community Dent Health 2010; 27:68-73. [PMID: 20648882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe a method used in a health equity audit (HEA) of oral health and National Health Service (NHS) General Dental Services. METHODS Need, demand and provision of NHS General Dental Services were estimated by electoral ward using readily available data. Need was estimated using five-year-old dmft data. Scheduled and unscheduled demand were differentiated; scheduled demand was estimated using NHS dental registration data and unscheduled demand using emergency clinic and NHS Direct call activity data. Provision was estimated using self-declared dentist NHS hours and NHS Units of Dental Activity practice allocations. All variables were correlated with socioeconomic deprivation in each electoral ward, estimated by rates of receipt of Income Support. SETTING Sheffield, England. RESULTS Estimated need in electoral wards varied and correlated positively with increasing socio-economic deprivation. Scheduled demand tended to be lower and unscheduled demand higher in more deprived wards. Estimates of NHS General Dental Service provision indicated marginally higher provision in more deprived wards, though the correlation was weak. A synthesis of the findings estimated where need was least well met by provision. CONCLUSION A HEA of oral health and NHS General Dental Services can be undertaken using readily available data. However, data used to estimate need, demand or provision may have to change for future audits as the data routinely collected changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Dyer
- Department of Oral Health and Development, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Crescent, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK.
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Guenther A, Gordon S, Tiemann M, Burger R, Bakker F, Green JR, Baum W, Roelofs AJ, Rogers MJ, Gramatzki M. The bisphosphonate zoledronic acid has antimyeloma activity in vivo by inhibition of protein prenylation. Int J Cancer 2009; 126:239-46. [PMID: 19621390 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (N-BPs) are effective antiosteolytic agents in patients with multiple myeloma. Preclinical studies have also demonstrated that these agents have direct antitumor effects in vitro and can reduce tumor burden in a variety of animal models, although it is not clear whether such effects are caused by direct actions on tumor cells or by inhibition of bone resorption. N-BPs prevent bone destruction in myeloma by inhibiting the enzyme farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase in osteoclasts, thereby preventing the prenylation of small GTPase signaling proteins. In this study, utilizing a plasmacytoma xenograft model without complicating skeletal lesions, treatment with zoledronic acid (ZOL) led to significant prolongation of survival in severe combined immunodeficiency mice inoculated with human INA-6 plasma cells. Following treatment with a clinically relevant dose of ZOL, histological analysis of INA-6 tumors from the peritoneal cavity revealed extensive areas of apoptosis associated with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. Furthermore, Western blot analysis of tumor homogenates demonstrated the accumulation of unprenylated Rap1A, indicative of the uptake of ZOL by nonskeletal tumors and inhibition of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase. These studies provide, for the first time, clear evidence that N-BPs have direct antitumor effects in plasma cell tumors in vivo and this is executed by a molecular mechanism similar to that observed in osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Guenther
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantion and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Abstract
Patients with prostate cancer are at risk for skeletal complications resulting from treatment-induced bone loss and for bone metastases. The therapeutic potential of zoledronic acid for the treatment of prostate cancer has been demonstrated in both preclinical and clinical studies. In patients receiving androgen-deprivation therapy, zoledronic acid increases bone mineral density, and, in patients with bone metastases, it reduces the incidence of skeletal complications. Preclinical studies have also demonstrated the antitumor potential of bisphosphonates. Specifically, zoledronic acid inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of human prostate cancer cell lines in vitro and has enhanced antitumor activity when combined with taxanes. Animal models have further shown that bisphosphonates decrease tumor-induced osteolysis and reduce skeletal tumor burden. In a model of prostate cancer, zoledronic acid significantly inhibited growth of both osteolytic and osteoblastic tumors and reduced circulating levels of prostate-specific antigen. These studies suggest that zoledronic acid has the potential to inhibit bone metastasis and bone lesion progression in patients with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Green
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
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Green JR, Spooner RL. Ox erythrocyte agglutinability. 4. The effect of neuraminidase treatment on the agglutinability of cells and ghosts. Anim Blood Groups Biochem Genet 2009; 8:25-32. [PMID: 900580 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1977.tb01620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
1. The inherited differential agglutinability of cattle erythrocytes is shown to be similarly expressed on ghosts and intact cells. 2. Removal of virtually all sialic acid by prolonged neuraminidase treatment does not alter the agglutinability status of ghosts prepared from either high or low agglutinable cells. Hence the differing sialic acid content of the two cell types is not responsible for the differential agglutinability. 3. The significance of these findings with respect to other well defined agglutination systems and current theories of membrane structure is discussed.
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Pitre S, North C, Alamgir M, Jessulat M, Chan A, Luo X, Green JR, Dumontier M, Dehne F, Golshani A. Global investigation of protein-protein interactions in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae using re-occurring short polypeptide sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:4286-94. [PMID: 18586826 PMCID: PMC2490765 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein–protein interaction (PPI) maps provide insight into cellular biology and have received considerable attention in the post-genomic era. While large-scale experimental approaches have generated large collections of experimentally determined PPIs, technical limitations preclude certain PPIs from detection. Recently, we demonstrated that yeast PPIs can be computationally predicted using re-occurring short polypeptide sequences between known interacting protein pairs. However, the computational requirements and low specificity made this method unsuitable for large-scale investigations. Here, we report an improved approach, which exhibits a specificity of ∼99.95% and executes 16 000 times faster. Importantly, we report the first all-to-all sequence-based computational screen of PPIs in yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae in which we identify 29 589 high confidence interactions of ∼2 × 107 possible pairs. Of these, 14 438 PPIs have not been previously reported and may represent novel interactions. In particular, these results reveal a richer set of membrane protein interactions, not readily amenable to experimental investigations. From the novel PPIs, a novel putative protein complex comprised largely of membrane proteins was revealed. In addition, two novel gene functions were predicted and experimentally confirmed to affect the efficiency of non-homologous end-joining, providing further support for the usefulness of the identified PPIs in biological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pitre
- School of Computer Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
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Abstract
Structure and movement of the tongue have been studied extensively, but little study has been carried on its 3D deformation and ensuing volumetric changes during various functions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the volumetric changes of a regional section of the tongue during feeding. Four 12-week-old Yucatan miniature pigs were used. During natural mastication and water drinking, the width, length, thickness and volumetric changes were measured using six implanted ultrasonic crystals, which circumscribed a wedge-shaped volume in the region of the tongue body. Jaw movements were videotaped and digitized. Signals from these two sources were synchronized to allow real-time analyses. Significant volumetric changes (P < 0.001) were found in chewing, ingestion and drinking, and these changes were stereotypical in relation to rhythmic jaw movements. Volumetric change during chewing was not only more regular, but significantly larger (45.6%, P < 0.001) than that during ingestion (31.4%). The volumetric changes were less regular in drinking and the changing range (30.4%) was close to that during ingestion. Real-time analysis indicated that the volume began increasing at late jaw closing and reached the peak at late power stroke. The increase in duration of volume only took up 33.4% of the total chewing cycle length; significantly shorter than that of volume decrease. Correlation analysis revealed that the change in posterior dorsal and ventral widths had the greatest positive association with volumetric change (r = 0.43) in direction. The covariance calculations further indicated that dimensional changes in length and thickness coupled negatively with volumetric changes in amplitude. These results revealed that regional volumetric change of the tongue occurs during feeding and chewing requires larger volumetric changes than do ingestion and drinking. Volumetric expansion occurs in the phase of power stroke during chewing and is coupled with increases in widths in the direction and with decreases of thickness and length in the amplitude. The results further suggested that the regional volumetric expansion may play the determinant role in functional load production on its surrounding tissues, and may also imply that neuromuscular control of the tongue is region-specific, a notion incompatible with traditional scheme of categorizing muscle function in the tongue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z J Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Widler
- a Novartis Pharma AG, Bone Metabolism , CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- b Novartis Pharma AG, Bone Metabolism , CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- c Novartis Pharma AG, Bone Metabolism , CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Knut A. Jaeggi
- a Novartis Pharma AG, Bone Metabolism , CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- b Novartis Pharma AG, Bone Metabolism , CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- c Novartis Pharma AG, Bone Metabolism , CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan R. Green
- a Novartis Pharma AG, Bone Metabolism , CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- b Novartis Pharma AG, Bone Metabolism , CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- c Novartis Pharma AG, Bone Metabolism , CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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Newey LJ, Caten CE, Green JR. Rapid adhesion of Stagonospora nodorum spores to a hydrophobic surface requires pre-formed cell surface glycoproteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 111:1255-67. [PMID: 17998157 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion of fungal pathogens to leaf surfaces is an important first step in the infection process. Previous work on Stagonospora nodorum, a major necrotrophic pathogen of wheat and other cereals, has shown that conidia attach rapidly to a hydrophobic surface and this is followed by the active secretion of extracellular matrix material to consolidate adhesion. In this paper the role of pre-formed spore surface glycoproteins in the rapid adhesion of S. nodorum conidia to an artificial surface, polystyrene, has been investigated. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and the enzymes chitinase and lyticase have been used to release cell wall glycoproteins from spores and these have been identified using SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and Western blotting. Labelling with fluorescently tagged lectins has also been used to study the spore surface. The results show that there are a small number of glycoproteins non-covalently and covalently attached to other components in the spore wall, which is not a uniform structure. The effects of proteases, lectins, and other treatments of spores in an adhesion assay have been used to show that pre-formed glycoproteins are involved in rapid adhesion to a hydrophobic surface. There is also evidence for a rapid release of glycoproteins by spores that is also involved in adhesion and this is not an active process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Newey
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Rondeau JM, Bitsch F, Bourgier E, Geiser M, Hemmig R, Kroemer M, Lehmann S, Ramage P, Rieffel S, Strauss A, Green JR, Jahnke W. Structural basis for the exceptional in vivo efficacy of bisphosphonate drugs. ChemMedChem 2006; 1:267-73. [PMID: 16892359 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200500059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
To understand the structural basis for bisphosphonate therapy of bone diseases, we solved the crystal structures of human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) in its unliganded state, in complex with the nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate (N-BP) drugs zoledronate, pamidronate, alendronate, and ibandronate, and in the ternary complex with zoledronate and the substrate isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP). By revealing three structural snapshots of the enzyme catalytic cycle, each associated with a distinct conformational state, and details about the interactions with N-BPs, these structures provide a novel understanding of the mechanism of FPPS catalysis and inhibition. In particular, the accumulating substrate, IPP, was found to bind to and stabilize the FPPS-N-BP complexes rather than to compete with and displace the N-BP inhibitor. Stabilization of the FPPS-N-BP complex through IPP binding is supported by differential scanning calorimetry analyses of a set of representative N-BPs. Among other factors such as high binding affinity for bone mineral, this particular mode of FPPS inhibition contributes to the exceptional in vivo efficacy of N-BP drugs. Moreover, our data form the basis for structure-guided design of optimized N-BPs with improved pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Rondeau
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Discovery Technologies, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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Abraham R, Walton J, Russell L, Wolman R, Wardley-Smith B, Green JR, Mitchell A, Reeve J. Dietary determinants of post-menopausal bone loss at the lumbar spine: a possible beneficial effect of iron. Osteoporos Int 2006; 17:1165-73. [PMID: 16758136 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-005-0033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2004] [Accepted: 10/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies suggesting different effects of diet on post-menopausal bone loss may have given conflicting results because they sometimes failed to exclude confounding conditions or used imprecise methodology. DESIGN To identify dietary determinants of bone loss from the lumbar spine after menopause in women not taking hormone replacement who developed no evidence of spondylotic or sclerotic degenerative disease, forty-three women were followed with repeated (mean = 12) measurements of bone mineral density (BMD) at L2-4 for 11-14 years. Eleven developed evidence suggestive of degenerative disease and were excluded. Diet was assessed at the beginning of the study and 2.5 years later using 3-day and 7-day periods of weighed intakes. Nutrients estimated were: carbohydrate, fat, protein, fibre, calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphorus, copper, zinc and six vitamins. We tested the ability of diet to predict post-menopausal bone loss using stepwise regression. RESULTS Each woman's BMD change was described by a single coefficient after log transformation of the BMD data. The best model for BMD loss including dietary factors alone had two significant determinants: daily energy or protein (p=0.0003) intake was adverse, while dietary iron (p=0.002) was predictive of bone maintenance, an effect that persisted if iron was expressed as a ratio to energy intake. Adding body mass index to the model increased the goodness of fit (R (2)adj rose from 0.33 to 0.42) without affecting the statistical significance of the dietary determinants. CONCLUSIONS Diet may influence bone loss after menopause, with dietary iron (or an associated factor) possibly having a protective effect on bone at the spine.
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Abstract
Bisphosphonates effectively inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and are integral in the treatment of benign and malignant bone diseases. The evolution of bisphosphonates over the past 30 years has led to the development of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (N-BPs), which have a mechanism of action different from that of the nonnitrogen-containing bisphosphonates. Studies conducted over the past decade have elucidated the mechanism of action and pharmacologic properties of the N-BPs. N-BPs exert their effects on osteoclasts and tumor cells by inhibiting a key enzyme in the mevalonate pathway, farnesyl diphosphate synthase, thus preventing protein prenylation and activation of intracellular signaling proteins such as Ras. Recent evidence suggests that N-BPs also induce production of a unique adenosine triphosphate analogue (Apppi) that can directly induce apoptosis. Our increased understanding of the pharmacologic effects of bisphosphonates is shedding light on the mechanisms by which they exert antitumor effects. As a result of their biochemical effects on protein prenylation, N-BPs induce caspase-dependent apoptosis, inhibit matrix metalloproteinase activity, and downregulate alpha(v)beta(3) and alpha(v)beta(5) integrins. In addition, zoledronic acid (Zometa; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp.; East Hanover, NJ and Basel, Switzerland) exerts synergistic antitumor activity when combined with other anticancer agents. Zoledronic acid also inhibits tumor cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix and invasion through Matrigel trade mark and has antiangiogenic activity. A growing body of evidence from animal models demonstrates that zoledronic acid and other bisphosphonates can reduce skeletal tumor burden and prevent metastasis to bone. Further studies are needed to fully elucidate these biochemical mechanisms and to determine if the antitumor potential of bisphosphonates translates to the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Green
- Novartis Pharma AG, Klybeckstrasse 141, WKL-125.901, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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Rogers CW, Challen MP, Green JR, Whipps JM. Use of REMI andAgrobacterium-mediated transformation to identify pathogenicity mutants of the biocontrol fungus,Coniothyrium minitans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004; 241:207-14. [PMID: 15598534 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2004.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2004] [Revised: 09/10/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Restriction enzyme mediated integration (REMI) and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (ATMT) were used to transform protoplasts or germinated conidia of the mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans to hygromycin resistance. Using REMI, up to 32 transformants mug DNA(-1) were obtained, while 37.8 transformants 5 x 10(5) germlings(-1) were obtained using ATMT. Single-copy integrations occurred in 8% and 40% of REMI and ATMT transformants, respectively. A novel microtitre plate-based test was developed to expedite screening of 4000 REMI and ATMT C. minitans transformants. Nine pathogenicity mutants that displayed reduced or no pathogenicity on sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were identified.
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Glatt M, Pataki A, Evans GP, Hornby SB, Green JR. Loss of vertebral bone and mechanical strength in estrogen-deficient rats is prevented by long-term administration of zoledronic acid. Osteoporos Int 2004; 15:707-15. [PMID: 15024556 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-004-1588-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2003] [Accepted: 01/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the protective effect of long-term treatment with the bisphosphonate zoledronic acid on bone mass, structure, and strength in adult, estrogen-deficient rats. Rats were ovariectomized (OVX) at the age of 4 months and divided into four groups of 20 rats: one group of saline-treated OVX controls, and three groups of OVX rats treated with 0.3, 1.5, or 7.5 microg/kg/week s.c. zoledronic acid (ZOL). An additional group of sham-operated, saline-treated rats served as normal controls. Biochemical assays were performed after 16 and 51 weeks, respectively, and bone mineral density (BMD) determinations after 17 and 52 weeks, respectively. Before the end of the experiment animals were injected with tetracyclines for the determination of dynamic bone indexes. Finally, animals were sacrificed after 52 weeks, and vertebral bones (LV5) were subjected to mechanical compression testing. LV4 were used for histology and LV2 for microcomputed tomography. ZOL treatment abolished the rise of osteocalcin and reduced urinary deoxypyridinoline excretion. BMD was reduced in the OVX group in comparison to sham controls, and the decline was dose-dependently prevented by ZOL treatment. Tetracycline labeling showed a significant increase in bone formation rate (BFR) in OVX rats which was abolished by ZOL treatment. The same was observed for osteoid perimeter (Os.Pm) suggesting that ZOL diminished the high bone turnover associated with estrogen deficiency. Architectural parameters (BV/TV, Tb.Th*, Tb.N*, Tb.Sp*, SMI, CD) underwent the expected changes toward structural deterioration which was completely prevented by ZOL administration at doses of 1.5 and 7.5 microg/kg/week s.c. Similar results were obtained in compression testing: maximum stress fell significantly after OVX, and this effect was effectively prevented by ZOL treatment. Regression analysis suggests that in this rat model, SMI and Tb.Th* significantly contribute to compressive strength, albeit to a smaller degree than total cross-sectional area. The data further suggest that in the aged OVX rat, SMI and TB.Th* change in an interdependent way. ZOL prevents this process by inhibiting plate thinning and the transition into rod-shaped trabeculae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Glatt
- Bone Metabolism Unit, WKL-125.9, Novartis Pharma, CH 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
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Sims NA, Green JR, Glatt M, Schlict S, Martin TJ, Gillespie MT, Romas E. Targeting osteoclasts with zoledronic acid prevents bone destruction in collagen-induced arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:2338-46. [PMID: 15248235 DOI: 10.1002/art.20382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of zoledronic acid (ZA) on synovial inflammation, structural joint damage, and bone metabolism in rats during the effector phase of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). METHODS CIA was induced in female dark agouti rats. At the clinical onset of CIA, rats were assigned to treatment with vehicle or single subcutaneous doses of ZA (1.0, 10, 50, or 100 microg/kg). Clinical signs in all 4 paws were scored on a daily basis. After 2 weeks, the joints in the hind paws were assessed using plain radiographs, microfocal computed tomography (micro-CT), histologic scoring, and histomorphometry, and the serum levels of type I collagen crosslinks were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Although ZA mildly exacerbated synovitis, it effectively suppressed structural joint damage. At doses of >/=10 microg/kg, ZA significantly reduced radiographic bone erosions, Larsen scores, and juxtaarticular trabecular bone loss as quantified by micro-CT. ZA prevented increased type I collagen (bone) breakdown in CIA and diminished histologic scores of focal bone erosion by up to 80%. Increases in the percentage of eroded surface, osteoclast surface, and osteoclast numbers associated with CIA were prevented by ZA, even though synovitis scores were unchanged. CONCLUSION Single doses (>/=10 microg/kg) of ZA strikingly reduced focal bone erosions and juxtaarticular trabecular bone loss, although synovitis was mildly exacerbated. Targeting osteoclasts with ZA may therefore be an effective strategy for preventing structural joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Sims
- St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
Bisphosphonates (BPs) have been used successfully for many years to reduce the skeletal complications associated with the benign and malignant bone diseases that are characterized by enhanced osteoclastic bone resorption. Until recently, it was thought that the clinical efficacy of BPs in the treatment of cancer patients with bone metastases was purely a result of the inhibition of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. However, recent studies have demonstrated that BPs inhibit the growth, attachment and invasion of cancer cells in culture and promote their apoptosis. These results suggest that BPs are also anti-cancer agents, raising the possibility that BPs could inhibit cancer-cell colonization in visceral organs. However, results from clinical trials are conflicting, and whether BPs possess anti-cancer effects or not remains controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Heymann
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives. Faculté de Médecine, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes 1, France
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Abstract
Masticatory muscle contraction causes both jaw movement and tissue deformation during function. Natural chewing data from 25 adult miniature pigs were studied by means of time series analysis. The data set included simultaneous recordings of electromyography (EMG) from bilateral masseter (MA), zygomaticomandibularis (ZM) and lateral pterygoid muscles, bone surface strains from the left squamosal bone (SQ), condylar neck (CD) and mandibular corpus (MD), and linear deformation of the capsule of the jaw joint measured bilaterally using differential variable reluctance transducers. Pairwise comparisons were examined by calculating the cross-correlation functions. Jaw-adductor muscle activity of MA and ZM was found to be highly cross-correlated with CD and SQ strains and weakly with MD strain. No muscle's activity was strongly linked to capsular deformation of the jaw joint, nor were bone strains and capsular deformation tightly linked. Homologous muscle pairs showed the greatest synchronization of signals, but the signals themselves were not significantly more correlated than those of non-homologous muscle pairs. These results suggested that bone strains and capsular deformation are driven by different mechanical regimes. Muscle contraction and ensuing reaction forces are probably responsible for bone strains, whereas capsular deformation is more likely a product of movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z J Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Wiedmer M, Mukherjee DP, Ogden AL, Mayeux RH, Green JR. A biomechanical evaluation of the role of labrum on anterior/posterior translation of shoulders at different degrees of abduction. J Long Term Eff Med Implants 2003; 13:309-18. [PMID: 14649569 DOI: 10.1615/jlongtermeffmedimplants.v13.i4.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of anterior and posterior labrums on the anterior/posterior translations of shoulders. Thirteen cadaver shoulders were arthroscopically evaluated and nine were selected based on the absence of any pathological findings. These shoulders were tested intact, vented and after sequential arthroscpoic incision of the anterior and posterior labrums. The anterior/posterior translations were measured in a specially designed apparatus. The loads vs. displacement curves were obtained. The loads vs. displacement curves of the shoulders before and after labrum incision did not show any appreciable differences. Moreover the measured loads at 6 mm displacement did not show any statistically significant differences due to labrum incision. It was concluded that both anterior and posterior labrum incisions of the shoulders did not show any appreciable differences in anterior/posterior laxity. An arthroscopic technique was successfully developed to isolate the effect of labrum on the shoulder laxity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wiedmer
- Department of Orthoapedic Surgery, Lousiana State University Health Scinces Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130-3932, USA
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Hornby SB, Evans GP, Hornby SL, Pataki A, Glatt M, Green JR. Long-term zoledronic acid treatment increases bone structure and mechanical strength of long bones of ovariectomized adult rats. Calcif Tissue Int 2003; 72:519-27. [PMID: 12574877 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-002-2015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2002] [Accepted: 08/23/2002] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Zoledronic acid (ZOL) is a highly potent heterocyclic bisphosphonate which has been shown to inhibit bone resorption in short-term experiments in young growing animals. In this investigation we have evaluated the effects of a 1-year administration to mature, ovariectomized (OVX) rats as a model for postmenopausal osteoporosis in order to elucidate (1) the temporal changes in urinary biochemical markers of bone turnover and femoral bone mineral density (BMD), (2) to measure changes of static and dynamic histomorphometric parameters and mechanical strength, and (3) to assess the preventive effects of chronic treatment with ZOL on these parameters. In urine, deoxypyridinoline increased after OVX and was significantly reduced by ZOL administration, indicative of a reduced bone collagen turnover. These changes were accompanied by alterations of tibial cancellous bone: trabecular bone volume and parameters of bone architecture were significantly augmented by ZOL and bone formation rates fell as a consequence of suppressed bone turnover, but were still measurable. No signs of "frozen bone" or osteomalacia could be detected. BMD of the whole femurs rose in sham-operated control animals (SHAM) during the entire experimental period, whereas in OVX animals, BMD plateaued after 32 weeks at a lower level. ZOL at a low dose (0.3 mg/kg/week s.c.) did not alter whole femur BMD, but at higher doses (1.5 and 7.5 mg/kg/week s.c.) BMD increased to the level of the SHAM group. A distinct pattern was noted for the distal quarter of the femur, a region rich in cancellous bone: BMD initially increased in all treatment groups except the OVX group, and at a later stage fell again at a comparable rate irrespective of treatment. Mechanical stability, as assessed by a 3-point bending test, was significantly increased by all doses of ZOL and exceeded OVX and sham-operated controls. The effects on mechanical properties were observed at a low dose which did not measurably increase femoral BMD after 1-year treatment. Multiregression analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between maximum load and BMD, and a significant negative correlation of maximum load with labeled perimeter, a marker of bone formation and turnover. No significant correlation was found with urinary deoxypyridinoline, a marker of bone resorption. The data show that mechanical testing detects improvements of functional bone quality following low dose bisphosphonate treatment which are not identified by standard DXA measurements of BMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Hornby
- Biomedical Research, AEA Technology, 551 Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 ORA, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphosphonates are widely used to treat skeletal complications of malignancy. These drugs accumulate in bone where they inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption and reduce the local release of factors that stimulate tumor growth. The mechanism of action of bisphosphonates is dependent on chemical structure: Nonnitrogen-containing compounds (e.g., etidronate, clodronate) are metabolized into cytotoxic analogues of ATP, whereas the more potent nitrogen-containing compounds (N-BPs; e.g., pamidronate, ibandronate, zoledronic acid) inhibit protein prenylation, thus affecting cell function and survival. Because protein prenylation is required by all cells, not just osteoclasts, the possibility arises that N-BPs could also affect the viability of tumor cells. METHODS Several groups have investigated the in vitro effects of bisphosphonates, either alone or in combination with other antineoplastic agents, on the viability and metastatic properties of many tumor cell types. Similarly, the effect of bisphosphonate treatment on osteolysis and tumor burden has been studied in a variety of animal tumor models. RESULTS In vitro, submicromolar concentrations of N-BPs inhibited tumor cell adhesion and reduced invasion through extracellular matrix. At higher concentrations, antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects have been reported. In animal models of bone metastases, bisphosphonate treatment markedly reduced osteolytic lesions. There is also evidence of a reduction in tumor burden in bone and occasionally in other organs. Survival may be prolonged, but bisphosphonates do not appear to inhibit the growth of primary soft tissue tumors or orthotopic xenografts. CONCLUSIONS The cell culture data clearly demonstrated that N-BPs exert antitumor properties and interact synergistically with other antineoplastic agents. As bisphosphonates accumulate in bone, they can also exert cytostatic effects on tumor cells in bone metastases, either directly or indirectly via osteoclast inhibition and alterations in the bone microenvironment. Further in vivo research is now required to optimize the dosing regimen of N-BPs to exploit fully their antitumor potential.
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Abstract
Bisphosphonates are potent inhibitors of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption that also exhibit antitumor activity. There is now extensive in vitro evidence that bisphosphonates inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of tumor cell lines. In addition, they appear to inhibit tumor cell adhesion and invasion of the extracellular matrix. These data are supported by a growing body of evidence from animal models demonstrating that bisphosphonates can reduce skeletal tumor burden. This may reflect direct antitumor effects or indirect effects via osteoclast inhibition and alteration of the bone microenvironment. Research has begun to shed light on the complex mechanisms by which bisphosphonates inhibit bone resorption and interfere with the formation and growth of bone lesions. Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates inhibit protein prenylation and thereby short-circuit intracellular signaling via small guanine triphosphatases, such as Ras, which require membrane localization. As a result of these biochemical effects on the mevalonate pathway, bisphosphonates appear to modulate the expression of bcl-2 leading to caspase-dependent apoptosis, inhibit matrix metalloproteinases, downregulate alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta5 integrins, and increase expression of osteoprotegerin, thereby antagonizing osteoclastogenesis. Further preclinical studies are ongoing to fully elucidate these biochemical mechanisms, and well-designed clinical trials are necessary to investigate whether the antitumor potential of bisphosphonates can be realized in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Green
- Novartis Pharma AG, WKL-125.901 Postfach, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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Abstract
The evolution of bisphosphonates over the past 30 years has led to the development of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates with ever-increasing potency. Recent studies have begun to shed light on the unique mechanism of action and pharmacologic properties of these compounds. On the basis of in vitro studies and animal models of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, zoledronic acid is the most potent bisphosphonate among a large number of compounds tested, including pamidronate and most other commercially available bisphosphonates. Zoledronic acid maintains bone mass in estrogen-deficient animals without adversely affecting bone mineralization. Moreover, the high potency of zoledronic acid translates into dramatic suppression of bone resorption markers at very low doses in patients with bone metastases, and zoledronic acid has shown efficacy across a broad range of tumor types. Preclinical studies have also shown the potential of bisphosphonates to inhibit tumor cell growth and colonization of the bone and to reduce skeletal tumor burden in animal models. A variety of mechanisms have been proposed to explain these observations and continue to be investigated in animal models. Studies are ongoing to determine if the antitumor potential of bisphosphonates can be exploited in the clinical setting.
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Abstract
Bisphosphonates inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone resorption in metastatic bone disease. A wealth of preclinical data have begun to shed light on the complex mechanisms by which bisphosphonates inhibit bone resorption and interfere with the formation and growth of bone metastases. Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates inhibit the mevalonate pathway, which results in the inhibition of osteoclast function and the induction of apoptosis in osteoclasts and tumor cells alike. There is now extensive evidence that bisphosphonates have cytostatic activity against tumor cell lines and inhibit tumor cell adhesion and invasion of the extracellular matrix. These data are supported by a growing body of evidence from animal models demonstrating that bisphosphonates can reduce skeletal tumor burden. However, it remains unclear whether this reduction reflects a direct antitumor effect or an indirect effect via osteoclast inhibition and alteration of the bone microenvironment. Further preclinical studies are needed to elucidate these biochemical mechanisms fully; ultimately, well-controlled clinical trials will be required to investigate whether the antitumor potential of bisphosphonates translates into a significant clinical benefit for patients with cancer.
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Wood J, Bonjean K, Ruetz S, Bellahcène A, Devy L, Foidart JM, Castronovo V, Green JR. Novel antiangiogenic effects of the bisphosphonate compound zoledronic acid. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 302:1055-61. [PMID: 12183663 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.035295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 553] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphosphonate drugs inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption and are widely used to treat skeletal complications in patients with tumor-induced osteolysis. We now show that zoledronic acid, a new generation bisphosphonate with a heterocyclic imidazole substituent, is also a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. In vitro, zoledronic acid inhibits proliferation of human endothelial cells stimulated with fetal calf serum, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (IC(50) values 4.1, 4.2, and 6.9 microM, respectively), and modulates endothelial cell adhesion and migration. In cultured aortic rings and in the chicken egg chorioallantoic membrane assay, zoledronic acid reduces vessel sprouting. When administered systemically to mice, zoledronic acid potently inhibits the angiogenesis induced by subcutaneous implants impregnated with bFGF [ED(50), 3 microg/kg (7.5 nmol/kg) s.c.]. These findings indicate that zoledronic acid has marked antiangiogenic properties that could augment its efficacy in the treatment of malignant bone disease and extend its potential clinical use to other diseases with an angiogenic component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Wood
- Novartis Pharma Research, WKL-125.901, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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Widler L, Jaeggi KA, Glatt M, Müller K, Bachmann R, Bisping M, Born AR, Cortesi R, Guiglia G, Jeker H, Klein R, Ramseier U, Schmid J, Schreiber G, Seltenmeyer Y, Green JR. Highly potent geminal bisphosphonates. From pamidronate disodium (Aredia) to zoledronic acid (Zometa). J Med Chem 2002; 45:3721-38. [PMID: 12166945 DOI: 10.1021/jm020819i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bisphosphonates (BPs) are pyrophosphate analogues in which the oxygen in P-O-P has been replaced by a carbon, resulting in a metabolically stable P-C-P structure. Pamidronate (1b, Novartis), a second-generation BP, was the starting point for extensive SAR studies. Small changes of the structure of pamidronate lead to marked improvements of the inhibition of osteoclastic resorption potency. Alendronate (1c, MSD), with an extra methylene group in the N-alkyl chain, and olpadronate (1h, Gador), the N,N-dimethyl analogue, are about 10 times more potent than pamidronate. Extending one of the N-methyl groups of olpadronate to a pentyl substituent leads to ibandronate (1k, Roche, Boehringer-Mannheim), which is the most potent close analogue of pamidronate. Even slightly better antiresorptive potency is achieved with derivatives having a phenyl group linked via a short aliphatic tether of three to four atoms to nitrogen, the second substituent being preferentially a methyl group (e.g., 4g, 4j, 5d, or 5r). The most potent BPs are found in the series containing a heteroaromatic moiety (with at least one nitrogen atom), which is linked via a single methylene group to the geminal bisphosphonate unit. Zoledronic acid (6i), the most potent derivative, has an ED(50) of 0.07 mg/kg in the TPTX in vivo assay after sc administration. It not only shows by far the highest therapeutic ratio when comparing resorption inhibition with undesired inhibition of bone mineralization but also exhibits superior renal tolerability. Zoledronic acid (6i) has thus been selected for clinical development under the registered trade name Zometa. The results of the clinical trials indicate that low doses are both efficacious and safe for the treatment of tumor-induced hypercalcemia, Paget's disease of bone, osteolytic metastases, and postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Widler
- Novartis Pharma Research, Arthritis and Bone Metabolism Therapeutic Area, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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Green JR. Sir Victor Horsley. A centennial recognition of his impact on neuroscience and on neurological surgery. BNI Q 2001; 3:2-16. [PMID: 11613763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Green JR, Lobo AJ, Giaffer M, Travis S, Watkins HC. Maintenance of Crohn's disease over 12 months: fixed versus flexible dosing regimen using budesonide controlled ileal release capsules. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001; 15:1331-41. [PMID: 11552903 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2001.01055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It may be possible to achieve more effective management of Crohn's Disease by introducing a flexible dosage regimen sensitive to patients' needs. AIM Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of a fixed vs. flexible budesonide controlled ileal release treatment regimen for the prevention and management of relapse in Crohn's disease patients. Budesonide controlled ileal release is an oral formulation which delivers drug directly to disease sites in the ileum and ascending colon, by preventing more proximal release and absorption. METHODS A randomized, double-blind comparison of a fixed dose of budesonide controlled ileal release (6 mg o.m.) and a flexible dose of budesonide controlled ileal release (3, 6 or 9 mg o.m.) for 12 months, in 143 patients in remission from ileal or ileo-caecal Crohn's Disease. RESULTS Very low rates of clinical relapse in Crohn's disease were achieved with budesonide controlled ileal release 6 mg o.m. There was no significant difference between the treatment groups with respect to the survival estimate of percentage of treatment failures (flexible group 15%, fixed group 19%; P=0.61). The average consumed dose of budesonide was comparable in both groups (5.8 mg flexible, 6.0 mg fixed). Similar proportions of patients reported adverse events (flexible 100%, fixed 97%). There were 33 serious adverse events (flexible 19, fixed 14) and 13 withdrawals due to significant adverse events (flexible 9, fixed 4). CONCLUSION Maintenance treatment with budesonide controlled ileal release 6 mg o.m. is well-tolerated and is associated with low rates of clinical relapse in stable Crohn's disease over 12 months. Flexible dosing remains an option for individual patients, but this study has shown no advantage over a standard fixed dosing regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Green
- Gastroenterology unit, City General Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent, UK.
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Abstract
Since its synthesis in the 1930s and subsequent introduction, sulfasalazine has been an effective treatment for inflammatory bowel disease. However, up to one-third of patients are unable to take the drug because of severe intolerance. The finding in 1977 that the anticolitic effect of sulfasalazine lay in its 5-aminosalicylic [(5-ASA); mesalazine] moiety led to the development of new generations of 5-ASA agents. These new agents include a slow continuous release formulation, pH-dependent release formulations, formulations using alternative carrier molecules and rectally administered formulations. Newer 5-ASA formulations are more effective than placebo in maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis. They have also been used for the treatment of active Crohn's disease as well as maintenance treatment of ileocolonic Crohn's disease, although their role in isolated small bowel disease is controversial. In general terms, all of the newer 5-ASA preparations are much better tolerated than sulfasalazine. The use of standard dosages of mesalazine in pregnancy appears to be tolerated; however, continuing surveillance of pregnancy outcome is recommended. While there is evidence that mesalazine can cause nephrotoxic reactions, these reactions can occur with all 5-ASA-containing preparations, particularly in individuals with existing renal disease. Blood dyscrasias can also occur with all aminosalicylates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ishaq
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, England.
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