1
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Edwards CM, Kane JF, Smith JA, Grant DM, Johnson JA, Diaz MAH, Vecchi LA, Bracey KM, Omokehinde TN, Fontana JR, Karno BA, Scott HT, Vogel CJ, Lowery JW, Martin TJ, Johnson RW. PTHrP intracrine actions divergently influence breast cancer growth through p27 and LIFR. Breast Cancer Res 2024; 26:34. [PMID: 38409028 PMCID: PMC10897994 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-024-01791-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related protein (PTHrP) in breast cancer remains controversial, with reports of PTHrP inhibiting or promoting primary tumor growth in preclinical studies. Here, we provide insight into these conflicting findings by assessing the role of specific biological domains of PTHrP in tumor progression through stable expression of PTHrP (-36-139aa) or truncated forms with deletion of the nuclear localization sequence (NLS) alone or in combination with the C-terminus. Although the full-length PTHrP molecule (-36-139aa) did not alter tumorigenesis, PTHrP lacking the NLS alone accelerated primary tumor growth by downregulating p27, while PTHrP lacking the NLS and C-terminus repressed tumor growth through p27 induction driven by the tumor suppressor leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR). Induction of p27 by PTHrP lacking the NLS and C-terminus persisted in bone disseminated cells, but did not prevent metastatic outgrowth, in contrast to the primary tumor site. These data suggest that the PTHrP NLS functions as a tumor suppressor, while the PTHrP C-terminus may act as an oncogenic switch to promote tumor progression through differential regulation of p27 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Edwards
- Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jeremy F Kane
- Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jailyn A Smith
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Déja M Grant
- Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jasmine A Johnson
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Maria A Hernandez Diaz
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lawrence A Vecchi
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kai M Bracey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tolu N Omokehinde
- Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Joseph R Fontana
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Breelyn A Karno
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Halee T Scott
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Carolina J Vogel
- Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Bone and Muscle Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jonathan W Lowery
- Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Bone and Muscle Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Academic Affairs, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - T John Martin
- Bone Cell Biology and Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Rachelle W Johnson
- Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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2
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Rossi M, Lowery JW, Del Fattore A. Editorial: Genetic and molecular determinants in bone health and diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1347765. [PMID: 38304462 PMCID: PMC10832011 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1347765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Rossi
- Bone Physiopathology Research Unit, Translational Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Jonathan W. Lowery
- Division of Academic Affairs, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Bone & Muscle Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Andrea Del Fattore
- Bone Physiopathology Research Unit, Translational Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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3
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Marciano CL, Hiland TA, Jackson KL, Street S, Maris C, Ehrsam A, Hum JM, Loghmani MT, Chu TMG, Kang KS, Lowery JW. Soft Tissue Manipulation Alters RANTES/CCL5 and IL-4 Cytokine Levels in a Rat Model of Chronic Low Back Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14392. [PMID: 37762698 PMCID: PMC10531608 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Low back pain (LBP) is a common musculoskeletal complaint that can impede physical function and mobility. Current management often involves pain medication, but there is a need for non-pharmacological and non-invasive interventions. Soft tissue manipulation (STM), such as massage, has been shown to be effective in human subjects, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these findings are not well understood. In this paper, we evaluated potential changes in the soft tissue levels of more than thirty pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines following instrument-assisted STM (IASTM) in rats with chronic, induced LBP using Complete Freund's Adjuvant. Our results indicate that IASTM is associated with reduced soft tissue levels of Regulated on Activation, Normal T cell Expressed and Secreted (RANTES)/Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) and increased soft tissue levels of Interleukin (IL)-4, which are pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors, respectively, by 120 min post-treatment. IASTM was not associated with tissue-level changes in C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand (CXCL)-5/Lipopolysaccharide-Induced CXC Chemokine (LIX)-which is the murine homologue of IL-8, CXCL-7, Granulocyte-Macrophage-Colony Simulating Factor (GM-CSF), Intercellular Adhesion Molecule (ICAM)-1, IL1-Receptor Antagonist (IL-1ra), IL-6, Interferon-Inducible Protein (IP)-10/CXCL-10, L-selectin, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α, or Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) at either 30 or 120 min post-treatment. Combined, our findings raise the possibility that IASTM may exert tissue-level effects associated with improved clinical outcomes and potentially beneficial changes in pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines in circulation and at the tissue level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela L. Marciano
- Division of Biomedical Science, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; (C.L.M.); (T.A.H.); (S.S.); (A.E.); (J.M.H.)
- Bone & Muscle Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; (C.M.); (K.S.K.)
| | - Taylor A. Hiland
- Division of Biomedical Science, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; (C.L.M.); (T.A.H.); (S.S.); (A.E.); (J.M.H.)
- Bone & Muscle Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; (C.M.); (K.S.K.)
| | - Krista L. Jackson
- Division of Biomedical Science, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; (C.L.M.); (T.A.H.); (S.S.); (A.E.); (J.M.H.)
- Bone & Muscle Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; (C.M.); (K.S.K.)
| | - Sierra Street
- Division of Biomedical Science, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; (C.L.M.); (T.A.H.); (S.S.); (A.E.); (J.M.H.)
- Bone & Muscle Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; (C.M.); (K.S.K.)
| | - Carson Maris
- Bone & Muscle Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; (C.M.); (K.S.K.)
| | - Andrew Ehrsam
- Division of Biomedical Science, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; (C.L.M.); (T.A.H.); (S.S.); (A.E.); (J.M.H.)
- Bone & Muscle Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; (C.M.); (K.S.K.)
| | - Julia M. Hum
- Division of Biomedical Science, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; (C.L.M.); (T.A.H.); (S.S.); (A.E.); (J.M.H.)
- Bone & Muscle Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; (C.M.); (K.S.K.)
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
| | - Mary Terry Loghmani
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA;
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA;
| | - Tien-Min G. Chu
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Comprehensive Care, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
| | - Kyung S. Kang
- Bone & Muscle Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; (C.M.); (K.S.K.)
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
- Witchger School of Engineering, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
| | - Jonathan W. Lowery
- Division of Biomedical Science, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; (C.L.M.); (T.A.H.); (S.S.); (A.E.); (J.M.H.)
- Bone & Muscle Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; (C.M.); (K.S.K.)
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA;
- Division of Academic Affairs, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
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4
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Born-Evers G, Orr AL, Hulsey EQ, Squire ME, Hum JM, Plotkin L, Sampson C, Hommel J, Lowery JW. Examining the Role of Hypothalamus-Derived Neuromedin-U (NMU) in Bone Remodeling of Rats. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13040918. [PMID: 37109447 PMCID: PMC10144869 DOI: 10.3390/life13040918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Global loss of the neuropeptide Neuromedin-U (NMU) is associated with increased bone formation and high bone mass in male and female mice by twelve weeks of age, suggesting that NMU suppresses osteoblast differentiation and/or activity in vivo. NMU is highly expressed in numerous anatomical locations including the skeleton and the hypothalamus. This raises the possibility that NMU exerts indirect effects on bone remodeling from an extra-skeletal location such as the brain. Thus, in the present study we used microinjection to deliver viruses carrying short-hairpin RNA designed to knockdown Nmu expression in the hypothalamus of 8-week-old male rats and evaluated the effects on bone mass in the peripheral skeleton. Quantitative RT-PCR confirmed approximately 92% knockdown of Nmu in the hypothalamus. However, after six weeks, micro computed tomography on tibiae from Nmu-knockdown rats demonstrated no significant change in trabecular or cortical bone mass as compared to controls. These findings are corroborated by histomorphometric analyses which indicate no differences in osteoblast or osteoclast parameters between controls and Nmu-knockdown samples. Collectively, these data suggest that hypothalamus-derived NMU does not regulate bone remodeling in the postnatal skeleton. Future studies are necessary to delineate the direct versus indirect effects of NMU on bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Born-Evers
- Division of Biomedical Science, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Rd, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
- Bone & Muscle Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
| | - Ashley L. Orr
- Division of Biomedical Science, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Rd, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
- Bone & Muscle Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
| | - Elizabeth Q. Hulsey
- Division of Biomedical Science, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Rd, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
- Bone & Muscle Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
| | - Maria E. Squire
- Department of Biology, The University of Scranton, Scranton, PA 18503, USA
| | - Julia M. Hum
- Division of Biomedical Science, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Rd, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
- Bone & Muscle Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
| | - Lilian Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
| | - Catherine Sampson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Jonathan Hommel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Jonathan W. Lowery
- Division of Biomedical Science, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Rd, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
- Bone & Muscle Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
- Division of Academic Affairs, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
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5
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Gries KJ, Zysik VS, Jobe TK, Griffin N, Leeds BP, Lowery JW. Muscle-derived factors influencing bone metabolism. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 123:57-63. [PMID: 34756782 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A significant amount of attention has been brought to the endocrine-like function of skeletal muscle on various tissues, particularly with bone. Several lines of investigation indicate that the physiology of both bone and muscle systems may be regulated by a given stimulus, such as exercise, aging, and inactivity. Moreover, emerging evidence indicates that bone is heavily influenced by soluble factors derived from skeletal muscle (i.e., muscle-to-bone communication). The purpose of this review is to discuss the regulation of bone remodeling (formation and/or resorption) through skeletal muscle-derived cytokines (hereafter myokines) including the anti-inflammatory cytokine METRNL and pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6, FGF-2 and others). Our goal is to highlight possible therapeutic opportunities to improve muscle and bone health in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Gries
- Program in Exercise & Sports Science, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; Bone & Muscle Research Group, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA.
| | - Victoria S Zysik
- Bone & Muscle Research Group, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
| | - Tyler K Jobe
- Program in Exercise & Sports Science, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
| | - Nicole Griffin
- Bone & Muscle Research Group, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
| | - Benjamin P Leeds
- Bone & Muscle Research Group, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; Division of Clinical Affairs, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
| | - Jonathan W Lowery
- Bone & Muscle Research Group, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
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6
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Hsiao YT, Manikowski KJ, Snyder S, Griffin N, Orr AL, Hulsey EQ, Born-Evers G, Zukosky T, Squire ME, Hum JM, Metzger CE, Allen MR, Lowery JW. NMUR1 in the NMU-Mediated Regulation of Bone Remodeling. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11101028. [PMID: 34685399 PMCID: PMC8538501 DOI: 10.3390/life11101028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromedin-U (NMU) is an evolutionarily conserved peptide that regulates varying physiologic effects including blood pressure, stress and allergic responses, metabolic and feeding behavior, pain perception, and neuroendocrine functions. Recently, several lines of investigation implicate NMU in regulating bone remodeling. For instance, global loss of NMU expression in male and female mice leads to high bone mass due to elevated bone formation rate with no alteration in bone resorption rate or observable defect in skeletal patterning. Additionally, NMU treatment regulates the activity of osteoblasts in vitro. The downstream pathway utilized by NMU to carry out these effects is unknown as NMU signals via two G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), NMU receptor 1 (NMUR1), and NMU receptor 2 (NMUR2), and both are expressed in the postnatal skeleton. Here, we sought to address this open question and build a better understanding of the downstream pathway utilized by NMU. Our approach involved the knockdown of Nmur1 in MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro and a global knockout of Nmur1 in vivo. We detail specific cell signaling events (e.g., mTOR phosphorylation) that are deficient in the absence of NMUR1 expression yet trabecular bone volume in femora and tibiae of 12-week-old male Nmur1 knockout mice are unchanged, compared to controls. These results suggest that NMUR1 is required for NMU-dependent signaling in MC3T3-E1 cells, but it is not required for the NMU-mediated effects on bone remodeling in vivo. Future studies examining the role of NMUR2 are required to determine the downstream pathway utilized by NMU to regulate bone remodeling in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tin Hsiao
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46022, USA; (Y.-T.H.); (K.J.M.); (S.S.); (N.G.); (A.L.O.); (E.Q.H.); (G.B.-E.); (J.M.H.)
- Bone and Muscle Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46022, USA
| | - Kelli J. Manikowski
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46022, USA; (Y.-T.H.); (K.J.M.); (S.S.); (N.G.); (A.L.O.); (E.Q.H.); (G.B.-E.); (J.M.H.)
- Bone and Muscle Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46022, USA
| | - Samantha Snyder
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46022, USA; (Y.-T.H.); (K.J.M.); (S.S.); (N.G.); (A.L.O.); (E.Q.H.); (G.B.-E.); (J.M.H.)
- Bone and Muscle Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46022, USA
| | - Nicole Griffin
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46022, USA; (Y.-T.H.); (K.J.M.); (S.S.); (N.G.); (A.L.O.); (E.Q.H.); (G.B.-E.); (J.M.H.)
- Bone and Muscle Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46022, USA
| | - Ashley L. Orr
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46022, USA; (Y.-T.H.); (K.J.M.); (S.S.); (N.G.); (A.L.O.); (E.Q.H.); (G.B.-E.); (J.M.H.)
- Bone and Muscle Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46022, USA
| | - Elizabeth Q. Hulsey
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46022, USA; (Y.-T.H.); (K.J.M.); (S.S.); (N.G.); (A.L.O.); (E.Q.H.); (G.B.-E.); (J.M.H.)
- Bone and Muscle Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46022, USA
| | - Gabriella Born-Evers
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46022, USA; (Y.-T.H.); (K.J.M.); (S.S.); (N.G.); (A.L.O.); (E.Q.H.); (G.B.-E.); (J.M.H.)
- Bone and Muscle Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46022, USA
| | - Tara Zukosky
- Department of Biology, The University of Scranton, Scranton, PA 18503, USA; (T.Z.); (M.E.S.)
| | - Maria E. Squire
- Department of Biology, The University of Scranton, Scranton, PA 18503, USA; (T.Z.); (M.E.S.)
| | - Julia M. Hum
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46022, USA; (Y.-T.H.); (K.J.M.); (S.S.); (N.G.); (A.L.O.); (E.Q.H.); (G.B.-E.); (J.M.H.)
- Bone and Muscle Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46022, USA
| | - Corinne E. Metzger
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (C.E.M.); (M.R.A.)
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Matthew R. Allen
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (C.E.M.); (M.R.A.)
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jonathan W. Lowery
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46022, USA; (Y.-T.H.); (K.J.M.); (S.S.); (N.G.); (A.L.O.); (E.Q.H.); (G.B.-E.); (J.M.H.)
- Bone and Muscle Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46022, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +1-317-955-6621
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7
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Vincze J, Skinner BW, Tucker KA, Conaway KA, Lowery JW, Hum JM. The Metabolic Bone Disease X-linked Hypophosphatemia: Case Presentation, Pathophysiology and Pharmacology. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11060563. [PMID: 34203792 PMCID: PMC8232744 DOI: 10.3390/life11060563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors present a stereotypical case presentation of X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) and provide a review of the pathophysiology and related pharmacology of this condition, primarily focusing on the FDA-approved medication burosumab. XLH is a renal phosphate wasting disorder caused by loss of function mutations in the PHEX gene (phosphate-regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidases on the X chromosome). Typical biochemical findings include elevated serum levels of bioactive/intact fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) which lead to (i) low serum phosphate levels, (ii) increased fractional excretion of phosphate, and (iii) inappropriately low or normal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-vitD). XLH is the most common form of heritable rickets and short stature in patients with XLH is due to chronic hypophosphatemia. Additionally, patients with XLH experience joint pain and osteoarthritis from skeletal deformities, fractures, enthesopathy, spinal stenosis, and hearing loss. Historically, treatment for XLH was limited to oral phosphate supplementation, active vitamin D supplementation, and surgical intervention for cases of severe bowed legs. In 2018, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved burosumab for the treatment of XLH and this medication has demonstrated substantial benefit compared with conventional therapy. Burosumab binds circulating intact FGF23 and blocks its biological effects in target tissues, resulting in increased serum inorganic phosphate (Pi) concentrations and increased conversion of inactive vitamin D to active 1,25-vitD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Vincze
- College of Osteopathic Medicine Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Rd., Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; (J.V.); (K.A.C.)
- Bone & Muscle Research Group, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Rd., Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
| | - Brian W. Skinner
- College of Osteopathic Medicine Division of Clinical Sciences Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Rd., Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA;
| | - Katherine A. Tucker
- Leighton School of Nursing, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Rd., Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA;
| | - Kory A. Conaway
- College of Osteopathic Medicine Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Rd., Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; (J.V.); (K.A.C.)
- Bone & Muscle Research Group, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Rd., Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
| | - Jonathan W. Lowery
- College of Osteopathic Medicine Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Rd., Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; (J.V.); (K.A.C.)
- Bone & Muscle Research Group, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Rd., Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
- Correspondence: (J.W.L.); (J.M.H.); Tel./Fax: +1-317-955-6621 (J.W.L.); +1-317-955-6265 (J.M.H.)
| | - Julia M. Hum
- College of Osteopathic Medicine Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Rd., Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; (J.V.); (K.A.C.)
- Bone & Muscle Research Group, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Rd., Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
- Correspondence: (J.W.L.); (J.M.H.); Tel./Fax: +1-317-955-6621 (J.W.L.); +1-317-955-6265 (J.M.H.)
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Anloague A, Mahoney A, Ogunbekun O, Hiland TA, Thompson WR, Larsen B, Loghmani MT, Hum JM, Lowery JW. Mechanical stimulation of human dermal fibroblasts regulates pro-inflammatory cytokines: potential insight into soft tissue manual therapies. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:400. [PMID: 32854782 PMCID: PMC7457292 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05249-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Soft tissue manual therapies are commonly utilized by osteopathic physicians, chiropractors, physical therapists and massage therapists. These techniques are predicated on subjecting tissues to biophysical mechanical stimulation but the cellular and molecular mechanism(s) mediating these effects are poorly understood. Previous studies established an in vitro model system for examining mechanical stimulation of dermal fibroblasts and established that cyclical strain, intended to mimic overuse injury, induces secretion of numerous pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, mechanical strain intended to mimic soft tissue manual therapy reduces strain-induced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Here, we sought to partially confirm and extend these reports and provide independent corroboration of prior results. RESULTS Using cultures of primary human dermal fibroblasts, we confirm cyclical mechanical strain increases levels of IL-6 and adding long-duration stretch, intended to mimic therapeutic soft tissue stimulation, after cyclical strain results in lower IL-6 levels. We also extend the prior work, reporting that long-duration stretch results in lower levels of IL-8. Although there are important limitations to this experimental model, these findings provide supportive evidence that therapeutic soft tissue stimulation may reduce levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Future work is required to address these open questions and advance the mechanistic understanding of therapeutic soft tissue stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aric Anloague
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Rd, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA.,Bone and Mineral Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA
| | - Aaron Mahoney
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Rd, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA.,Bone and Mineral Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA
| | - Oladipupo Ogunbekun
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Rd, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA.,Bone and Mineral Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA
| | - Taylor A Hiland
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Rd, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA.,Bone and Mineral Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA
| | - William R Thompson
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Rd, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Bryan Larsen
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Rd, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA
| | - M Terry Loghmani
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Rd, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Julia M Hum
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Rd, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA.,Bone and Mineral Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA
| | - Jonathan W Lowery
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Rd, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA. .,Bone and Mineral Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA. .,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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9
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Lowery JW, Baker J, Gebhardt GP, Gorbis S, Hoehn A, Hum JM, Nelligan L, Sefcik D, Wacker B, Wagner A, Williams D, Wright A. Osteopathic Medicine and the Osteoporosis Management Gap. J Osteopath Med 2020; 120:2765208. [PMID: 32750706 DOI: 10.7556/jaoa.2020.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
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10
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Lowery JW, Hum JM, Obeime I, Zahl S, Parr CP, Larsen B, King T, Kisby G. Influence of Research on Osteopathic Medical Student Residency Match Success. J Osteopath Med 2020; 120:368-369. [PMID: 32451535 DOI: 10.7556/jaoa.2020.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Nguyen V, Kaneshiro K, Nallamala H, Kirby C, Cho T, Messer K, Zahl S, Hum J, Modrzakowski M, Atchley D, Ziegler D, Pipitone O, Lowery JW, Kisby G. Assessment of the Research Interests and Perceptions of First-Year Medical Students at 4 Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine. J Osteopath Med 2020; 120:236-244. [PMID: 32227149 DOI: 10.7556/jaoa.2020.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Context There are limited data regarding the experiences of and attitudes toward research participation among osteopathic medical students despite rapidly increasing enrollment and expansion of the number of osteopathic medical schools. Objective To assess first-year osteopathic medical students' experience with research, their interest in it, their perceptions of its value, and barriers to participation. Methods An anonymous, online survey was sent to 868 medical students in the class of 2021 at 4 colleges of osteopathic medicine. The survey consisted of 14 multiple-choice items (7 of which offered the option of a written response) and 1 open-ended item that asked them to report their age. The survey remained open for 2 weeks, with 1 reminder email sent on the last day of the survey. Incomplete responses were excluded from the analysis. Results A total of 328 participants were included, for a response rate of 38%. A majority of respondents reported previous research experience (261 [79.6%]), consistent with a strong perception that research participation is important (315 [96.0%]). Fewer students (177 [54.0%]) were either currently participating in research or affirmed interest in performing research during medical school, with the highest level of interest in clinical research (259 [79.0%]) followed by basic science (166 [50.6%]). Regarding incentives that might encourage participation in research, students preferred monetary compensation (213 [64.9%]) or extra credit in courses (195 [59.5%]). A commonly reported barrier to performing research during medical school was the possibility of a negative impact on performance in coursework (289 [88.1%]). Conclusion First-year osteopathic medical students are interested in research, view research experience as valuable, and consider research experience as beneficial to future career development. This study's findings highlight opportunities for increasing student participation in research through incentives or removal of perceived barriers.
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Hsiao YT, Jestes KJ, Jackson KL, Zukosky T, Squire ME, Hum JM, Lowery JW. Neuromedin U (NMU) regulates osteoblast differentiation and activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 524:890-894. [PMID: 32057362 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a disease of low bone mass that places individuals at enhanced risk for fracture, disability, and death. Osteoporosis rates are expected to rise significantly in the coming decades yet there are limited pharmacological treatment options, particularly for long-term management of this chronic condition. The drug development pipeline is relatively bereft of new strategies, causing an urgent and unmet need for developing new strategies and targets for treating osteoporosis. Here, we examine a lesser-studied bone remodeling pathway, Neuromedin U (NMU), which is expressed in the bone microenvironment along with its cognate receptors NMU receptor 1 (NMUR1) and 2 (NMUR2). We independently corroborate a prior report that global loss of NMU expression leads to high bone mass and test the hypothesis that NMU negatively regulates osteoblast differentiation. Consistent with this, in vitro studies reveal NMU represses osteoblastic differentiation of osteogenic precursors but, in contrast, promotes osteoblastic marker expression, proliferation and activity of osteoblast-like cells. Phospho-profiling arrays were used to detail differential signaling outcomes that may underlie the opposite responses of these cell types. Collectively, our findings indicate that NMU exerts cell-type-specific responses to regulate osteoblast differentiation and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tin Hsiao
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Bone & Mineral Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kelli J Jestes
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Bone & Mineral Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Krista L Jackson
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Bone & Mineral Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tara Zukosky
- Department of Biology, The University of Scranton, Scranton, PA, USA
| | - Maria E Squire
- Department of Biology, The University of Scranton, Scranton, PA, USA
| | - Julia M Hum
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Bone & Mineral Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jonathan W Lowery
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Bone & Mineral Research Group, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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13
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Wagner DR, Karnik S, Gunderson ZJ, Nielsen JJ, Fennimore A, Promer HJ, Lowery JW, Loghmani MT, Low PS, McKinley TO, Kacena MA, Clauss M, Li J. Dysfunctional stem and progenitor cells impair fracture healing with age. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:281-296. [PMID: 31293713 PMCID: PMC6600851 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful fracture healing requires the simultaneous regeneration of both the bone and vasculature; mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are directed to replace the bone tissue, while endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) form the new vasculature that supplies blood to the fracture site. In the elderly, the healing process is slowed, partly due to decreased regenerative function of these stem and progenitor cells. MSCs from older individuals are impaired with regard to cell number, proliferative capacity, ability to migrate, and osteochondrogenic differentiation potential. The proliferation, migration and function of EPCs are also compromised with advanced age. Although the reasons for cellular dysfunction with age are complex and multidimensional, reduced expression of growth factors, accumulation of oxidative damage from reactive oxygen species, and altered signaling of the Sirtuin-1 pathway are contributing factors to aging at the cellular level of both MSCs and EPCs. Because of these geriatric-specific issues, effective treatment for fracture repair may require new therapeutic techniques to restore cellular function. Some suggested directions for potential treatments include cellular therapies, pharmacological agents, treatments targeting age-related molecular mechanisms, and physical therapeutics. Advanced age is the primary risk factor for a fracture, due to the low bone mass and inferior bone quality associated with aging; a better understanding of the dysfunctional behavior of the aging cell will provide a foundation for new treatments to decrease healing time and reduce the development of complications during the extended recovery from fracture healing in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane R Wagner
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Sonali Karnik
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Zachary J Gunderson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Jeffery J Nielsen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Alanna Fennimore
- Department of Physical Therapy, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Hunter J Promer
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46222, United States
| | - Jonathan W Lowery
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46222, United States
| | - M Terry Loghmani
- Department of Physical Therapy, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Philip S Low
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 United States
| | - Todd O McKinley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Melissa A Kacena
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Matthias Clauss
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Jiliang Li
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
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14
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Gorrell RE, Totten MH, Schoerning LJ, Newby JB, Geyman LJ, Lawless WG, Hum JM, Lowery JW. Identification of a bone morphogenetic protein type 2 receptor neutralizing antibody. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:331. [PMID: 31186065 PMCID: PMC6558810 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4367-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway comprises the largest subdivision of the transforming growth factor (TGFβ) superfamily. BMP signaling plays essential roles in both embryonic development and postnatal tissue homeostasis. Dysregulated BMP signaling underlies human pathologies ranging from pulmonary arterial hypertension to heterotopic ossification. Thus, understanding the basic mechanisms and regulation of BMP signaling may yield translational opportunities. Unfortunately, limited tools are available to evaluate this pathway, and genetic approaches are frequently confounded by developmental requirements or ability of pathway components to compensate for one another. Specific inhibitors for type 2 receptors are poorly represented. Thus, we sought to identify and validate an antibody that neutralizes the ligand-binding function of BMP receptor type 2 (BMPR2) extracellular domain (ECD). RESULTS Using a modified, cell-free immunoprecipitation assay, we examined the neutralizing ability of the mouse monoclonal antibody 3F6 and found a dose-dependent inhibition of BMPR2-ECD ligand-binding. Consistent with this, 3F6 blocks endogenous BMPR2 function in the BMP-responsive cell line HEK293T. The specificity of 3F6 action was confirmed by demonstrating that this antibody has no effect on BMP-responsiveness in HEK293T cells in which BMPR2 expression is knocked-down. Our results provide important proof-of-concept data for future studies interrogating BMPR2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruthann E Gorrell
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Rd, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA
| | - Madeline H Totten
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Rd, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA
| | - Laura J Schoerning
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Rd, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA
| | - Jordan B Newby
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Rd, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA
| | - Logan J Geyman
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Rd, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA
| | - Warren G Lawless
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Rd, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA
| | - Julia M Hum
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Rd, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA
| | - Jonathan W Lowery
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Rd, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) constitute the largest subdivision of the transforming growth factor-β family of ligands. BMPs exhibit widespread utility and pleiotropic, context-dependent effects, and the strength and duration of BMP pathway signaling is tightly regulated at numerous levels via mechanisms operating both inside and outside the cell. Defects in the BMP pathway or its regulation underlie multiple human diseases of different organ systems. Yet much remains to be discovered about the BMP pathway in its original context, i.e., the skeleton. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the intricacies of the BMP pathway and its inhibitors in bone development, homeostasis, and disease. We frame the content of the review around major unanswered questions for which incomplete evidence is available. First, we consider the gene regulatory network downstream of BMP signaling in osteoblastogenesis. Next, we examine why some BMP ligands are more osteogenic than others and what factors limit BMP signaling during osteoblastogenesis. Then we consider whether specific BMP pathway components are required for normal skeletal development, and if the pathway exerts endogenous effects in the aging skeleton. Finally, we propose two major areas of need of future study by the field: greater resolution of the gene regulatory network downstream of BMP signaling in the skeleton, and an expanded repertoire of reagents to reliably and specifically inhibit individual BMP pathway components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Lowery
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana ; and Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vicki Rosen
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana ; and Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
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16
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Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) constitute the largest subdivision of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family of ligands and exert most of their effects through the canonical effectors Smad1, 5, and 8. Appropriate regulation of BMP signaling is critical for the development and homeostasis of numerous human organ systems. Aberrations in BMP pathways or their regulation are increasingly associated with diverse human pathologies, and there is an urgent and growing need to develop effective approaches to modulate BMP signaling in the clinic. In this review, we provide a wide perspective on diseases and/or conditions associated with dysregulated BMP signal transduction, outline the current strategies available to modulate BMP pathways, highlight emerging second-generation technologies, and postulate prospective avenues for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Lowery
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46222
| | - Vicki Rosen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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17
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Eaton MS, Weinstein N, Newby JB, Plattes MM, Foster HE, Arthur JW, Ward TD, Shively SR, Shor R, Nathan J, Davis HM, Plotkin LI, Wauson EM, Dewar BJ, Broege A, Lowery JW. Loss of the nutrient sensor TAS1R3 leads to reduced bone resorption. J Physiol Biochem 2017; 74:3-8. [PMID: 29019082 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-017-0596-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The taste receptor type 1 (TAS1R) family of heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors participates in monitoring energy and nutrient status. TAS1R member 3 (TAS1R3) is a bi-functional protein that recognizes amino acids such as L-glycine and L-glutamate or sweet molecules such as sucrose and fructose when dimerized with TAS1R member 1 (TAS1R1) or TAS1R member 2 (TAS1R2), respectively. It was recently reported that deletion of TAS1R3 expression in Tas1R3 mutant mice leads to increased cortical bone mass but the underlying cellular mechanism leading to this phenotype remains unclear. Here, we independently corroborate the increased thickness of cortical bone in femurs of 20-week-old male Tas1R3 mutant mice and confirm that Tas1R3 is expressed in the bone environment. Tas1R3 is expressed in undifferentiated bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in vitro and its expression is maintained during BMP2-induced osteogenic differentiation. However, levels of the bone formation marker procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP) are unchanged in the serum of 20-week-old Tas1R3 mutant mice as compared to controls. In contrast, levels of the bone resorption marker collagen type I C-telopeptide are reduced greater than 60% in Tas1R3 mutant mice. Consistent with this, Tas1R3 and its putative signaling partner Tas1R2 are expressed in primary osteoclasts and their expression levels positively correlate with differentiation status. Collectively, these findings suggest that high bone mass in Tas1R3 mutant mice is due to uncoupled bone remodeling with reduced osteoclast function and provide rationale for future experiments examining the cell-type-dependent role for TAS1R family members in nutrient sensing in postnatal bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Eaton
- Division of Biomedical Science, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA
| | - Nicholas Weinstein
- Division of Biomedical Science, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA
| | - Jordan B Newby
- Division of Biomedical Science, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA.,Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Freed-Hardeman University, Henderson, TN, USA
| | - Maggie M Plattes
- Department of Biology, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Taylor University, Upland, IN, USA
| | - Hanna E Foster
- Department of Biology, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Taylor University, Upland, IN, USA
| | - Jon W Arthur
- Division of Biomedical Science, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA
| | - Taylor D Ward
- Division of Biomedical Science, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA
| | - Stephen R Shively
- Division of Biomedical Science, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA
| | - Ryann Shor
- Department of Biology, Carleton College, Northfield, MN, USA
| | - Justin Nathan
- Department of Biology, Carleton College, Northfield, MN, USA
| | - Hannah M Davis
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lilian I Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Roudebush Veteran's Association Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Eric M Wauson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - Brian J Dewar
- Department of Biology, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Taylor University, Upland, IN, USA
| | - Aaron Broege
- Department of Biology, Carleton College, Northfield, MN, USA
| | - Jonathan W Lowery
- Division of Biomedical Science, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA.
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18
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Hudnall AM, Arthur JW, Lowery JW. Clinical Relevance and Mechanisms of Antagonism Between the BMP and Activin/TGF-β Signaling Pathways. J Osteopath Med 2017; 116:452-61. [PMID: 27367950 DOI: 10.7556/jaoa.2016.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily is a large group of signaling molecules that participate in embryogenesis, organogenesis, and tissue homeostasis. These molecules are present in all animal genomes. Dysfunction in the regulation or activity of this superfamily's components underlies numerous human diseases and developmental defects. There are 2 distinct arms downstream of the TGF-β superfamily ligands-the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and activin/TGF-β signaling pathways-and these 2 responses can oppose one another's effects, most notably in disease states. However, studies have commonly focused on a single arm of the TGF-β superfamily, and the antagonism between these pathways is unknown in most physiologic and pathologic contexts. In this review, the authors summarize the clinically relevant scenarios in which the BMP and activin/TGF-β pathways reportedly oppose one another and identify several molecular mechanisms proposed to mediate this interaction. Particular attention is paid to experimental findings that may be informative to human pathology to highlight potential therapeutic approaches for future investigation.
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19
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Kokabu S, Nakatomi C, Matsubara T, Ono Y, Addison WN, Lowery JW, Urata M, Hudnall AM, Hitomi S, Nakatomi M, Sato T, Osawa K, Yoda T, Rosen V, Jimi E. The transcriptional co-repressor TLE3 regulates myogenic differentiation by repressing the activity of the MyoD transcription factor. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:12885-12894. [PMID: 28607151 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.774570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite cells are skeletal muscle stem cells that provide myonuclei for postnatal muscle growth, maintenance, and repair/regeneration in adults. Normally, satellite cells are mitotically quiescent, but they are activated in response to muscle injury, in which case they proliferate extensively and exhibit up-regulated expression of the transcription factor MyoD, a master regulator of myogenesis. MyoD forms a heterodimer with E proteins through their basic helix-loop-helix domain, binds to E boxes in the genome and thereby activates transcription at muscle-specific promoters. The central role of MyoD in muscle differentiation has increased interest in finding potential MyoD regulators. Here we identified transducin-like enhancer of split (TLE3), one of the Groucho/TLE family members, as a regulator of MyoD function during myogenesis. TLE3 was expressed in activated and proliferative satellite cells in which increased TLE3 levels suppressed myogenic differentiation, and, conversely, reduced TLE3 levels promoted myogenesis with a concomitant increase in proliferation. We found that, via its glutamine- and serine/proline-rich domains, TLE3 interferes with MyoD function by disrupting the association between the basic helix-loop-helix domain of MyoD and E proteins. Our findings indicate that TLE3 participates in skeletal muscle homeostasis by dampening satellite cell differentiation via repression of MyoD transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichiro Kokabu
- Divisions of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan; Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
| | - Chihiro Nakatomi
- Divisions of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Takuma Matsubara
- Divisions of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ono
- Musculoskeletal Molecular Biology Research Group, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8102, Japan
| | - William N Addison
- Research Unit, Department of Human Genetics, Shriners Hospitals for Children, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 0A9, Canada
| | - Jonathan W Lowery
- Division of Biomedical Science, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46222
| | - Mariko Urata
- Divisions of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Aaron M Hudnall
- Division of Biomedical Science, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46222
| | - Suzuro Hitomi
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Mitsushiro Nakatomi
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sato
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Kenji Osawa
- Division of Oral Medicine, Department of Science of Physical Functions, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yoda
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Vicki Rosen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Eijiro Jimi
- Divisions of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan; Oral Health Brain Health Total Health, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Kokabu S, Lowery JW, Toyono T, Seta Y, Hitomi S, Sato T, Enoki Y, Okubo M, Fukushima Y, Yoda T. Muscle regulatory factors regulate T1R3 taste receptor expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:568-73. [PMID: 26545778 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
T1R3 is a T1R class of G protein-coupled receptors, composing subunit of the umami taste receptor when complexed with T1R1. T1R3 was originally discovered in gustatory tissue but is now known to be expressed in a wide variety of tissues and cell types such the intestine, pancreatic β-cells, skeletal muscle, and heart. In addition to taste recognition, the T1R1/T1R3 complex functions as an amino acid sensor and has been proposed to be a control mechanism for the secretion of hormones, such as cholecystokinin, insulin, and duodenal HCO3(-) and activates the mammalian rapamycin complex 1 (MTORC1) to inhibit autophagy. T1R3 knockout mice have increased rate of autophagy in the heart, skeletal muscle and liver. Thus, T1R3 has multiple physiological functions and is widely expressed in vivo. However, the exact mechanisms regulating T1R3 expression are largely unknown. Here, we used comparative genomics and functional analyses to characterize the genomic region upstream of the annotated transcriptional start of human T1R3. This revealed that the T1R3 promoter in human and mouse resides in an evolutionary conserved region (ECR). We also identified a repressive element located upstream of the human T1R3 promoter that has relatively high degree of conservation with rhesus macaque. Additionally, the muscle regulatory factors MyoD and Myogenin regulate T1R3 expression and T1R3 expression increases with skeletal muscle differentiation of murine myoblast C2C12 cells. Taken together, our study raises the possibility that MyoD and Myogenin might control skeletal muscle metabolism and homeostasis through the regulation of T1R3 promoter activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichiro Kokabu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan; Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Jonathan W Lowery
- Department of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Rd, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA
| | - Takashi Toyono
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuji Seta
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Suzuro Hitomi
- Division of Physiology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sato
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Enoki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masahiko Okubo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yosuke Fukushima
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yoda
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
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21
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Kokabu S, Tsuchiya-Hirata S, Fukushima H, Sugiyama G, Lowery JW, Katagiri T, Jimi E. Inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein-induced osteoblast differentiation. J Oral Biosci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lowery JW, Intini G, Gamer L, Lotinun S, Salazar VS, Ote S, Cox K, Baron R, Rosen V. Loss of BMPR2 leads to high bone mass due to increased osteoblast activity. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:1308-15. [PMID: 25663702 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.156737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Imbalances in the ratio of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) versus activin and TGFβ signaling are increasingly associated with human diseases yet the mechanisms mediating this relationship remain unclear. The type 2 receptors ACVR2A and ACVR2B bind BMPs and activins but the type 2 receptor BMPR2 only binds BMPs, suggesting that type 2 receptor utilization might play a role in mediating the interaction of these pathways. We tested this hypothesis in the mouse skeleton, where bone mass is reciprocally regulated by BMP signaling and activin and TGFβ signaling. We found that deleting Bmpr2 in mouse skeletal progenitor cells (Bmpr2-cKO mice) selectively impaired activin signaling but had no effect on BMP signaling, resulting in an increased bone formation rate and high bone mass. Additionally, activin sequestration had no effect on bone mass in Bmpr2-cKO mice but increased bone mass in wild-type mice. Our findings suggest a novel model whereby BMPR2 availability alleviates receptor-level competition between BMPs and activins and where utilization of ACVR2A and ACVR2B by BMPs comes at the expense of activins. As BMP and activin pathway modulation are of current therapeutic interest, our findings provide important mechanistic insight into the relationship between these pathways in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Lowery
- Department of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Giuseppe Intini
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Laura Gamer
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sutada Lotinun
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Valerie S Salazar
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Satoshi Ote
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karen Cox
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Roland Baron
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vicki Rosen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Lowery JW, Amich JM, Andonian A, Rosen V. N-linked glycosylation of the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2) enhances ligand binding. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 71:3165-72. [PMID: 24337809 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1541-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway is essential for normal development and tissue homeostasis. BMP signal transduction occurs when ligands interact with a complex of type 1 and type 2 receptors to activate downstream transcription factors. It is well established that a single BMP receptor may bind multiple BMP ligands with varying affinity, and this has been largely attributed to conformation at the amino acid level. However, all three type 2 BMP receptors (BMPR2, ACVR2A/B) contain consensus N-glycosylation sites in their extracellular domains (ECDs), which could play a role in modulating interaction with ligand. Here, we show a differential pattern of N-glycosylation between BMPR2 and ACVR2A/B. Site-directed mutagenesis reveals that BMPR2 is uniquely glycosylated near its ligand binding domain and at a position that is mutated in patients with heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension. We further demonstrate using a cell-free pulldown assay that N-glycosylation of the BMPR2-ECD enhances its ability to bind BMP2 ligand but has no impact on binding by the closely-related ACVR2B. Our results illuminate a novel aspect of BMP signaling pathway mechanics and demonstrate a functional difference resulting from post-translational modification of type 2 BMP receptors. Additionally, since BMPR2 is required for several aspects of normal development and defects in its function are strongly implicated in human disease, our findings are likely to be relevant in several biological contexts in normal and abnormal human physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Lowery
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,
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Frump AL, Lowery JW, Hamid R, Austin ED, de Caestecker M. Abnormal trafficking of endogenously expressed BMPR2 mutant allelic products in patients with heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80319. [PMID: 24224048 PMCID: PMC3818254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 200 heterozygous mutations in the type 2 BMP receptor gene, BMPR2, have been identified in patients with Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (HPAH). More severe clinical outcomes occur in patients with BMPR2 mutations by-passing nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD negative mutations). These comprise 40% of HPAH mutations and are predicted to express BMPR2 mutant products. However expression of endogenous NMD negative BMPR2 mutant products and their effect on protein trafficking and signaling function have never been described. Here, we characterize the expression and trafficking of an HPAH-associated NMD negative BMPR2 mutation that results in an in-frame deletion of BMPR2 EXON2 (BMPR2ΔEx2) in HPAH patient-derived lymphocytes and in pulmonary endothelial cells (PECs) from mice carrying the same in-frame deletion of Exon 2 (Bmpr2 (ΔEx2/+) mice). The endogenous BMPR2ΔEx2 mutant product does not reach the cell surface and is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. Moreover, chemical chaperones 4-PBA and TUDCA partially restore cell surface expression of Bmpr2ΔEx2 in PECs, suggesting that the mutant product is mis-folded. We also show that PECs from Bmpr2 (ΔEx2/+) mice have defects in the BMP-induced Smad1/5/8 and Id1 signaling axis, and that addition of chemical chaperones restores expression of the Smad1/5/8 target Id1. These data indicate that the endogenous NMD negative BMPRΔEx2 mutant product is expressed but has a folding defect resulting in ER retention. Partial correction of this folding defect and restoration of defective BMP signaling using chemical chaperones suggests that protein-folding agents could be used therapeutically in patients with these NMD negative BMPR2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L. Frump
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jonathan W. Lowery
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rizwan Hamid
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Molecular Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Eric D. Austin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Mark de Caestecker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- *E-mail:
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Lowery JW, LaVigne AW, Kokabu S, Rosen V. Comparative genomics identifies the mouse Bmp3 promoter and an upstream evolutionary conserved region (ECR) in mammals. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57840. [PMID: 23451274 PMCID: PMC3579780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) pathway is a multi-member signaling cascade whose basic components are found in all animals. One member, BMP3, which arose more recently in evolution and is found only in deuterostomes, serves a unique role as an antagonist to both the canonical BMP and Activin pathways. However, the mechanisms that control BMP3 expression, and the cis-regulatory regions mediating this regulation, remain poorly defined. With this in mind, we sought to identify the Bmp3 promoter in mouse (M. musculus) through functional and comparative genomic analyses. We found that the minimal promoter required for expression in resides within 0.8 kb upstream of Bmp3 in a region that is highly conserved with rat (R. norvegicus). We also found that an upstream region abutting the minimal promoter acts as a repressor of the minimal promoter in HEK293T cells and osteoblasts. Strikingly, a portion of this region is conserved among all available eutherian mammal genomes (47/47), but not in any non-eutherian animal (0/136). We also identified multiple conserved transcription factor binding sites in the Bmp3 upstream ECR, suggesting that this region may preserve common cis-regulatory elements that govern Bmp3 expression across eutherian mammals. Since dysregulation of BMP signaling appears to play a role in human health and disease, our findings may have application in the development of novel therapeutics aimed at modulating BMP signaling in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W. Lowery
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anna W. LaVigne
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shoichiro Kokabu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vicki Rosen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chappuis V, Gamer L, Cox K, Lowery JW, Bosshardt DD, Rosen V. Periosteal BMP2 activity drives bone graft healing. Bone 2012; 51:800-9. [PMID: 22846673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Bone graft incorporation depends on the orchestrated activation of numerous growth factors and cytokines in both the host and the graft. Prominent in this signaling cascade is BMP2. Although BMP2 is dispensable for bone formation, it is required for the initiation of bone repair; thus understanding the cellular mechanisms underlying bone regeneration driven by BMP2 is essential for improving bone graft therapies. In the present study, we assessed the role of Bmp2 in bone graft incorporation using mice in which Bmp2 has been removed from the limb prior to skeletal formation (Bmp2(cKO)). When autograft transplantations were performed in Bmp2cKO mice, callus formation and bone healing were absent. Transplantation of either a vital wild type (WT) bone graft into a Bmp2(cKO) host or a vital Bmp2(cKO) graft into a WT host also resulted in the inhibition of bone graft incorporation. Histological analyses of these transplants show that in the absence of BMP2, periosteal progenitors remain quiescent and healing is not initiated. When we analyzed the expression of Sox9, a marker of chondrogenesis, on the graft surface, we found it significantly reduced when BMP2 was absent in either the graft itself or the host, suggesting that local BMP2 levels drive periosteal cell condensation and subsequent callus cell differentiation. The lack of integrated healing in the absence of BMP2 was not due to the inability of periosteal cells to respond to BMP2. Healing was achieved when grafts were pre-soaked in rhBMP2 protein, indicating that periosteal progenitors remain responsive in the absence of BMP2. In contrast to the requirement for BMP2 in periosteal progenitor activation in vital bone grafts, we found that bone matrix-derived BMP2 does not significantly enhance bone graft incorporation. Taken together, our data show that BMP2 signaling is not essential for the maintenance of periosteal progenitors, but is required for the activation of these progenitors and their subsequent differentiation along the osteo-chondrogenic pathway. These results indicate that BMP2 will be among the signaling molecules whose presence will determine success or failure of new bone graft strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivianne Chappuis
- Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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Abstract
While new roles for the adult skeleton as an endocrine organ continue to emerge, our understanding of how bone homeostasis is maintained is also changing. Here we focus on BMP2, a molecule identified by its ability to induce bone formation at extraskeletal sites. We detail specific roles for BMP2 in the adult skeleton, where it acts to regulate the differentiation of periosteal skeletal progenitors during fracture healing and also mediates osteoblast formation in the bone marrow microenvironment. We highlight two areas of BMP2 biology that deserve further study: the specific signaling pathways used by BMP2 to affect bone formation, and the factors that regulate BMP2 production in the adult skeleton. These activities serve to distinguish BMP2 from other members of the TGF-b/BMP/Activin gene superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Lowery
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Lowery JW, Frump AL, Anderson L, DiCarlo GE, Jones MT, de Caestecker MP. ID family protein expression and regulation in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 299:R1463-77. [PMID: 20881097 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00866.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling has been linked to the development of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Inhibitors of differentiation (ID) proteins (ID1-4) are a family of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors that are downstream targets of the BMP signaling pathway, but the role that ID proteins play in the development of PH is unknown. To address this, we evaluated pulmonary expression of ID proteins in a mouse model of hypoxia-induced PH. There is selective induction of ID1 and ID3 expression in hypoxic pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in vivo, and ID1 and ID3 expression are increased by hypoxia in cultured pulmonary VSMCs in a BMP-dependent fashion. ID4 protein is barely detectable in the mouse lung, and while ID2 is induced in hypoxic peripheral VSMCs in vivo, it is not increased by hypoxia or BMP signaling in cultured pulmonary VSMCs. In addition, the PH response to chronic hypoxia is indistinguishable between wild type and Id1 null mice. This is associated with a compensatory increase in ID3 but not ID2 expression in pulmonary VSMCs of Id1 null mice. These findings indicate that ID1 is dispensable for mounting a normal pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia, but suggest that ID3 may compensate for loss of ID1 expression in pulmonary VSMCs. Taken together, these findings indicate that ID1 and ID3 expression are regulated in a BMP-dependent fashion in hypoxic pulmonary VSMCs, and that ID1 and ID3 may play a cooperative role in regulating BMP-dependent VSMC responses to chronic hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Lowery
- Vanderbilt Univ. Medical Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Anderson L, Lowery JW, Frank DB, Novitskaya T, Jones M, Mortlock DP, Chandler RL, de Caestecker MP. Bmp2 and Bmp4 exert opposing effects in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 298:R833-42. [PMID: 20042692 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00534.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type 2 receptor ligand, Bmp2, is upregulated in the peripheral pulmonary vasculature during hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH). This contrasts with the expression of Bmp4, which is expressed in respiratory epithelia throughout the lung. Unlike heterozygous null Bmp4 mice (Bmp4(LacZ/+)), which are protected from the development of hypoxic PH, mice that are heterozygous null for Bmp2 (Bmp2(+/-)) develop more severe hypoxic PH than their wild-type littermates. This is associated with reduced endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression and activity in the pulmonary vasculature of hypoxic Bmp2(+/-) but not Bmp4(LacZ/+) mutant mice. Furthermore, exogenous BMP2 upregulates eNOS expression and activity in intrapulmonary artery and pulmonary endothelial cell preparations, indicating that eNOS is a target of Bmp2 signaling in the pulmonary vasculature. Together, these data demonstrate that Bmp2 and Bmp4 exert opposing roles in hypoxic PH and suggest that the protective effects of Bmp2 are mediated by increasing eNOS expression and activity in the hypoxic pulmonary vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Anderson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Univ. Medical Center, Division of Nephrology, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Hollis BW, Lowery JW, Pittard WB, Guy DG, Hansen JW. Effect of age on the intestinal absorption of vitamin D3-palmitate and nonesterified vitamin D2 in the term human infant. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81:1385-8. [PMID: 8636338 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.81.4.8636338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the utility of vitamin D3-palmitate as a nutritional supplement and thus define the intestinal absorption profile of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 liberated after its cleavage from vitamin D3-palmitate in the human infant at various postnatal ages. The subjects for study consisted of 48 normal infants that were simultaneously administered 0.07 and 0.08 micromol/kg BW vitamin D as vitamin D3-palmitate and nonesterified vitamin D2 respectively, by orogastric tube. Blood samples were obtained before and 6, 12, and 24 h postadministration and analyzed simultaneously for vitamins D2 and D3. For data analysis, the infants were divided into two groups based on postnatal age: group 1, 1 day of age; and group 2, more than 10 days of age. Data were analyzed using the integrated peak area under the absorption curve for each subject. All subjects demonstrated the ability to absorb vitamin D after oral administration, although postnatal age as well as vitamin form had a profound effect on the absorption of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 liberated from vitamin D3-palmitate. Nonesterified vitamin D2 is well absorbed both in very young and older infants, although absorption efficiency increases with age, perhaps due to increased bile acid secretion. Liberation of vitamin D3 from vitamin D3-palmitate was shown to increase, perhaps due to gastrointestinal tract maturation, beyond 10 days of age, probably coinciding with the secretion of intestinal esterases. Our data indicate that both forms of the orally administered vitamin approach equivalency in their abilities to elevate circulating vitamin D levels in the human infant at a postnatal age of approximately 89 days. Thus, vitamin D3-palmitate would appear not to be dietarily equivalent to free vitamin D as a nutritional source of vitamin D in the human neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Hollis
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
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