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Rixon JA, Fong KD, Morris C, Nguyen AT, Depew CE, McSorley SJ. Elimination of Chlamydia muridarum from the female reproductive tract is IL-12p40 dependent, but independent of Th1 and Th2 cells. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011914. [PMID: 38166152 PMCID: PMC10786385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia vaccine approaches aspire to induce Th1 cells for optimal protection, despite the fact that there is no direct evidence demonstrating Th1-mediated Chlamydia clearance from the female reproductive tract (FRT). We recently reported that T-bet-deficient mice can resolve primary Chlamydia infection normally, undermining the potentially protective role of Th1 cells in Chlamydia immunity. Here, we show that T-bet-deficient mice develop robust Th17 responses and that mice deficient in Th17 cells exhibit delayed bacterial clearance, demonstrating that Chlamydia-specific Th17 cells represent an underappreciated protective population. Additionally, Th2-deficient mice competently clear cervicovaginal infection. Furthermore, we show that sensing of IFN-γ by non-hematopoietic cells is essential for Chlamydia immunity, yet bacterial clearance in the FRT does not require IFN-γ secretion by CD4 T cells. Despite the fact that Th1 cells are not necessary for Chlamydia clearance, protective immunity to Chlamydia is still dependent on MHC class-II-restricted CD4 T cells and IL-12p40. Together, these data point to IL-12p40-dependent CD4 effector maturation as essential for Chlamydia immunity, and Th17 cells to a lesser extent, yet neither Th1 nor Th2 cell development is critical. Future Chlamydia vaccination efforts will be more effective if they focus on induction of this protective CD4 T cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A. Rixon
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin D. Fong
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Claire Morris
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Alana T. Nguyen
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Claire E. Depew
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. McSorley
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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Depew CE, Rixon JA, McSorley SJ. Optimal generation of hepatic tissue-resident memory CD4 T cells requires IL-1 and IL-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2214699120. [PMID: 37040404 PMCID: PMC10120061 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2214699120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic CD4 tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) are required for robust protection against Salmonella infection; however, the generation of this T cell population is poorly understood. To interrogate the contribution of inflammation, we developed a simple Salmonella-specific T cell transfer system that allowed direct visualization of hepatic TRM formation. Salmonella-specific (SM1) T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic CD4 T cells were activated in vitro and adoptively transferred into C57BL/6 mice while hepatic inflammation was induced by acetaminophen overdose or L. monocytogenes infection. In both model systems, hepatic CD4 TRM formation was accentuated by local tissue responses. Liver inflammation also enhanced the suboptimal protection provided by a subunit Salmonella vaccine which typically induces circulating memory CD4 T cells. To further elucidate the mechanism of CD4 TRM formation in response to liver inflammation, various cytokines were examined by RNAseq, bone marrow chimeras, and in vivo neutralization. Surprisingly, IL-2 and IL-1 were found to enhance CD4 TRM formation. Thus, local inflammatory mediators enhance CD4 TRM populations and can boost the protective immunity provided by a suboptimal vaccine. This knowledge will be foundational for the development of a more effective vaccine against invasive nontyphoidal salmonellosis (iNTS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Depew
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA95616
| | - Jordan A. Rixon
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA95616
| | - Stephen J. McSorley
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA95616
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Liou MJ, Miller BM, Litvak Y, Nguyen H, Natwick DE, Savage HP, Rixon JA, Mahan SP, Hiyoshi H, Rogers AWL, Velazquez EM, Butler BP, Collins SR, McSorley SJ, Harshey RM, Byndloss MX, Simon SI, Bäumler AJ. Host cells subdivide nutrient niches into discrete biogeographical microhabitats for gut microbes. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:836-847.e6. [PMID: 35568027 PMCID: PMC9187619 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the microbiota composition are associated with many human diseases, but factors that govern strain abundance remain poorly defined. We show that a commensal Escherichia coli strain and a pathogenic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolate both utilize nitrate for intestinal growth, but each accesses this resource in a distinct biogeographical niche. Commensal E. coli utilizes epithelial-derived nitrate, whereas nitrate in the niche occupied by S. Typhimurium is derived from phagocytic infiltrates. Surprisingly, avirulent S. Typhimurium was shown to be unable to utilize epithelial-derived nitrate because its chemotaxis receptors McpB and McpC exclude the pathogen from the niche occupied by E. coli. In contrast, E. coli invades the niche constructed by S. Typhimurium virulence factors and confers colonization resistance by competing for nitrate. Thus, nutrient niches are not defined solely by critical resources, but they can be further subdivided biogeographically within the host into distinct microhabitats, thereby generating new niche opportunities for distinct bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan J Liou
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brittany M Miller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yael Litvak
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Henry Nguyen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dean E Natwick
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hannah P Savage
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jordan A Rixon
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Scott P Mahan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hirotaka Hiyoshi
- Department of Bacteriology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Andrew W L Rogers
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Eric M Velazquez
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brian P Butler
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Sean R Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Stephen J McSorley
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Rasika M Harshey
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and LaMontagne Center for Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Mariana X Byndloss
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation and Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Scott I Simon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Andreas J Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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