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Park CL, Wilt JA, Russell BS, Fendrich M. Does perceived post-traumatic growth during the COVID-19 pandemic reflect actual positive changes? Anxiety Stress Coping 2023; 36:661-673. [PMID: 36592338 PMCID: PMC10314967 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2022.2157821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES People commonly report positive changes following stressful experiences (perceived posttraumatic growth; PPTG), yet whether PPTG validly reflects positive changes remains unestablished. DESIGN AND METHODS We tested the extent to which COVID-19 pandemic-related PPTG relates to positive changes in corresponding psychosocial resources in a national US sample participating in a five wave study (T1-T5), focusing here on T2-T5: ns = 712-860. We examined correlations between resource change (both latent and observed difference scores) and PPTG at each occasion and conducted structural equation models to separate occasion-specific and stable (traitlike) PPTG variance. We related changes in resources to occasion-specific and stable PPTG components. RESULTS Associations between change scores and occasion-specific PPTG were sparse, providing limited evidence of PPTG validity. Associations between change scores and stable PPTG tended to be positive and stronger than associations for occasion-specific PPTG. DISCUSSION Perceptions of growth were largely unrelated to experienced positive changes and thus appear to be largely illusory. However, a personality-like tendency to believe one grows from stressful experiences relates more strongly to actual resource growth. These results suggest that people are not accurate reporters of positive changes they experience and that interventions aimed at promoting post-traumatic growth may be premature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal L Park
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Joshua A Wilt
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Department of Psychology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Beth S Russell
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Michael Fendrich
- School of Social Work, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT, USA
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Falewicz A, Szcześniak M, Rybarski R, Chmiel M, Wilt JA, Zarzycka B. Polish Validation of a 14-Item Version of the Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale (RSS-14): Factorial Structure, Psychometric Properties, and Clinical Correlates. J Relig Health 2023; 62:3579-3603. [PMID: 37097410 PMCID: PMC10126568 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-023-01816-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Religious and spiritual (R/S) struggles are defined as the occurrence of tension, conflict, or strain that focus on matters of ultimate significance perceived by people as sacred. The widespread prevalence of R/S struggles and the growing demand for research in this area created the need for a brief tool. Recently, the 14-item form of the Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale was developed and validated (Exline et al. in Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 2022a). Given the significance of the empirical research on R/S struggles, we implemented the project of structure verification, internal consistency confirmation, reliability, and nomological validation of the Polish variant of the RSS-14 through three separate studies. With respect to the internal structure of the RSS-14, the CFA from three studies confirmed the good fit of the six-factor model, very similar to the one obtained in the original version of the tool. Moreover, both the total score and the subscales had high reliability and acceptable stability over the three studies. With respect to the nomological analyses, R/S struggles were related negatively to life satisfaction, presence of meaning in life, self-esteem, social desirability, religious centrality, and positively with search for meaning, God's disengagement, poorer health indicators, sleep problems, stress, and cognitive schemas (this category was the new element of our research). Polish 14-item version of the Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale seems a valuable tool to assess religious strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Falewicz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Radosław Rybarski
- Institute of Psychology, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marianna Chmiel
- Institute of Psychology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Joshua A. Wilt
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Beata Zarzycka
- Institute of Psychology, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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3
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Wilt JA, Merner AR, Zeigler J, Montpetite M, Kubu CS. Corrigendum: Does personality change follow deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease patients? Front Psychol 2023; 14:1235029. [PMID: 37502745 PMCID: PMC10370348 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1235029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.643277.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Wilt
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Amanda R. Merner
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jaclyn Zeigler
- Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | | | - Cynthia S. Kubu
- Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Exline JJ, Wilt JA. Supernatural Attributions: Seeing God, the Devil, Demons, Spirits, Fate, and Karma as Causes of Events. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2023; 19:461-487. [PMID: 36480930 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-080921-081114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For many people worldwide, supernatural beliefs and attributions—those focused on God, the devil, demons, spirits, an afterlife, karma, or fate—are part of everyday life. Although not widely studied in clinical psychology, these beliefs and attributions are a key part of human diversity. This article provides a broad overview of research on supernatural beliefs and attributions with special attention to their psychological relevance: They can serve as coping resources, sources of distress, psychopathology signals, moral guides, and decision-making tools. Although supernatural attributions sometimes involve dramatic experiences seen to violate natural laws, people more commonly think of supernatural entities working indirectly through natural events. A whole host of factors can lead people to make supernatural attributions, including contextual factors, specific beliefs, psychopathology, cognitive styles and personality, and social and cultural influences. Our aim is to provide clinical psychologists with an entry point into this rich, fascinating, and often overlooked literature. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, Volume 19 is May 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie J. Exline
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Joshua A. Wilt
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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5
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Wilt JA, Van Tongeren DR, Exline JJ. Are daily supernatural attributions to God and the devil/demons linked with meaning in life? The Journal of Positive Psychology 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2023.2169630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Wilt
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Daryl R. Van Tongeren
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States
| | - Julie J. Exline
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
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6
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Wilt JA, Exline JJ, Jeong P, Yun D, Takahashi JT, Pargament KI. Imagined Conversations with God during Divine Struggles: Relationships with Global Views of God and Struggle-Specific Interactions. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19349637.2022.2065944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Wilt
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Julie J. Exline
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Peter Jeong
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Dorothy Yun
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Joyce T. Takahashi
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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7
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Park CL, Wilt JA, Russell BS, Fendrich M. Does perceived post-traumatic growth predict better psychological adjustment during the COVID-19 pandemic? Results from a national longitudinal survey in the USA. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 146:179-185. [PMID: 34995993 PMCID: PMC8719907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Perceiving that one has grown in positive ways following highly stressful experiences (perceived posttraumatic growth; PPTG) is common and sometimes--but not always--related to psychological wellbeing. However, PPTG is typically studied cross-sectionally and well after the stressful experience has passed; how PPTG might relate to wellbeing over time in an unprecedented, ongoing worldwide disaster such as the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown. Thus, the current study sought to answer whether, in the midst of the pandemic, PPTG relates to subsequent wellbeing, broadly defined. Participants were N = 1544 MTurk workers who completed a five-wave (T1-T5) six-month longitudinal study. Current analyses focused on T2-T5 (ns = 860-712). At each time point, participants completed self-report measures of PPTG and wellbeing (depression, anxiety, stress, positive states of mind, alcohol use, posttraumatic stress). In cross-lagged panel models, PPTG was largely unrelated to subsequent wellbeing. Somewhat more evidence was found that increasing distress led to increases in PPTG, suggesting perceptions of growth may serve as a coping mechanism. PPTG does not appear to benefit adjustment to the COVID-19 pandemic and may simply reflect efforts to manage distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal L. Park
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA,Corresponding author. Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Joshua A. Wilt
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA,Department of Psychology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Beth S. Russell
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Michael Fendrich
- School of Social Work, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT, USA
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Wilt JA, Exline JJ, Pargament KI. Coping with religious and spiritual struggles: Religious and secular techniques. Spirituality in Clinical Practice 2022. [DOI: 10.1037/scp0000289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Exline JJ, Pargament KI, Wilt JA, Harriott VA. Mental illness, normal psychological processes, or attacks by the devil? Three lenses to frame demonic struggles in therapy. Spirituality in Clinical Practice 2021. [DOI: 10.1037/scp0000268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Wilt JA, Grubbs JB, Exline JJ, Pargament KI. Authenticity, presence of meaning, and struggle with ultimate meaning: Nuanced between-and within-person associations. Journal of Research in Personality 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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11
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Wilt JA, Merner AR, Zeigler J, Montpetite M, Kubu CS. Does Personality Change Follow Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson's Disease Patients? Front Psychol 2021; 12:643277. [PMID: 34393883 PMCID: PMC8361492 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.643277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) has emerged as a safe, effective, and appealing treatment for Parkinson's Disease (PD), particularly for improving motor symptoms (e. g., tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity). However, concerns have been raised about whether DBS causes psychological changes, including changes to personality: characteristic and relatively stable patterns of affect, behavior, cognition, and desire. In this article, after first presenting some background information about PD and DBS, we examined evidence obtained from various empirical research methods (quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods for evaluating patient valued characteristics) pertaining to whether DBS causes personality change. General limitations across research methods include a lack of randomized clinical trials and small sample sizes. We organized our review of findings according to different layers of personality variables: dispositional traits (including personality pathology), characteristic adaptations, and narrative identity. Though most work has been done on dispositional traits, there is not much evidence that dispositional traits change following DBS. Little work has been done on characteristic adaptations, but there is somewhat consistent evidence for positive perceived progress toward goals across a number of domains: routine activities, work, social/relational, and leisure. Nascent work on narrative identity holds promise for revealing issues around self-image that may be common following DBS. We listed a number of strategies for advancing research, highlighting opportunities related to personality conceptualization, personality assessment, and interdisciplinary scholarship. Finally, we offer practical applications of our findings for the informed consent process and for ongoing treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Wilt
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Amanda R Merner
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jaclyn Zeigler
- Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | | | - Cynthia S Kubu
- Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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12
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Breuninger MM, Wilt JA, Bautista CL, Pargament KI, Exline JJ, Fletcher TL, Stanley MA, Teng EJ. The invisible battle: A descriptive study of religious/spiritual struggles in Veterans. Military Psychology 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2019.1654306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua A. Wilt
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Chandra L. Bautista
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Julie J. Exline
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Terri L. Fletcher
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas
- Houston VA HSR&D Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Houston, Texas
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- South Central Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (a virtual center), Houston, Texas
| | - Melinda A. Stanley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas
- Houston VA HSR&D Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Houston, Texas
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- South Central Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (a virtual center), Houston, Texas
| | - Ellen J. Teng
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas
- Houston VA HSR&D Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Houston, Texas
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- South Central Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (a virtual center), Houston, Texas
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Abstract
Self-reported authenticity is related to higher well-being, however, employing self-report questionnaires to measure authenticity may be limited in that they do not capture the lived experience of authenticity. We employ a narrative identity approach to the study of authenticity to potentially better capture some of the idiosyncratic richness and nuance of authentic experience. In Study 1, 87 undergraduates wrote descriptions of three separate memories: one in which they felt authentic, one in which they felt inauthentic, and a vivid, emotional memory. Thematic analysis identified five dimensions of authenticity (relational authenticity, resisting external pressures, expression of true self, contentment, owning one's actions) and 4 dimensions of inauthenticity (phoniness, suppression, self-denigration, and conformity). In study 2, 103 undergraduates provided written descriptions of authentic and inauthentic experiences. Scenes were coded for the dimensions of authenticity and inauthenticity listed above, and those categories were related to self-report scales assessing authenticity and related constructs (autonomy, honesty, Machiavellianism). Correlational and factor extension results suggested that narratives themes showed evidence of both convergent and discriminant validity. Implications for narrative and self-report approaches to authenticity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Wilt
- Case Western Reserve University, USA
- Corresponding author.
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14
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Kubu CS, Ford PJ, Wilt JA, Merner AR, Montpetite M, Zeigler J, Racine E. Pragmatism and the Importance of Interdisciplinary Teams in Investigating Personality Changes following DBS. NEUROETHICS-NETH 2019; 2019. [PMID: 32952741 PMCID: PMC7500511 DOI: 10.1007/s12152-019-09418-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gilbert and colleagues (2018) point out the discrepancy between the limited empirical data illustrating changes in personality (and related concepts of identity, agency, authenticity, autonomy, and self, i.e., PIAAAS) following implantation of deep brain stimulating (DBS) electrodes and the vast number of conceptual neuroethics papers implying that these changes are widespread, deleterious, and clinically significant. Their findings are reminiscent of C. P. Snow’s essay on the divide between the two cultures of the humanities (representing the conceptual publications) and the sciences (representing the empirical work). This division in the literature raises significant ethical concerns surrounding unjustified fear of personality changes in the context of DBS and negative perceptions of clinician-scientists engaged in DBS. These concerns have real world implications for funding future innovative, DBS trials aimed to reduce suffering as well as hampering true interdisciplinary scholarship. We argue that the philosophical tradition of pragmatism and the value it places on empirical inquiry, experiential knowledge, and inter-disciplinary scholarship – reflecting diverse ways of knowing – provides a framework to start to address the important questions Gilbert and colleagues raise. In particular, we highlight the importance of expert clinician knowledge in contributing to the neuroethical questions raised by Gilbert and colleagues. Finally, we provide illustrative examples of some of our interdisciplinary empirical research that demonstrate the iterative cycle of inquiry characteristic of pragmatism in which conceptual neuroethics questions have led to empirical studies whose results then raise additional conceptual questions that give rise to new empirical studies in a way that highlights the contributions of the humanities and the sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia S Kubu
- Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, P57, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195.,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University
| | - Paul J Ford
- Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, P57, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195.,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University
| | - Joshua A Wilt
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University
| | - Amanda R Merner
- Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, P57, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195.,Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University
| | - Michelle Montpetite
- Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, P57, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Jaclyn Zeigler
- Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, P57, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Eric Racine
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B. Grubbs
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, USA
| | - Paul J. Wright
- The Media School, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Abby L. Braden
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, USA
| | - Joshua A. Wilt
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Shane W. Kraus
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VISN 1 New England MIRECC, Bedford VAMC, Bedford, USA
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Grubbs
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA.
| | - Samuel Perry
- Department of Sociology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Joshua A Wilt
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rory C Reid
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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17
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Grubbs JB, Perry SL, Wilt JA, Reid RC. Pornography Problems Due to Moral Incongruence: An Integrative Model with a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Arch Sex Behav 2019; 48:397-415. [PMID: 30076491 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-018-1248-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The notion of problematic pornography use remains contentious in both academic and popular literature. Although the mental health community at large is divided as to the addictive versus non-addictive nature of Internet pornography, substantial numbers of individuals report "feeling" as if their use of Internet pornography is problematic. The present work seeks to construct a model related to problematic pornography use that is clearly derived from empirical literature and that provides directions to be tested in future research. The focus of the present work is on those perceptions as they relate to the overarching experience of moral incongruence in pornography use, which is generally thought of as the experience of having one's behaviors be inconsistent with one's beliefs. To this end, we put forth a model of pornography problems due to moral incongruence. Within this model, we describe how pornography-related problems-particularly feelings of addiction to pornography-may be, in many cases, better construed as functions of discrepancies-moral incongruence-between pornography-related beliefs and pornography-related behaviors. A systematic review of literature and meta-analysis is conducted in order to evaluate support for this model, and the implications of this model for research and clinical practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Grubbs
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA.
| | - Samuel L Perry
- Department of Sociology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Joshua A Wilt
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rory C Reid
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Grubbs JB, Wilt JA, Exline JJ, Pargament KI, Kraus SW. Moral disapproval and perceived addiction to internet pornography: a longitudinal examination. Addiction 2018; 113:496-506. [PMID: 28833800 DOI: 10.1111/add.14007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Internet pornography use is an increasingly common, yet controversial, behavior. Whereas mental health communities are divided about potentially problematic use patterns, many lay people identify as feeling dysregulated or compulsive in their use. Prior work has labeled this tendency perceived addiction to internet pornography (PA). This study's aims were to (1) assess the association between PA at baseline and other factors, including actual levels of average daily pornography use and personality factors and (2) assess the associations between baseline variables and PA 1 year later. DESIGN Two large-scale community samples were assessed using online survey methods, with subsets of each sample being recruited for follow-up surveys 1 year later. SETTING United States. PARTICIPANTS Participants were adults who had used pornography within the past 6 months recruited in two samples. Sample 1 (n = 1507) involved undergraduate students from three US universities and sample 2 (n = 782) involved web-using adults. Subsets of each sample (sample 1, n = 146; sample 2, n = 211) were surveyed again 1 year later. MEASUREMENTS At baseline, we assessed average daily pornography use, PA and relevant predictors (e.g. trait neuroticism, trait self-control, trait entitlement, religiousness, moral disapproval of pornography use). One year later, we assessed PA. FINDINGS Cross-sectionally, PA was correlated strongly with moral disapproval of pornography use [sample 1, Pearson's correlation: r = 0.68 (0.65, 0.70); sample 2, r = 0.58 (0.53, 0.63)]. Baseline moral disapproval [sample 1, r = 0.46 (0.33, 0.56); sample 2, r = 0.61 (0.51, 0.69)] and perceived addiction demonstrated relationships with perceived addiction 1 year later. We found inconclusive evidence of a substantial or significant association between pornography use and perceived addiction over time [sample 1, r = 0.13 (-0.02, 0.28); sample 2, r = 0.11 (-0.04, 0.25)]. CONCLUSIONS Perceived addiction to internet pornography appears to be related strongly to moral scruples around pornography use, both concurrently and over time, rather than with the amount of daily pornography use itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Grubbs
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Joshua A Wilt
- Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Julie J Exline
- Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kenneth I Pargament
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Shane W Kraus
- VISN 1 MIRECC, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, USA
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Wilt JA, Stauner N, Lindberg MJ, Grubbs JB, Exline JJ, Pargament KI. Struggle with ultimate meaning: Nuanced associations with search for meaning, presence of meaning, and mental health. The Journal of Positive Psychology 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2017.1279208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Wilt
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nick Stauner
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Joshua B. Grubbs
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Julie J. Exline
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kenneth I. Pargament
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
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Wilt JA, Cooper EB, Grubbs JB, Exline JJ, Pargament KI. Associations of Perceived Addiction to Internet Pornography with Religious/Spiritual and Psychological Functioning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2016.1140604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wilt JA, Davin S, Scheman J. A multilevel path model analysis of the relations between sleep, pain, and pain catastrophizing in chronic pain rehabilitation patients. Scand J Pain 2016; 10:122-129. [PMID: 28361763 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjpain.2015.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Pain catastrophizing is linked to heightened pain and poorer coping among individuals with chronic pain, yet little is known about how pain catastrophizing associates with sleep and pain over the course of treatment for chronic pain. Previous research employing a cross-sectional design suggests that sleep mediates the association between pain catstrophizing and pain, but there have been no longitudinal studies examining the directionality of these associations. Thus, the aim of this study was to test two competing theoretical models. The first model specified that pain catastrophizing leads to increased pain via poor sleep. The second model specified that poor sleep leads to increased pain catastrophizing via increased pain. METHODS This study examined the relations between pain catastrophizing, sleep, and pain among 50 consecutive patients (36 female, 14 male) ages 20-80 (M=45.96, SD=13.94) with chronic, non-malignant pain who were admitted to the Cleveland Clinic, Chronic Pain Rehabilitation Programme (CPRP). The CPRP, within the Neurological Centre for Restoration, Neurologic Institute at the Cleveland Clinic, is a comprehensive, interdisciplinary programme designed to treat patients with disabling chronic pain. As part of their daily, morning update with their case manager, patients completed self-report ratings of their previous night's sleep time (TST), and their current pain, anxiety, and depression. Pain catastrophizing was assessed at admission and discharge. RESULTS Over the course of treatment, daily TST increased from approximately 5h and 20min per night to nearly 6h and 30min per night, and average daily pain, daily depression, and daily anxiety decreased over the course of treatment. As the data in this study has a multilevel structure, with daily reports nested with in patients, we conducted multilevel path models to examine the longitudinal relations between pain catastrophizing, sleep, and pain. Multilevel path analysis permits the analysis of interdependent data without violating the assumptions of standard multiple regression. Models were conducted for pain catastrophizing and each of its subscales: rumination, magnification and helplessness. The findings were uniform across the composite pain catastrophizing scale and its subscales. There was an indirect path from sleep to pain catastrophizing (post-treatment) via pain, but not from pain catastrophizing (pre-treatment) to pain via sleep. There were also direct effects of sleep on pain and from pain to pain catastrophizing (post-treatment). Additionally, decreases in pain over the course of treatment were related to lower pain catastrophizing post-treatment. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These results call into question previous evidence that pain catastrophizing indirectly affects pain by way of its impact on sleep. Rather, our findings suggest that pain mediates the relationship between sleep and levels of pain catastrophizing. These results therefore underscore importance and value in collecting longitudinal data and potential influence on the conclusions gained with regards to sleep, pain and psychological variables. These findings may be of clinical importance when tailoring interventions for individuals with chronic pain and perhaps even more so for those with comorbid pain and sleep disturbance; prioritizing the treatment of sleep difficulties could result in improvements to pain-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Wilt
- Case Western Reserve University, ClevelandUnited States
| | - Sara Davin
- Neurological Center for Pain, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, ClevelandUnited States
| | - Judith Scheman
- Neurological Center for Pain, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, ClevelandUnited States
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