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Abstract
It has become apparent that beer (both alcoholic and nonalcoholic) contains appreciable amounts of non-starch polysaccharides, a broad subgroup of dietary fiber. It is worth noting that the occurrence of non-starch polysaccharides in alcoholic beer does not imply this should be consumed as a source of nutrition. But the popularity of nonalcoholic beer is growing, and the lessons learnt from non-starch polysaccharides in brewing can be largely translated to nonalcoholic beer. For context, we briefly review the origins of dietary fiber, its importance within the human diet and the significance of water-soluble dietary fiber in beverages. We review the relationship between non-starch polysaccharides and brewing, giving focus to the techniques used to quantify non-starch polysaccharides in beer, how they affect the physicochemical properties of beer and their influence on the brewing process. The content of non-starch polysaccharides in both regular and low/nonalcoholic beer ranges between 0.5 - 4.0 g/L and are predominantly composed of arabinoxylans and β-glucans. The process of malting, wort production and filtration significantly affect the soluble non-starch polysaccharide content in the final beer. Beer viscosity and turbidity are strongly associated with the content of non-starch polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E S J Reid
- International Centre for Brewing Science, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Gleb E Yakubov
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Lawrence
- International Centre for Brewing Science, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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Reid JESJ, Aquino PHG, Walker AJ, Karadakov PB, Shimizu S. Statistical Thermodynamics Unveils How Ions Influence an Aqueous Diels‐Alder Reaction. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:1538-1544. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E. S. J. Reid
- York Structural Biology Laboratory Department of ChemistryUniversity of York Heslington York YO10 5DD United Kingdom
- Bioniqs Ltd., BioCity Nottingham Pennyfoot Street Nottingham NG1 1GF United Kingdom
| | - Pedro H. G. Aquino
- York Structural Biology Laboratory Department of ChemistryUniversity of York Heslington York YO10 5DD United Kingdom
| | - Adam J. Walker
- Bioniqs Ltd., BioCity Nottingham Pennyfoot Street Nottingham NG1 1GF United Kingdom
| | - Peter B. Karadakov
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of York Heslington York YO10 5DD United Kingdom
| | - Seishi Shimizu
- York Structural Biology Laboratory Department of ChemistryUniversity of York Heslington York YO10 5DD United Kingdom
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3
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Reid JESJ, Bernardes CES, Agapito F, Martins F, Shimizu S, Minas da Piedade ME, Walker AJ. Structure-property relationships in protic ionic liquids: a study of solvent-solvent and solvent-solute interactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:28133-28138. [PMID: 29022017 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05076c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ionic nature of a functionalized protic ionic liquid cannot be rationalized simply through the differences in aqueous proton dissociation constants between the acid precursor and the conjugate acid of the base precursor. The extent of proton transfer, i.e. the equilibrium ionicity, of a tertiary ammonium acetate protic ionic liquid can be significantly increased by introducing an hydroxyl functional group on the cation, compared to the alkyl or amino-functionalized analogues. This increase in apparent ionic nature correlates well with variations in solvent-solute and solvent-solvent interaction parameters, as well as with physicochemical properties such as viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E S J Reid
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
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Addicoat M, Atkin R, Canongia Lopes JN, Costa Gomes M, Firestone M, Gardas R, Halstead S, Hardacre C, Hardwick LJ, Holbrey J, Hunt P, Ivaništšev V, Jacquemin J, Jones R, Kirchner B, Lynden-Bell R, MacFarlane D, Marlair G, Medhi H, Mezger M, Pádua A, Pantenburg I, Perkin S, Reid JESJ, Rutland M, Saha S, Shimizu K, Slattery JM, Swadźba-Kwaśny M, Tiwari S, Tsuzuki S, Uralcan B, van den Bruinhorst A, Watanabe M, Wishart J. Structure and dynamics of ionic liquids: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2018; 206:291-337. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd90092a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abbott A, Abe H, Aldous L, Atkin R, Bendová M, Busato M, Canongia Lopes JN, Costa Gomes M, Cross B, Dietz C, Everts J, Firestone M, Gardas R, Gras M, Greaves T, Halstead S, Hardacre C, Harper J, Holbrey J, Jacquemin J, Jessop P, MacFarlane D, Maier F, Medhi H, Mezger M, Pádua A, Perkin S, Reid JESJ, Saha S, Slattery JM, Thomas ML, Tiwari S, Tsuzuki S, Uralcan B, Watanabe M, Wishart J, Youngs T. Phase behaviour and thermodynamics: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2017; 206:113-139. [PMID: 29185568 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd90091k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abbott A, Aldous L, Borisenko N, Coles S, Fontaine O, Gamarra Garcia JD, Gardas R, Hammond O, Hardwick LJ, Haumesser PH, Hausen F, Horwood C, Jacquemin J, Jones R, Jónsson E, Lahiri A, MacFarlane D, Marlair G, May B, Medhi H, Paschoal VH, Reid JESJ, Schoetz T, Tamura K, Thomas ML, Tiwari S, Uralcan B, van den Bruinhorst A, Watanabe M, Wishart J. Electrochemistry: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2017; 206:405-426. [PMID: 29186221 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd90093g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Reid JESJ, Gammons RJ, Slattery JM, Walker AJ, Shimizu S. Interactions in Water–Ionic Liquid Mixtures: Comparing Protic and Aprotic Systems. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:599-609. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b10562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E. S. J. Reid
- York
Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
- TWI Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6AL, U.K
| | - Richard J. Gammons
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K
| | - John M. Slattery
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K
| | - Adam J. Walker
- TWI Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6AL, U.K
| | - Seishi Shimizu
- York
Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
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Reid JESJ, Agapito F, Bernardes CES, Martins F, Walker AJ, Shimizu S, Minas da Piedade ME. Structure–property relationships in protic ionic liquids: a thermochemical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:19928-19936. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02230a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
How does cation functionality influence the strength of intermolecular interactions in protic ionic liquids (PILs)? Quantifying the energetics of PILs can be an invaluable tool to answer this fundamental question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E. S. J. Reid
- York Structural Biology Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of York
- Heslington
- York
| | - Filipe Agapito
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica e Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1749-016 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Carlos E. S. Bernardes
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica e Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1749-016 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Filomena Martins
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica e Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1749-016 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | | | - Seishi Shimizu
- York Structural Biology Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of York
- Heslington
- York
| | - Manuel E. Minas da Piedade
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica e Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1749-016 Lisboa
- Portugal
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Kobayashi T, Reid JESJ, Shimizu S, Fyta M, Smiatek J. The properties of residual water molecules in ionic liquids: a comparison between direct and inverse Kirkwood–Buff approaches. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:18924-18937. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03717a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of aqueous ionic liquid mixtures were performed in order to compare the resulting Kirkwood–Buff integrals with experimental data and the corresponding integrals derived by an inverse Kirkwood–Buff approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kobayashi
- Institute for Computational Physics
- University of Stuttgart
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Joshua E. S. J. Reid
- York Structural Biology Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of York
- York YO10 5DD
- UK
| | - Seishi Shimizu
- York Structural Biology Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of York
- York YO10 5DD
- UK
| | - Maria Fyta
- Institute for Computational Physics
- University of Stuttgart
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Jens Smiatek
- Institute for Computational Physics
- University of Stuttgart
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
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Reid JESJ, Sullivan N, Swift L, Hembury GA, Shimizu S, Walker AJ. Assessing the mutagenicity of protic ionic liquids using the mini Ames test. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1186/s40508-015-0044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
A rigorous statistical thermodynamic theory clarifies how residual water molecules interact in three dialkylimidazolium ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E. S. J. Reid
- York Structural Biology Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of York
- York YO10 5DD
- UK
| | | | - Seishi Shimizu
- York Structural Biology Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of York
- York YO10 5DD
- UK
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