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Tu JJ, King E, Maksimova V, Smith S, Macias R, Cheng X, Vegesna T, Yu L, Ratner L, Green PL, Niewiesk S, Richner JM, Panfil AR. An HTLV-1 envelope mRNA vaccine is immunogenic and protective in New Zealand rabbits. J Virol 2024; 98:e0162323. [PMID: 38193692 PMCID: PMC10883802 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01623-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus responsible for adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, a severe and fatal CD4+ T-cell malignancy. Additionally, HTLV-1 can lead to a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease known as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Unfortunately, the prognosis for HTLV-1-related diseases is generally poor, and effective treatment options are limited. In this study, we designed and synthesized a codon optimized HTLV-1 envelope (Env) mRNA encapsulated in a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) and evaluated its efficacy as a vaccine candidate in an established rabbit model of HTLV-1 infection and persistence. Immunization regimens included a prime/boost protocol using Env mRNA-LNP or control green fluorescent protein (GFP) mRNA-LNP. After immunization, rabbits were challenged by intravenous injection with irradiated HTLV-1 producing cells. Three rabbits were partially protected and three rabbits were completely protected against HTLV-1 challenge. These rabbits were then rechallenged 15 weeks later, and two rabbits maintained sterilizing immunity. In Env mRNA-LNP immunized rabbits, proviral load and viral gene expression were significantly lower. After viral challenge in the Env mRNA-LNP vaccinated rabbits, an increase in both CD4+/IFN-γ+ and CD8+/IFN-γ+ T-cells was detected when stimulating with overlapping Env peptides. Env mRNA-LNP elicited a detectable anti-Env antibody response after prime/boost vaccination in all animals and significantly higher levels of neutralizing antibody activity. Neutralizing antibody activity was correlated with a reduction in proviral load. These findings hold promise for the development of preventive strategies and therapeutic interventions against HTLV-1 infection and its associated diseases.IMPORTANCEmRNA vaccine technology has proven to be a viable approach for effectively triggering immune responses that protect against or limit viral infections and disease. In our study, we synthesized a codon optimized human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) envelope (Env) mRNA that can be delivered in a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) vaccine approach. The HTLV-1 Env mRNA-LNP produced protective immune responses against viral challenge in a preclinical rabbit model. HTLV-1 is primarily transmitted through direct cell-to-cell contact, and the protection offered by mRNA vaccines in our rabbit model could have significant implications for optimizing the development of other viral vaccine candidates. This is particularly important in addressing the challenge of enhancing protection against infections that rely on cell-to-cell transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Tu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Emily King
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Victoria Maksimova
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Susan Smith
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ramon Macias
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Xiaogang Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tanmayee Vegesna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lee Ratner
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Patrick L. Green
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Stefan Niewiesk
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Justin M. Richner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Amanda R. Panfil
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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2
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Zhou XL, Tu JJ, Ye H, Wang XL, Sun JF, Long LY, Ding YM. [Clinical effects of island posterior femoral composite tissue flaps in the repair of sinus cavity pressure ulcers in the areas of ischial tuberosity and greater trochanter]. Zhonghua Shao Shang Yu Chuang Mian Xiu Fu Za Zhi 2023; 39:65-70. [PMID: 36740428 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501225-20220420-00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To explore the clinical effects of island posterior femoral composite tissue flaps in the repair of sinus cavity pressure ulcers in the areas of ischial tuberosity and greater trochanter. Methods: The retrospective observational study was conducted. From December 2018 to December 2021, 23 patients with sinus cavity pressure ulcers in the areas of ischial tuberosity and greater trochanter who met the inclusion criteria were admitted to Ganzhou People's Hospital, including 16 males and 7 females, aged 45 to 86 years. The size of pressure ulcers in ischial tuberosity ranged from 1.5 cm×1.0 cm to 8.0 cm×5.0 cm, and the size of pressure ulcers in greater trochanter ranged from 4.0 cm×3.0 cm to 20.0 cm×10.0 cm before debridement. After treatment of underlying diseases, debridement and vacuum sealing drainage for 5 to 14 days were performed. All the wounds were repaired by island posterior femoral composite tissue flaps, with area of 4.5 cm×3.0 cm-24.0 cm×12.0 cm, pedicle width of 3-5 cm, pedicle length of 5-8 cm, and rotation radius of 30-40 cm. Most of the donor site wounds were sutured directly, and only 4 donor site wounds were repaired by intermediate thickness skin graft from the contralateral thigh. The survival of composite tissue flaps, wound healing of the donor and recipient sites and the complications were observed. The recurrence of pressure ulcers, and the appearance and texture of flaps were observed during follow-up. Results: A total of 32 wounds in 23 patients were repaired by island posterior femoral composite tissue flaps (including 3 fascio subcutaneous flaps, 24 fascial flaps+fascio subcutaneous flaps, 2 fascial flaps+fascial dermal flaps, 2 fascial flaps+fascio subcutaneous flaps+femoral biceps flaps, and one fascial flap+fascio subcutaneous flap+gracilis muscle flap). Among them, 31 composite tissue flaps survived well, and a small portion of necrosis occurred in one fascial flap+fascio subcutaneous flap post surgery. The survival rate of composite tissue flap post surgery was 96.9% (31/32). Twenty-nine wounds in the recipient sites were healed, and 2 wounds were torn at the flap pedicle due to improper postural changes, and healed one week after bedside debridement. One wound was partially necrotic due to the flap bruising, and healed 10 days after re-debridement. Thirty-one wounds in the donor sites (including 4 skin graft areas) were healed, and one wound in the donor site was torn due to improper handling at discharge, and healed 15 days after re-debridement and suture. The complication rate was 12.5% (4/32), mainly the incision dehiscence of the flap pedicle and the donor sites (3 wounds), followed by venous congestion at the distal end of flap (one wound). During the follow-up of 3 to 24 months, the pressure ulcers did not recur and the flaps had good appearance and soft texture. Conclusions: The island posterior femoral composite tissue flaps has good blood circulation, large rotation radius, and sufficient tissue volume. It has a high survival rate, good wound healing, low skin grafting rate in the donor site, few postoperative complications, and good long-term effect in the repair of sinus cavity pressure ulcers in the areas of ischial tuberosity and greater trochanter.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Zhou
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - J J Tu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - H Ye
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - X L Wang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - J F Sun
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - L Y Long
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Y M Ding
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou 341000, China
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Jenks JA, Amin S, Sponholtz MR, Kumar A, Wrapp D, Venkatayogi S, Tu JJ, Karthigeyan K, Valencia SM, Connors M, Harnois MJ, Hora B, Rochat E, McLellan JS, Wiehe K, Permar SR. A single, improbable B cell receptor mutation confers potent neutralization against cytomegalovirus. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011107. [PMID: 36662906 PMCID: PMC9891502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a leading cause of infant hearing loss and neurodevelopmental delay, but there are no clinically licensed vaccines to prevent infection, in part due to challenges eliciting neutralizing antibodies. One of the most well-studied targets for CMV vaccines is the viral fusogen glycoprotein B (gB), which is required for viral entry into host cells. Within gB, antigenic domain 2 site 1 (AD-2S1) is a target of potently neutralizing antibodies, but gB-based candidate vaccines have yet to elicit robust responses against this region. We mapped the genealogy of B cells encoding potently neutralizing anti-gB AD-2S1 antibodies from their inferred unmutated common ancestor (UCA) and characterized the binding and function of early lineage ancestors. Surprisingly, we found that a single amino acid heavy chain mutation A33N, which was an improbable mutation rarely generated by somatic hypermutation machinery, conferred broad CMV neutralization to the non-neutralizing UCA antibody. Structural studies revealed that this mutation mediated key contacts with the gB AD-2S1 epitope. Collectively, these results provide insight into potently neutralizing gB-directed antibody evolution in a single donor and lay a foundation for using this B cell-lineage directed approach for the design of next-generation CMV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Jenks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sharmi Amin
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Madeline R. Sponholtz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Amit Kumar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniel Wrapp
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sravani Venkatayogi
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joshua J. Tu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Krithika Karthigeyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sarah M. Valencia
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Megan Connors
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Melissa J. Harnois
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bhavna Hora
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Eric Rochat
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jason S. McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
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4
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Singh T, Hwang KK, Miller AS, Jones RL, Lopez CA, Dulson SJ, Giuberti C, Gladden MA, Miller I, Webster HS, Eudailey JA, Luo K, Von Holle T, Edwards RJ, Valencia S, Burgomaster KE, Zhang S, Mangold JF, Tu JJ, Dennis M, Alam SM, Premkumar L, Dietze R, Pierson TC, Eong Ooi E, Lazear HM, Kuhn RJ, Permar SR, Bonsignori M. A Zika virus-specific IgM elicited in pregnancy exhibits ultrapotent neutralization. Cell 2022; 185:4826-4840.e17. [PMID: 36402135 PMCID: PMC9742325 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Congenital Zika virus (ZIKV) infection results in neurodevelopmental deficits in up to 14% of infants born to ZIKV-infected mothers. Neutralizing antibodies are a critical component of protective immunity. Here, we demonstrate that plasma IgM contributes to ZIKV immunity in pregnancy, mediating neutralization up to 3 months post-symptoms. From a ZIKV-infected pregnant woman, we isolated a pentameric ZIKV-specific IgM (DH1017.IgM) that exhibited ultrapotent ZIKV neutralization dependent on the IgM isotype. DH1017.IgM targets an envelope dimer epitope within domain II. The epitope arrangement on the virion is compatible with concurrent engagement of all ten antigen-binding sites of DH1017.IgM, a solution not available to IgG. DH1017.IgM protected mice against viremia upon lethal ZIKV challenge more efficiently than when expressed as an IgG. Our findings identify a role for antibodies of the IgM isotype in protection against ZIKV and posit DH1017.IgM as a safe and effective candidate immunotherapeutic, particularly during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulika Singh
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA
| | - Kwan-Ki Hwang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Andrew S. Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Jones
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cesar A. Lopez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sarah J. Dulson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Camila Giuberti
- Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas—Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Espírito Santo 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Morgan A. Gladden
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Itzayana Miller
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, NY 10065, USA
| | - Helen S. Webster
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Joshua A. Eudailey
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kan Luo
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Tarra Von Holle
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert J. Edwards
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sarah Valencia
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Katherine E. Burgomaster
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Summer Zhang
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Jesse F. Mangold
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Joshua J. Tu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Maria Dennis
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - S. Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lakshmanane Premkumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Reynaldo Dietze
- Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas—Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Espírito Santo 29075-910, Brazil,Global Health & Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon 1349-008, Portugal
| | - Theodore C. Pierson
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Helen M. Lazear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Richard J. Kuhn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, NY 10065, USA,Senior author. These authors contributed equally,Correspondence: (S.R.P.), (M.B.)
| | - Mattia Bonsignori
- Translational Immunobiology Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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5
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Tu JJ, Maksimova V, Ratner L, Panfil AR. The Past, Present, and Future of a Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Vaccine. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:897346. [PMID: 35602078 PMCID: PMC9114509 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.897346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is an oncogenic human retrovirus which causes a lifelong infection. An estimated 5-10 million persons are infected with HTLV-1 worldwide - a number which is likely higher due to lack of reliable epidemiological data. Most infected individuals remain asymptomatic; however, a portion of HTLV-1-positive individuals will develop an aggressive CD4+ T-cell malignancy called adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), or a progressive neurodegenerative disease known as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Few treatment options exist for HAM/TSP outside of palliative care and ATL carries an especially poor prognosis given the heterogeneity of the disease and lack of effective long-term treatments. In addition, the risk of HTLV-1 disease development increases substantially if the virus is acquired early in life. Currently, there is no realistic cure for HTLV-1 infection nor any reliable measure to prevent HTLV-1-mediated disease development. The severity of HTLV-1-associated diseases (ATL, HAM/TSP) and limited treatment options highlights the need for development of a preventative vaccine or new therapeutic interventions. This review will highlight past HTLV-1 vaccine development efforts, the current molecular tools and animal models which might be useful in vaccine development, and the future possibilities of an effective HTLV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Tu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Victoria Maksimova
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Lee Ratner
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Amanda R. Panfil
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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6
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Langel SN, Kelly FL, Brass DM, Nagler AE, Carmack D, Tu JJ, Travieso T, Goswami R, Permar SR, Blasi M, Palmer SM. E-cigarette and food flavoring diacetyl alters airway cell morphology, inflammatory and antiviral response, and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:64. [PMID: 35169120 PMCID: PMC8847558 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00855-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Diacetyl (DA) is an α-diketone that is used to flavor microwave popcorn, coffee, and e-cigarettes. Occupational exposure to high levels of DA causes impaired lung function and obstructive airway disease. Additionally, lower levels of DA exposure dampen host defenses in vitro. Understanding DA’s impact on lung epithelium is important for delineating exposure risk on lung health. In this study, we assessed the impact of DA on normal human bronchial epithelial cell (NHBEC) morphology, transcriptional profiles, and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Transcriptomic analysis demonstrated cilia dysregulation, an increase in hypoxia and sterile inflammation associated pathways, and decreased expression of interferon-stimulated genes after DA exposure. Additionally, DA exposure resulted in cilia loss and increased hyaluronan production. After SARS-CoV-2 infection, both genomic and subgenomic SARS-CoV-2 RNA were increased in DA vapor- compared to vehicle-exposed NHBECs. This work suggests that transcriptomic and physiologic changes induced by DA vapor exposure damage cilia and increase host susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Langel
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology and Department of Surgery, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Francine L Kelly
- Duke Clinical Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David M Brass
- Duke Clinical Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrew E Nagler
- Duke Clinical Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dylan Carmack
- Duke Clinical Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joshua J Tu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tatianna Travieso
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ria Goswami
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Blasi
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Scott M Palmer
- Duke Clinical Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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7
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Goswami R, Russell VS, Tu JJ, Thomas C, Hughes P, Kelly F, Langel SN, Steppe J, Palmer SM, Haystead T, Blasi M, Permar SR. Oral Hsp90 inhibitor SNX-5422 attenuates SARS-CoV-2 replication and dampens inflammation in airway cells. iScience 2021; 24:103412. [PMID: 34786537 PMCID: PMC8579697 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently available SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics are targeted toward moderately to severely ill patients and require intravenous infusions, with limited options for exposed or infected patients with no or mild symptoms. Although vaccines have demonstrated protective efficacy, vaccine hesitancy and logistical distribution challenges will delay their ability to end the pandemic. Hence, there is a need for rapidly translatable, easy-to-administer-therapeutics that can prevent SARS-CoV-2 disease progression, when administered in the early stages of infection. We demonstrate that an orally bioavailable Hsp90 inhibitor, SNX-5422, currently in clinical trials as an anti-cancer therapeutic, inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro at a high selectivity index. SNX-5422 treatment of human primary airway epithelial cells dampened expression of inflammatory pathways previously associated with poor SARS-CoV-2 disease outcomes. In addition, SNX-5422 interrupted expression of host factors demonstrated to be crucial for SARS-CoV-2 replication. Development of SNX-5422 as SARS-CoV-2-early-therapy will dampen disease severity, resulting in better clinical outcomes and reduced hospitalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Goswami
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Veronica S. Russell
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Joshua J. Tu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Charlene Thomas
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York 10065, USA
| | - Philip Hughes
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Francine Kelly
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stephanie N. Langel
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Justin Steppe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Scott M. Palmer
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Timothy Haystead
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Maria Blasi
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Marichannegowda MH, Mengual M, Kumar A, Giorgi EE, Tu JJ, Martinez DR, Romero-Severson EO, Li X, Feng L, Permar SR, Gao F. Different evolutionary pathways of HIV-1 between fetus and mother perinatal transmission pairs indicate unique immune selection in fetuses. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100315. [PMID: 34337555 PMCID: PMC8324465 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Study of evolution and selection pressure on HIV-1 in fetuses will lead to a better understanding of the role of immune responses in shaping virus evolution and vertical transmission. Detailed genetic analyses of HIV-1 env gene from 12 in utero transmission pairs show that most infections (67%) occur within 2 months of childbirth. In addition, the env sequences from long-term-infected fetuses are highly divergent and form separate phylogenetic lineages from their cognate maternal viruses. Host-selection sites unique to neonate viruses are identified in regions frequently targeted by neutralizing antibodies and T cell immune responses. Identification of unique selection sites in the env gene of fetal viruses indicates that the immune system in fetuses is capable of exerting selection pressure on viral evolution. Studying selection and evolution of HIV-1 or other viruses in fetuses can be an alternative approach to investigate adaptive immunity in fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Mengual
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Amit Kumar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Elena E. Giorgi
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
| | - Joshua J. Tu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David R. Martinez
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Xiaojun Li
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Liping Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
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9
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Kumar A, Giorgi EE, Tu JJ, Martinez DR, Eudailey J, Mengual M, Honnayakanahalli Marichannegowda M, Van Dyke R, Gao F, Permar SR. Mutations that confer resistance to broadly-neutralizing antibodies define HIV-1 variants of transmitting mothers from that of non-transmitting mothers. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009478. [PMID: 33798244 PMCID: PMC8055002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable reduction of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV through use of maternal and infant antiretroviral therapy (ART), over 150,000 infants continue to become infected with HIV annually, falling far short of the World Health Organization goal of reaching <20,000 annual pediatric HIV cases worldwide by 2020. Prior to the widespread use of ART in the setting of pregnancy, over half of infants born to HIV-infected mothers were protected against HIV acquisition. Yet, the role of maternal immune factors in this protection against vertical transmission is still unclear, hampering the development of synergistic strategies to further reduce MTCT. It has been established that infant transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses are often resistant to maternal plasma, yet it is unknown if the neutralization resistance profile of circulating viruses predicts the maternal risk of transmission to her infant. In this study, we amplified HIV-1 envelope genes (env) by single genome amplification and produced representative Env variants from plasma of 19 non-transmitting mothers from the U.S. Women Infant Transmission Study (WITS), enrolled in the pre-ART era. Maternal HIV Env variants from non-transmitting mothers had similar sensitivity to autologous plasma as observed for non-transmitting variants from transmitting mothers. In contrast, infant variants were on average 30% less sensitive to paired plasma neutralization compared to non-transmitted maternal variants from both transmitting and non-transmitting mothers (p = 0.015). Importantly, a signature sequence analysis revealed that motifs enriched in env sequences from transmitting mothers were associated with broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) resistance. Altogether, our findings suggest that circulating maternal virus resistance to bnAb-mediated neutralization, but not autologous plasma neutralization, near the time of delivery, predicts increased MTCT risk. These results caution that enhancement of maternal plasma neutralization through passive or active vaccination during pregnancy may potentially drive the evolution of variants fit for vertical transmission. Despite widespread, effective use of ART among HIV infected pregnant women, new pediatric HIV infections increase by about 150,000 every year. Thus, alternative strategies will be required to reduce MTCT and eliminate pediatric HIV infections. Interestingly, in the absence of ART, less than half of HIV-infected pregnant women will transmit HIV, suggesting natural immune protection of infants from virus acquisition. To understand the impact of maternal plasma autologous virus neutralization responses on MTCT, we compared the plasma and bnAb neutralization sensitivity of the circulating viral population present at the time of delivery in untreated, HIV-infected transmitting and non-transmitting mothers. While there was no significant difference in the ability of transmitting and non-transmitting women to neutralize their own circulating virus strains, specific genetic motifs enriched in variants from transmitting mothers were associated with resistance to bnAbs, suggesting that acquired bnAb resistance is a common feature of vertically-transmitted variants. This work suggests that enhancement of plasma neutralization responses in HIV-infected mothers through passive or active vaccination could further drive selection of variants that could be vertically transmitted, and cautions the use of passive bnAbs for HIV-1 prophylaxis or therapy during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elena E. Giorgi
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Joshua J. Tu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David R. Martinez
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joshua Eudailey
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael Mengual
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Russell Van Dyke
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Goodwin ML, Webster HS, Wang HY, Jenks JA, Nelson CS, Tu JJ, Mangold JF, Valencia S, Pollara J, Edwards W, McLellan JS, Wrapp D, Fu TM, Zhang N, Freed DC, Wang D, An Z, Permar SR. Specificity and effector functions of non-neutralizing gB-specific monoclonal antibodies isolated from healthy individuals with human cytomegalovirus infection. Virology 2020; 548:182-191. [PMID: 32838941 PMCID: PMC7447913 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common congenital infection. A glycoprotein B (gB) subunit vaccine (gB/MF59) is the most efficacious clinically tested to date, having achieved 50% protection against primary infection of HCMV-seronegative women. We previously identified that gB/MF59 vaccination primarily elicits non-neutralizing antibody responses, with variable binding to gB genotypes, and protection associated with binding to membrane-associated gB. We hypothesized that gB-specific non-neutralizing antibody binding breadth and function are dependent on epitope and genotype specificity, and ability to interact with membrane-associated gB. We mapped twenty-four gB-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from naturally HCMV-infected individuals for gB domain specificity, genotype preference, and ability to mediate phagocytosis or NK cell activation. gB-specific mAbs were primarily specific for Domain II and demonstrated variable binding to gB genotypes. Two mAbs facilitated phagocytosis with binding specificities of Domain II and AD2. This investigation provides novel understanding on the relationship between gB domain specificity and antigenic variability on gB-specific antibody effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Goodwin
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Helen S Webster
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hsuan-Yuan Wang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer A Jenks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cody S Nelson
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joshua J Tu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jesse F Mangold
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sarah Valencia
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Justin Pollara
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Whitney Edwards
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Wrapp
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Tong-Ming Fu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA; Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, USA
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, USA
| | | | - Dai Wang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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11
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Martinez DR, Tu JJ, Kumar A, Mangold JF, Mangan RJ, Goswami R, Giorgi EE, Chen J, Mengual M, Douglas AO, Heimsath H, Saunders KO, Nicely NI, Eudailey J, Hernandez G, Morgan-Asiedu PK, Wiehe K, Haynes BF, Moody MA, LaBranche C, Montefiori DC, Gao F, Permar SR. Maternal Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Can Select for Neutralization-Resistant, Infant-Transmitted/Founder HIV Variants. mBio 2020; 11:e00176-20. [PMID: 32156815 PMCID: PMC7064758 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00176-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Each year, >180,000 infants become infected via mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV despite the availability of effective maternal antiretroviral treatments, underlining the need for a maternal HIV vaccine. We characterized 224 maternal HIV envelope (Env)-specific IgG monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) from seven nontransmitting and transmitting HIV-infected U.S. and Malawian mothers and examined their neutralization activities against nontransmitted autologous circulating viruses and infant-transmitted founder (infant-T/F) viruses. Only a small subset of maternal viruses, 3 of 72 (4%), were weakly neutralized by maternal linear V3 epitope-specific IgG MAbs, whereas 6 out of 6 (100%) infant-T/F viruses were neutralization resistant to these V3-specific IgG MAbs. We also show that maternal-plasma broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) responses targeting the V3 glycan supersite in a transmitting woman may have selected for an N332 V3 glycan neutralization-resistant infant-T/F virus. These data have important implications for bNAb-eliciting vaccines and passively administered bNAbs in the setting of MTCT.IMPORTANCE Efforts to eliminate MTCT of HIV with antiretroviral therapy (ART) have met little success, with >180,000 infant infections each year worldwide. It is therefore likely that additional immunologic strategies that can synergize with ART will be required to eliminate MTCT of HIV. To this end, understanding the role of maternal HIV Env-specific IgG antibodies in the setting of MTCT is crucial. In this study, we found that maternal-plasma broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) responses can select for T/F viruses that initiate infection in infants. We propose that clinical trials testing the efficacy of single bNAb specificities should not include HIV-infected pregnant women, as a single bNAb might select for neutralization-resistant infant-T/F viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Martinez
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joshua J Tu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amit Kumar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Riley J Mangan
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ria Goswami
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elena E Giorgi
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Juilin Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael Mengual
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Holly Heimsath
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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12
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Goswami R, Nelson AN, Tu JJ, Dennis M, Feng L, Kumar A, Mangold J, Mangan RJ, Mattingly C, Curtis AD, Obregon-Perko V, Mavigner M, Pollara J, Shaw GM, Bar KJ, Chahroudi A, De Paris K, Chan C, Van Rompay KKA, Permar SR. Analytical Treatment Interruption after Short-Term Antiretroviral Therapy in a Postnatally Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Infant Rhesus Macaque Model. mBio 2019; 10:e01971-19. [PMID: 31488511 PMCID: PMC6945967 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01971-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To achieve long-term viral remission in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children, novel strategies beyond early antiretroviral therapy (ART) will be necessary. Identifying clinical predictors of the time to viral rebound upon ART interruption will streamline the development of novel therapeutic strategies and accelerate their evaluation in clinical trials. However, identification of these biomarkers is logistically challenging in infants, due to sampling limitations and the potential risks of treatment interruption. To facilitate the identification of biomarkers predicting viral rebound, we have developed an infant rhesus macaque (RM) model of oral simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) SHIV.CH505.375H.dCT challenge and analytical treatment interruption (ATI) after short-term ART. We used this model to characterize SHIV replication kinetics and virus-specific immune responses during short-term ART or after ATI and demonstrated plasma viral rebound in 5 out of 6 (83%) infants. We observed a decline in humoral immune responses and partial dampening of systemic immune activation upon initiation of ART in these infants. Furthermore, we monitored SHIV replication and rebound kinetics in infant and adult RMs and found that both infants and adults demonstrated equally potent virus-specific humoral immune responses. Finally, we validated our models by confirming a well-established correlate of the time to viral rebound, namely, the pre-ART plasma viral load, as well as identified additional potential humoral immune correlates. Thus, this model of infant ART and viral rebound can be used and further optimized to define biomarkers of viral rebound following long-term ART as well as to preclinically assess novel therapies to achieve a pediatric HIV functional cure.IMPORTANCE Novel interventions that do not rely on daily adherence to ART are needed to achieve sustained viral remission for perinatally infected children, who currently rely on lifelong ART. Considering the risks and expense associated with ART interruption trials, the identification of biomarkers of viral rebound will prioritize promising therapeutic intervention strategies, including anti-HIV Env protein therapeutics. However, comprehensive studies to identify those biomarkers are logistically challenging in human infants, demanding the need for relevant nonhuman primate models of HIV rebound. In this study, we developed an infant RM model of oral infection with simian-human immunodeficiency virus expressing clade C HIV Env and short-term ART followed by ATI, longitudinally characterizing the immune responses to viral infection during ART and after ATI. Additionally, we compared this infant RM model to an analogous adult RM rebound model and identified virologic and immunologic correlates of the time to viral rebound after ATI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Goswami
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ashley N Nelson
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joshua J Tu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maria Dennis
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Liqi Feng
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amit Kumar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jesse Mangold
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Riley J Mangan
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cameron Mattingly
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alan D Curtis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Maud Mavigner
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Justin Pollara
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - George M Shaw
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katharine J Bar
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory+Children's Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kristina De Paris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cliburn Chan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Koen K A Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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13
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Tu JJ, Kuhn L, Denny L, Beattie KJ, Lorincz A, Wright TC. Molecular variants of human papillomavirus type 16 and risk for cervical neoplasia in South Africa. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16:736-42. [PMID: 16681754 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2006.00401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-European variants of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 are generally associated with a greater risk of cervical neoplasia than European prototype variants. We investigated whether this association would persist in a population in which non-European HPV 16 variants were more common. We sequenced HPV 16 isolates in cervical samples collected from 93 Black South African women enrolled in a cervical cancer screening study and examined associations between cervical neoplasia identified though colposcopy with cervical biopsy and the specific HPV 16 variant identified. The European prototype variant (EP) was the most commonly identified variant in this population (47% of all isolates), but African variants (Af-1 and Af-2) were also quite common (41% of all isolates). In contrast to previous studies, we found no evidence that non-European variants were associated with an increased risk of neoplasia. Rather, most of the HPV 16-associated cancers were found in association with EP (71% of 14 cases). In this setting where African HPV 16 variants were common, no increased risk for cervical neoplasia was found among women with these variants compared with other HPV 16 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Tu
- Department of Pathology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
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14
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Tu JJ, Homes CC, Strongin M. Optical properties of ultrathin films: evidence for a dielectric anomaly at the insulator-to-metal transition. Phys Rev Lett 2003; 90:017402. [PMID: 12570649 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.017402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Optical properties of ultrathin layers (<50 A) of Au and Pb quench condensed on amorphous germanium (alpha-Ge) have been measured in situ at 10 K. The development of these films from an insulating state to a metallic state is traced as a function of the film thickness as well as the sheet resistance, R(square). Of particular interest is the regime of R(square) near 3000 Omega where there is an anomaly in the optical transmission. This anomaly is due to a singularity in the dielectric function when the system undergoes an electronic percolation or insulator-to-metal (I/M) transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Tu
- Department of Physics, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA.
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15
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Tu JJ, Carr GL, Perebeinos V, Homes CC, Strongin M, Allen PB, Kang WN, Choi EM, Kim HJ, Lee SI. Optical properties of c-axis oriented superconducting MgB2 films. Phys Rev Lett 2001; 87:277001. [PMID: 11800908 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.277001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Temperature dependent optical conductivities and dc resistivity of c-axis oriented superconducting (T(c) = 39.6 K) MgB2 films (approximately 450 nm) have been measured. The normal state ab-plane optical conductivities can be described by the Drude model with a temperature independent Drude plasma frequency of omega(p,D) = 13 600+/-100 cm(-1) or 1.68+/-0.01 eV. The normal state resistivity is fitted by the Bloch-Grüneisen formula with an electron-phonon coupling constant lambda(tr) = 0.13+/-0.02. The optical conductivity spectra below T(c) of these films suggest that MgB2 is a multigap superconductor.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Tu
- Department of Physics, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA.
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16
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Tu JJ. [Effect of breathing exercises (qigong) on 22 aged patients based on the pneumatogram and impedance pulmonary rheogram]. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 1987; 7:459-61, 451. [PMID: 3436009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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17
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Tu JJ. Effects of radix Angelicae sinensis on hemorrheology in patients with acute ischemic stroke. J TRADIT CHIN MED 1984; 4:225-8. [PMID: 6570154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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