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Winesett SP, Chatterjee SA, Borgia B, Cox BA, Hawkins KA, Miles JW, Swanson CW, Choi JT, Seidler RD, Fox EJ, Clark DJ. Visuospatial cognition predicts performance on an obstructed vision obstacle walking task in older adults. Exp Gerontol 2024; 189:112403. [PMID: 38490285 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2024.112403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Walking performance and cognitive function demonstrate strong associations in older adults, with both declining with advancing age. Walking requires the use of cognitive resources, particularly in complex environments like stepping over obstacles. A commonly implemented approach for measuring the cognitive control of walking is a dual-task walking assessment, in which walking is combined with a second task. However, dual-task assessments have shortcomings, including issues with scaling the task difficulty and controlling for task prioritization. Here we present a new assessment designed to be less susceptible to these shortcomings while still challenging cognitive control of walking: the Obstructed Vision Obstacle (OBVIO) task. During the task, participants hold a lightweight tray at waist level obstructing their view of upcoming foam blocks, which are intermittently spaced along a 10 m walkway. This forces the participants to use cognitive resources (e.g., attention and working memory) to remember the exact placement of upcoming obstacles to facilitate successful crossing. The results demonstrate that adding the obstructed vision board significantly slowed walking speed by an average of 0.26 m/s and increased the number of obstacle strikes by 8-fold in healthy older adults (n = 74). Additionally, OBVIO walking performance (a score based on both speed and number of obstacle strikes) significantly correlated with computer-based assessments of visuospatial working memory, attention, and verbal working memory. These results provide initial support that the OBVIO task is a feasible walking test that demands cognitive resources. This study lays the groundwork for using the OBVIO task in future assessment and intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Winesett
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA; Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Sudeshna A Chatterjee
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Brianne Borgia
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Health Outcomes & Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Brigette A Cox
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kelly A Hawkins
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jon W Miles
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Clayton W Swanson
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Julia T Choi
- Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rachael D Seidler
- Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Emily J Fox
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Brooks Rehabilitation, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - David J Clark
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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2
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Sato SD, Choi JT. Reduced corticospinal drive and inflexible temporal adaptation during visually guided walking in older adults. J Neurophysiol 2023; 130:1508-1520. [PMID: 37937342 PMCID: PMC10994519 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00078.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Corticospinal drive during walking is reduced in older adults compared with young adults, but it is not clear how this decrease might compromise one's ability to adjust stepping, particularly during visuomotor adaptation. We hypothesize that age-related changes in corticospinal drive could predict differences in older adults' step length and step time adjustments in response to visual perturbations compared with younger adults. Healthy young (n = 21; age 18-33 yr) and older adults (n = 20; age 68-80 yr) were tested with a treadmill task, incorporating visual feedback of the foot position and stepping targets in real-time. During adaptation, the visuomotor gain was reduced on one side, causing the foot cursor and step targets to move slower on that side of the screen (i.e., split-visuomotor adaptation). Corticospinal drive was quantified by coherence between electromyographic signals in the beta-gamma frequency band (15-45 Hz). The results showed that 1) older adults adapted to visuomotor perturbations during walking, with a similar reduction in error asymmetry compared with younger adults; 2) however, older adults showed reduced adaptation in step time symmetry, despite demonstrating similar adaptation in step length asymmetry compared with younger adults; and 3) smaller overall changes in step time asymmetry was associated with reduced corticospinal drive to the tibialis anterior in the slow leg during split-visuomotor adaptation. These findings suggest that changes in corticospinal drive may affect older adults' control of step timing in response to visual challenges. This could be important for safe navigation when walking in different environments or dealing with unexpected circumstances.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Corticospinal input is essential for visually guided walking, especially when the walking pattern must be modified to accurately step on safe locations. Age-related changes in corticospinal drive are associated with inflexible step time, which necessitates different locomotor adaptation strategies in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumire D Sato
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Julia T Choi
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States
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3
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Sato SD, Choi JT. Corticospinal drive is associated with temporal walking adaptation in both healthy young and older adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:920475. [PMID: 36062156 PMCID: PMC9436318 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.920475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy aging is associated with reduced corticospinal drive to leg muscles during walking. Older adults also exhibit slower or reduced gait adaptation compared to young adults. The objective of this study was to determine age-related changes in the contribution of corticospinal drive to ankle muscles during walking adaptation. Electromyography (EMG) from the tibialis anterior (TA), soleus (SOL), medial, and lateral gastrocnemius (MGAS, LGAS) were recorded from 20 healthy young adults and 19 healthy older adults while they adapted walking on a split-belt treadmill. We quantified EMG-EMG coherence in the beta-gamma (15-45 Hz) and alpha-band (8-15 Hz) frequencies. Young adults demonstrated higher coherence in both the beta-gamma band coherence and alpha band coherence, although effect sizes were greater in the beta-gamma frequency. The results showed that slow leg TA-TA coherence in the beta-gamma band was the strongest predictor of early adaptation in double support time. In contrast, early adaptation in step length symmetry was predicted by age group alone. These findings suggest an important role of corticospinal drive in adapting interlimb timing during walking in both young and older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumire D. Sato
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Julia T. Choi
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
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4
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Sato S, Cui A, Choi JT. Visuomotor errors drive step length and step time adaptation during 'virtual' split-belt walking: the effects of reinforcement feedback. Exp Brain Res 2021; 240:511-523. [PMID: 34816293 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Precise foot placement is dependent on changes in spatial and temporal coordination between two legs in response to a perturbation during walking. Here, we used a 'virtual' split-belt adaptation task to examine the effects of reinforcement (reward and punishment) feedback about foot placement on the changes in error, step length and step time asymmetry. Twenty-seven healthy adults (20 ± 2.5 years) walked on a treadmill with continuous feedback of the foot position and stepping targets projected on a screen, defined by a visuomotor gain for each leg. The paradigm consisted of a baseline period (same gain on both legs), visuomotor adaptation period (split: one high = 'fast', one low = 'slow' gain) and post-adaptation period (same gain). Participants were divided into 3 groups: control group received no score, reward group received increasing score for each target hit, and punishment group received decreasing score for each target missed. Re-adaptation was assessed 24 ± 2 h later. During early adaptation, the slow foot undershot and fast foot overshot the stepping target. Foot placement errors were gradually reduced by late adaptation, accompanied by increasing step length asymmetry (fast < slow step length) and step time asymmetry (fast > slow step time). Only the punishment group showed greater error reduction and step length re-adaptation on the next day. The results show that (1) explicit feedback of foot placement alone drives adaptation of both step length and step time asymmetry during virtual split-belt walking, and (2) specifically, step length re-adaptation driven by visuomotor errors may be enhanced by punishment feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumire Sato
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.,Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ashley Cui
- Public Health Science Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Julia T Choi
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA. .,Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Stenum J, Choi JT. Disentangling the energetic costs of step time asymmetry and step length asymmetry in human walking. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:269113. [PMID: 34115860 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic cost of walking in healthy individuals increases with spatiotemporal gait asymmetries. Pathological gait, such as post-stroke, often has asymmetry in step length and step time which may contribute to an increased energy cost. But paradoxically, enforcing step length symmetry does not reduce metabolic cost of post-stroke walking. The isolated and interacting costs of asymmetry in step time and step length remain unclear, because previous studies did not simultaneously enforce spatial and temporal gait asymmetries. Here, we delineate the isolated costs of asymmetry in step time and step length in healthy human walking. We first show that the cost of step length asymmetry is predicted by the cost of taking two non-preferred step lengths (one short and one long), but that step time asymmetry adds an extra cost beyond the cost of non-preferred step times. The metabolic power of step time asymmetry is about 2.5 times greater than the cost of step length asymmetry. Furthermore, the costs are not additive when walking with asymmetric step time and asymmetric step length: the metabolic power of concurrent asymmetry in step length and step time is driven by the cost of step time asymmetry alone. The metabolic power of asymmetry is explained by positive mechanical power produced during single support phases to compensate for a net loss of center of mass power incurred during double support phases. These data may explain why metabolic cost remains invariant to step length asymmetry in post-stroke walking and suggest how effects of asymmetry on energy cost can be attenuated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stenum
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.,Center for Movement Studies, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Julia T Choi
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.,Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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6
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Abstract
Walking patterns are adaptable in response to different environmental demands, which requires neural input from spinal and supraspinal structures. With an increase in age, there are changes in walking adaptation and in the neural control of locomotion, but the age-related changes in the neural control of locomotor adaptation is unclear. The purpose of this narrative review is to establish a framework where the age-related changes of neural control of human locomotor adaptation can be understood in terms of reactive feedback and predictive feedforward control driven by sensory feedback during locomotion. We parse out the effects of aging on (a) reactive adaptation to split-belt walking, (b) predictive adaptation to split-belt walking, (c) reactive visuomotor adaptation, and (d) predictive visuomotor adaptation, and hypothesize that specific neural circuits are influenced differentially with age, which influence locomotor adaptation. The differences observed in the age-related changes in walking adaptation across different locomotor adaptation paradigms will be discussed in light of the age-related changes in the neural mechanisms underlying locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumire Sato
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.,Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Julia T Choi
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.,Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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7
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Gregory DL, Sup FC, Choi JT. Contributions of spatial and temporal control of step length symmetry in the transfer of locomotor adaptation from a motorized to a non-motorized split-belt treadmill. R Soc Open Sci 2021; 8:202084. [PMID: 33972880 PMCID: PMC8074624 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.202084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Walking requires control of where and when to step for stable interlimb coordination. Motorized split-belt treadmills which constrain each leg to move at different speeds lead to adaptive changes to limb coordination that result in after-effects (e.g. gait asymmetry) on return to normal treadmill walking. These after-effects indicate an underlying neural adaptation. Here, we assessed the transfer of motorized split-belt treadmill adaptations with a custom non-motorized split-belt treadmill where each belt can be self-propelled at different speeds. Transfer was indicated by the presence of after-effects in step length, foot placement and step timing differences. Ten healthy participants adapted on a motorized split-belt treadmill (2 : 1 speed ratio) and were then assessed for after-effects during subsequent non-motorized treadmill and motorized tied-belt treadmill walking. We found that after-effects in step length difference during transfer to non-motorized split-belt walking were primarily associated with step time differences. Conversely, residual after-effects during motorized tied-belt walking following transfer were associated with foot placement differences. Our data demonstrate decoupling of adapted spatial and temporal locomotor control during transfer to a novel context, suggesting that foot placement and step timing control can be independently modulated during walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Gregory
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Frank C. Sup
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Julia T. Choi
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, PO Box 118205, Gainesville, FL 32611-8205, USA
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8
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Abstract
Human bipedal walking is a complex motor task that requires supraspinal control for balance and flexible coordination of timing and scaling of many muscles in different environment. Gait impairments are a hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD), reflecting dysfunction of cortico-basal ganglia-brainstem circuits. Recent studies using implanted electrodes and surface electroencephalography have demonstrated gait-related brain oscillations in the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex. Here, we review the physiological and pathophysiological roles of (1) basal ganglia oscillations, (2) cortical oscillations, and (3) basal ganglia-cortical interactions during walking. These studies extend a novel framework for movement of disorders where specific patterns of abnormal oscillatory synchronization in the basal ganglia thalamocortical network are associated with specific signs and symptoms. Therefore, we propose that many gait dysfunctions in PD arise from derangements in brain network, and discuss potential therapies aimed at restoring gait impairments through modulation of brain network in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris D Wang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Julia T Choi
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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9
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Stenum J, Choi JT. Step time asymmetry but not step length asymmetry is adapted to optimize energy cost of split‐belt treadmill walking. J Physiol 2020; 598:4063-4078. [DOI: 10.1113/jp279195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stenum
- Department of Kinesiology University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst MA 01003 USA
- Center for Movement Studies Kennedy Krieger Institute Baltimore MD 21205 USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21205 USA
| | - Julia T. Choi
- Department of Kinesiology University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst MA 01003 USA
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
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10
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Sato S, Choi JT. Increased intramuscular coherence is associated with temporal gait symmetry during split-belt locomotor adaptation. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:1097-1109. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00865.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
When walking on a split-belt treadmill where one belt moves faster than the other, the nervous system consistently attempts to maintain symmetry between legs, quantified as deviation from double support time or step length symmetry. It is known that the cerebellum plays a critical role in locomotor adaptation. Less is known about the role of corticospinal drive in maintaining this type of proprioceptive-driven locomotor adaptation. The objective of this study was to examine the functional role of oscillatory drive in relation to changes in spatiotemporal gait parameters during split-belt walking adaptation. Eighteen healthy participants adapted and deadapted on a split-belt treadmill; 13 out of 18 participants repeated the paradigm two more times to examine the effects of reexposure. Coherence analysis was used to quantify the coupling between electromyography (EMG) from the proximal (TAprox) and distal tibialis anterior (TAdist) muscle during the swing phase of walking. EMG-EMG coherence was examined within the alpha (8–15 Hz), beta (15–30 Hz), and gamma (30–45 Hz) frequencies. Our results showed that 1) beta- and gamma-band coherence (markers of corticospinal drive) increased during early split-belt walking compared with baseline walking in the slow leg, 2) beta-band coherence decreased from early to late split-belt adaptation in the fast leg, 3) alpha-, beta-, and gamma-band coherence decreased from first to third split-belt exposure in the fast leg, and 4) there was a relationship between higher beta coherence in the slow leg TA and smaller double support asymmetry. Our results suggest that corticospinal drive may play a functional role in the temporal control of split-belt walking adaptation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to examine the functional role of intramuscular coherence in relation to changes in spatiotemporal gait parameters during split-belt walking adaptation. We found that the corticospinal drive measured by intramuscular coherence in tibialis anterior changes with adaptation and that the corticospinal drive is related to temporal but not spatial parameters. This study may give insight as to the specific role of the motor cortex during gait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumire Sato
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Julia T. Choi
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Jensen P, Jensen NJ, Terkildsen CU, Choi JT, Nielsen JB, Geertsen SS. Increased central common drive to ankle plantar flexor and dorsiflexor muscles during visually guided gait. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13598. [PMID: 29405634 PMCID: PMC5800295 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
When we walk in a challenging environment, we use visual information to modify our gait and place our feet carefully on the ground. Here, we explored how central common drive to ankle muscles changes in relation to visually guided foot placement. Sixteen healthy adults aged 23 ± 5 years participated in the study. Electromyography (EMG) from the Soleus (Sol), medial Gastrocnemius (MG), and the distal and proximal ends of the Tibialis anterior (TA) muscles and electroencephalography (EEG) from Cz were recorded while subjects walked on a motorized treadmill. A visually guided walking task, where subjects received visual feedback of their foot placement on a screen in real-time and were required to place their feet within narrow preset target areas, was compared to normal walking. There was a significant increase in the central common drive estimated by TA-TA and Sol-MG EMG-EMG coherence in beta and gamma frequencies during the visually guided walking compared to normal walking. EEG-TA EMG coherence also increased, but the group average did not reach statistical significance. The results indicate that the corticospinal tract is involved in modifying gait when visually guided placement of the foot is required. These findings are important for our basic understanding of the central control of human bipedal gait and for the design of rehabilitation interventions for gait function following central motor lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | | | - Julia T. Choi
- Department of KinesiologyUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMassachusetts
| | - Jens Bo Nielsen
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Elsass InstituteCharlottenlundDenmark
| | - Svend Sparre Geertsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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12
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Stenum J, Choi JT. Neuromuscular effort predicts walk-run transition speed in normal and adapted human gaits. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:2809-2813. [PMID: 27401760 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.140723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Often, humans and other animals move in a manner that minimizes energy costs. It is more economical to walk at slow speeds, and to run at fast speeds. Here, we asked whether humans select a gait that minimizes neuromuscular effort under novel and unfamiliar conditions, by imposing interlimb asymmetry during split-belt treadmill locomotion. The walk-run transition speed changed markedly across different gait conditions: forward, backward, hybrid (one leg forward, one leg backward) and forward with speed differences (one leg faster than the other). Most importantly, we showed that the human walk-run transition speed across conditions was predicted by changes in neuromuscular effort (i.e. summed leg muscle activations). Our results for forward gait and forward gait with speed differences suggest that human locomotor patterns are optimized under both familiar and novel gait conditions by minimizing the motor command for leg muscle activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stenum
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Julia T Choi
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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13
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Choi JT, Jensen P, Nielsen JB, Bouyer LJ. Error signals driving locomotor adaptation: cutaneous feedback from the foot is used to adapt movement during perturbed walking. J Physiol 2016; 594:5673-84. [PMID: 27218896 DOI: 10.1113/jp271996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Sensory input from peripheral receptors are important for the regulation of walking patterns. Cutaneous input mediates muscle responses to deal with immediate external perturbations. In this study we focused on the role of cutaneous feedback in locomotor adaptation that takes place over minutes of training. We show that interfering with cutaneous feedback reduced adaptation to ankle perturbations during walking. These results help us understand the neural mechanisms underlying walking adaptation, and have clinical implications for treating walking impairments after neurological injuries. ABSTRACT Locomotor patterns must be adapted to external forces encountered during daily activities. The contribution of different sensory inputs to detecting perturbations and adapting movements during walking is unclear. In the present study, we examined the role of cutaneous feedback in adapting walking patterns to force perturbations. Forces were applied to the ankle joint during the early swing phase using an electrohydraulic ankle-foot orthosis. Repetitive 80 Hz electrical stimulation was applied to disrupt cutaneous feedback from the superficial peroneal nerve (foot dorsum) and medial plantar nerve (foot sole) during walking (Choi et al. 2013). Sensory tests were performed to measure the cutaneous touch threshold and perceptual threshold of force perturbations. Ankle movement were measured when the subjects walked on the treadmill over three periods: baseline (1 min), adaptation (1 min) and post-adaptation (3 min). Subjects (n = 10) showed increased touch thresholds measured with Von Frey monofilaments and increased force perception thresholds with stimulation. Stimulation reduced the magnitude of walking adaptation to force perturbation. In addition, we compared the effects of interrupting cutaneous feedback using anaesthesia (n = 5) instead of repetitive nerve stimulation. Foot anaesthesia reduced ankle adaptation to external force perturbations during walking. The results of the present study suggest that cutaneous input plays a role in force perception, and may contribute to the 'error' signal involved in driving walking adaptation when there is a mismatch between expected and actual force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia T Choi
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA. .,Neural Control of Movement Research Group, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology & Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Peter Jensen
- Neural Control of Movement Research Group, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology & Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Bo Nielsen
- Neural Control of Movement Research Group, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology & Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laurent J Bouyer
- Department of Rehabilitation, Université Laval & Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Québec City, Canada
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Choi JT, Jensen P, Nielsen JB. Locomotor sequence learning in visually guided walking. J Neurophysiol 2016; 115:2014-20. [PMID: 26864768 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00938.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Voluntary limb modifications must be integrated with basic walking patterns during visually guided walking. In this study we tested whether voluntary gait modifications can become more automatic with practice. We challenged walking control by presenting visual stepping targets that instructed subjects to modify step length from one trial to the next. Our sequence learning paradigm is derived from the serial reaction-time (SRT) task that has been used in upper limb studies. Both random and ordered sequences of step lengths were used to measure sequence-specific and sequence-nonspecific learning during walking. In addition, we determined how age (i.e., healthy young adults vs. children) and biomechanical factors (i.e., walking speed) affected the rate and magnitude of locomotor sequence learning. The results showed that healthy young adults (age 24 ± 5 yr,n= 20) could learn a specific sequence of step lengths over 300 training steps. Younger children (age 6-10 yr,n= 8) had lower baseline performance, but their magnitude and rate of sequence learning were the same compared with those of older children (11-16 yr,n= 10) and healthy adults. In addition, learning capacity may be more limited at faster walking speeds. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that spatial sequence learning can be integrated with a highly automatic task such as walking. These findings suggest that adults and children use implicit knowledge about the sequence to plan and execute leg movement during visually guided walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia T Choi
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts; and Neural Control of Movement Research Group, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Jensen
- Neural Control of Movement Research Group, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Bo Nielsen
- Neural Control of Movement Research Group, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bingham JT, Choi JT, Ting LH. Stability in a frontal plane model of balance requires coupled changes to postural configuration and neural feedback control. J Neurophysiol 2011; 106:437-48. [PMID: 21543754 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00010.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Postural stability depends on interactions between the musculoskeletal system and neural control mechanisms. We present a frontal plane model stabilized by delayed feedback to analyze the effects of altered stance width on postural responses to perturbations. We hypothesized that changing stance width alters the mechanical dynamics of the body and limits the range of delayed feedback gains that produce stable postural behaviors. Surprisingly, mechanical stability was found to decrease as stance width increased due to decreased effective inertia. Furthermore, due to sensorimotor delays and increased leverage of hip joint torque on center-of-mass motion, the magnitudes of the stabilizing delayed feedback gains decreased as stance width increased. Moreover, the ranges of the stable feedback gains were nonoverlapping across different stance widths such that using a single neural feedback control strategy at both narrow and wide stances could lead to instability. The set of stable feedback gains was further reduced by constraints on foot lift-off and perturbation magnitude. Simulations were fit to experimentally measured kinematics, and the identified feedback gains corroborated model predictions. In addition, analytical gain margin of the linearized system was found to predict step transitions without the need for simulation. In conclusion, this model offers a method to dissociate the complex interactions between postural configuration, delayed sensorimotor feedback, and nonlinear foot lift-off constraints. The model demonstrates that stability at wide stances can only be achieved if delayed neural feedback gains decrease. This model may be useful in explaining both expected and paradoxical changes in stance width in healthy and neurologically impaired individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey T Bingham
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Choi JT, Vining EPG, Mori S, Bastian AJ. Sensorimotor function and sensorimotor tracts after hemispherectomy. Neuropsychologia 2009; 48:1192-9. [PMID: 20018199 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Revised: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Hemispherectomy is currently the only effective treatment for relieving constant seizures in children with severe or progressive unilateral cortical disease. Although early hemispherectomy has been advocated to avoid general dysfunction due to continued seizures, it remains unclear whether age at surgery affects specific sensorimotor functions. Little is know about the anatomical status of sensorimotor pathways after hemispherectomy and how it might relate to sensorimotor function. Here we measured motor function and sensory thresholds of the upper and lower limbs in 12 hemispherectomized patients. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was used to determine status of brainstem corticospinal tracts and medial lemniscus. Hemispherectomy subjects showed remarkable recovery in both sensory and motor function. Many patients showed normal sensory vibration thresholds. Within the smaller Rasmussen's subgroup, we saw a relationship between age at surgery and sensorimotor function recovery (i.e. earlier was better). Anatomically, we found marked asymmetry in brainstem corticospinal tracts but preserved symmetry in the medial lemniscus, which may relate to robust sensory recovery. Age at surgery predicted anatomical status of brainstem sensorimotor tracts. In sum, we found that age at surgery influences anatomical changes in brainstem motor pathways, and may also relate to sensorimotor recovery patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia T Choi
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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17
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Choi JT, Vining EPG, Reisman DS, Bastian AJ. Walking flexibility after hemispherectomy: split-belt treadmill adaptation and feedback control. Brain 2008; 132:722-33. [PMID: 19074191 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awn333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Walking flexibility depends on use of feedback or reactive control to respond to unexpected changes in the environment, and the ability to adapt feedforward or predictive control for sustained alterations. Recent work has demonstrated that cerebellar damage impairs feedforward adaptation, but not feedback control, during human split-belt treadmill walking. In contrast, focal cerebral damage from stroke did not impair either process. This led to the suggestion that cerebellar interactions with the brainstem are more important than those with cerebral structures for feedforward adaptation. Does complete removal of a cerebral hemisphere affect either of these processes? We studied split-belt walking in 10 children and adolescents (age 6-18 years) with hemispherectomy (i.e. surgical removal of one entire cerebral hemisphere) and 10 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Hemispherectomy did not impair reactive feedback control, though feedforward adaptation was impaired in some subjects. Specifically, some showed reduced or absent adaptation of inter-leg timing, whereas adaptation of spatial control was intact. These results suggest that the cerebrum is involved in adaptation of the timing, but not spatial, elements of limb movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia T Choi
- The Kennedy Krieger Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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18
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Abstract
Human walking is remarkably adaptable on short and long timescales. We can immediately transition between directions and gait patterns, and we can adaptively learn accurate calibrations for different walking contexts. Here we studied the degree to which different motor patterns can adapt independently. We used a split-belt treadmill to adapt the right and left legs to different speeds and in different directions (forward versus backward). To our surprise, adults could easily walk with their legs moving in opposite directions. Analysis of aftereffects showed that walking adaptations are stored independently for each leg and do not transfer across directions. Thus, there are separate functional networks controlling forward and backward walking in humans, and the circuits controlling the right and left legs can be trained individually. Such training could provide a new therapeutic approach for correcting various walking asymmetries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia T Choi
- The Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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Khay S, Abd El-Aty AM, Choi JH, Choi JT, Lim KT, Shim JH. Methomyl residue on Chinese cabbage grown under greenhouse conditions. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2006; 77:516-20. [PMID: 17123010 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-006-1094-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Khay
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, 300 Yong-Bong Dong, Buk-Ku, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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Grazul-Bilska AT, Choi JT, Bilski JJ, Weigl RM, Kirsch JD, Kraft KC, Reynolds LP, Redmer DA. Effects of epidermal growth factor on early embryonic development after in vitro fertilization of oocytes collected from ewes treated with follicle stimulating hormone. Theriogenology 2003; 59:1449-57. [PMID: 12527091 DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(02)01192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been shown to enhance the in vitro rate of blastocyst formation in several species. Follicular development was induced in ewes (n=15) by twice daily administration of FSH-P on Days 13 and 14 of the estrous cycle. Cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were collected from all visible follicles (n=25+/-2.4/ewe) on Day 15. COCs from each ewe were cultured separately for 24h in maturation medium (containing 10% serum, LH, FSH and estradiol) with (8.2+/-0.9 per ewe) or without (7.8+/-0.8 per ewe) EGF (10 ng/ml). Oocytes were then denuded by hyaluronidase treatment, and healthy oocytes were cultured in the presence of frozen-thawed semen in synthetic oviductal fluid (SOF) medium containing 2% sheep serum. After 18-20 h, zygotes were transferred to SOF medium without glucose and cultured for about 36 h until they reached the 4-8 cell stage. Embryos were transferred to SOF medium with glucose for further development. Medium was changed every other day until blastocyst formation on Day 8 of culture (Day 1=day of fertilization). The rate of embryonic development was evaluated throughout the culture period. After maturation, cumulus cells were more expanded in the presence than in the absence of EGF. The rates of fertilization (overall 75.7+/-3.9%) and morula formation (overall 40.6+/-7.1%) were similar (P>0.05) for COCs cultured with or without EGF. However, EGF increased (P<0.01) the number of blastocysts (1.4+/-0.1 versus 0.6+/-0.2 per ewe) and tended to increase (P<0.1) the rate of blastocyst formation (21.0+/-6.6% versus 13.4+/-4.3% per ewe). These data demonstrate that EGF increases blastocyst formation in FSH-treated ewes. Therefore, EGF is recommended as a supplement to maturation medium to enhance embryonic development in vitro in FSH-treated sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Grazul-Bilska
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
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Han KO, Choi JT, Moon IG, Jeong MS, Yim CH, Chung HY, Jang HC, Yoon HK, Han IK. Nonassociation of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist genotypes with bone mineral density, bone turnover status, and estrogen responsiveness in Korean postmenopausal women. Bone 2002; 31:612-5. [PMID: 12477576 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(02)00873-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), a natural inhibitor of interleukin-1 (IL-1), completely inhibits the stimulatory effects of IL-1 on bone resorption. Bioactivity of IL-1 increases in the estrogen-deficient state with an increased IL-1:IL-1ra ratio and decreases after estrogen replacement therapy with a decreased IL-1:IL-1ra ratio. An association was found between an 86 basepair variable number tandem-repeat (VNTR) polymorphism of the IL-1ra gene and an increased production of IL-1ra in a cultured monocyte system. The IL-1ra VNTR polymorphism, therefore, is an attractive candidate gene for osteoporosis susceptibility as well as hormone responsiveness after estrogen replacement. We examined the association of this VNTR polymorphism with bone mass, bone turnover, and the change of bone mineral density (BMD) after 1 year of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The frequencies of the five alleles were as follows: A1, 90.8% (410 bp, four repeats); A2, 7.2% (240 bp, two repeats); A3, 1.6% (500 bp, five repeats); A4, 0.4% (326 bp, three repeats); and A5, 0% (595 bp, six repeats), in 714 healthy ethnically Korean postmenopausal women, aged 41-74 years (55.2 +/- 6.3 years mean +/- SD). Spine (L2-4) and femoral neck BMD were not significantly different among IL-1ra genotypes, and no significant genotypic differences were found in bone markers. There were no differences in genotypic proportions when we categorized the subjects into a high-loss group and a normal-loss group with regard to levels of bone marker. No significant genotypic differences were found in changes in lumbar and femoral neck BMD and those in bone markers before and after 1 year of HRT in 312 women. Our data suggest that these IL-1ra polymorphisms are not associated with BMD, bone turnover, or the change of BMD after 1 year of HRT in Korean women.
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Affiliation(s)
- K O Han
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Cheil Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Abstract
Osteoporosis is a disease that is strongly genetically influenced. However, the genes responsible for the disease are poorly defined. Recent data show that a G-T transition polymorphism of the Sp1 binding site at the collagen type I alpha1 gene (Sp1 polymorphism) is associated significantly with bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporotic fracture in British women. To establish the association between the Sp1 genotypes and BMD in Korean women, we examined 200 healthy postmenopausal women of Korean ethnicity, ranging in age from 44 to 66 years (mean+/-SD: 54.7+/-5.3 years). PCR amplification using the same primers as those used previously, with enzyme digestion, revealed no restriction site in our samples. We also performed a single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis in 100 of the 200 samples and could not find any polymorphic sites in the PCR amplification region. Based on our study, the Sp1 polymorphism at the type I collagen alpha1 gene was not found in Korean women. Therefore, we suggest that the Sp1 polymorphism at the type I collagen alpha1 gene is absent or rare in Korean women. Based on the present findings, this polymorphism does not seem to be responsible for the entire genetic contribution to BMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K O Han
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Cheil Women's Healthcare Center and Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Im KI, Choi JT, Hong YP, Kim TE, La MS. [cDNAs encoding the antigenic proteins in pathogenic strain of Entamoeba histolytica]. Korean J Parasitol 1997; 35:203-10. [PMID: 9335186 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.1997.35.3.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The differential display reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (DDRT-PCR) analysis was performed to identify the pathogenic strain specific amplicons. mRNAs were purified from the trophozoites of the pathogenic strain YS-27 and the non-pathogenic strain S 16, respectively. Three kinds of first stranded cDNAs were reverse transcribed from the mRNAs by one base anchored oligo-dT11M (M: A, C, or G) primers. Each cDNA template was used for DDRT-PCR analysis. A total of 144 pathogenic strain specific amplicons was observed in DDRT-PCR analysis using primer combinations of the 11 arbitrary primers and the 3 one base anchored oligo-dT11M primers. Of these, 31 amplicons were verified as the amplicons amplified only from the mRNAs of the pathogenic strain by DNA slot blot hybridization. Further characterization of the 31 pathogenic strain specific amplicons by DNA slot blot hybridization analysis using biotin labeled probes of the PCR amplified DNA of cysteine proteinase genes revealed that 21 of them were amplified from the mRNAs of the cysteine proteinase genes. Four randomly selected amplicons out of the rest 10 amplicons were used for screening of cDNA library followed by immunoscreening and all of them were turned out to be amplified from the mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K I Im
- Department of Parasitology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Han YM, Park JS, Lee CS, Lee JH, Kim SJ, Choi JT, Lee HT, Chung BH, Chung KS, Shin ST, Kim YH, Lee KS, Lee KK. Factors affecting in vivo viability of DNA-injected bovine blastocysts produced in vitro. Theriogenology 1996; 46:769-78. [PMID: 16727941 DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(96)00235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/1995] [Accepted: 03/15/1996] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In vitro matured and fertilized bovine ova were microinjected with pBL1, which consisted of the bovine beta-casein gene promoter, human lactoferrin cDNA and SV40 polyadenylation signal. Of the 2931 zygotes injected, 2505 (85.5%) survived 1 h after DNA injection and were cultured in 50-microl drops of CR1aa medium containing 3 mg/ml BSA under mineral oil at 39 degrees C, 5% CO2 in air. Cleaved (2- to 8-cell) embryos were selected at approximately 48 h after DNA injection and then cultured further in 50-microl drops of CR1aa medium supplemented with 10% (v/v) FBS. Blastocysts were classified into 4 quality grades and 3 developmental stages by morphological criteria. Then all but poor quality blastocysts were nonsurgically transferred to the uterus of heifers 7 to 8 d after natural estrus. Following transfer, the recipients were observed for signs of estrus, and pregnancy was confirmed by palpation per rectum at approximately 60 d of gestation. Although 72.0% (1804/2505 ) of the DNA-injected zygotes reached 2- to 8-cell stages only 5.2% (131/2505) developed to blastocysts. A total of 75 DNA-injected, in vitro cultured blastocysts were transferred to 59 recipients. When 2 blastocysts were transferred to a single recipient, only the better quality embryo was counted. The overall pregnancy rate was 30.5% (18/59 ) and reflected 1) an apparent correlation between the quality of embryos and the pregnancy rate. However, the difference was not statistically significant. 2) expanded blastocysts had a higher pregnancy rate (50.0%, 11/22 ) than early (13.3%, 2 15 ) or mid (22.7%, 5/22 ) blastocysts with a significant difference between expanded and early blastocysts (P < 0.05). 3) the pregnancy rate of DNA-injected blastocysts was higher when they were transferred at Day 7 (34.5%, 10/29 ) or 8 (36.8%, 7/19 ) than at Day 6 (9.0%, 1/11 ). The results indicate that the developmental stage of DNA-injected bovine embryos may be one of contributing factors in improving the pregnancy rate after transfer, although the effects of the quality and culture period of the embryos may not be inconsequential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Han
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, KIST, P.O.Box 115, Taeduck Science Town, Taejon 305-600, Korea
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Choi JT. [Seminar on nursing administration. The function of control in organization]. Taehan Kanho 1987; 26:21-6, 29. [PMID: 3657047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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