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Smalc-Koziorowska J, Moneta J, Muzioł G, Chromiński W, Kernke R, Albrecht M, Schulz T, Belabbas I. The dissociation of (a+c) misfit dislocations at the InGaN/GaN interface. J Microsc 2024; 293:146-152. [PMID: 37846455 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
In hexagonal materials, (a+c) dislocations are typically observed to dissociate into partial dislocations. Edge (a+c) dislocations are introduced into (0001) nitride semiconductor layers by the process of plastic relaxation. As there is an increasing interest in obtaining relaxed InGaN buffer layers for the deposition of high In content structures, the study of the dissociation mechanism of misfit (a+c) dislocations laying at the InGaN/GaN interface is then crucial for understanding their nucleation and glide mechanisms. In the case of the presented plastically relaxed InGaN layers deposited on GaN substrates, we observe a trigonal network of (a+c) dislocations extending at the interface with a rotation of 3° from <11 ¯ $\bar 1$ 00> directions. High-resolution microscopy studies show that these dislocations are dissociated into two Frank-Shockley 1/6<22 ¯ $\bar 2$ 03> partial dislocations with the I1 BSF spreading between them. Atomistic simulations of a dissociated edge (a+c) dislocation revealed a 3/5-atom ring structure for the cores of both partial dislocations. The observed separation between two partial dislocations must result from the climb of at least one of the dislocations during the dissociation process, possibly induced by the mismatch stress in the InGaN layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Smalc-Koziorowska
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - J Moneta
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - G Muzioł
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - W Chromiński
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - R Kernke
- Lebniz Institute for Crystal Growth, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Albrecht
- Lebniz Institute for Crystal Growth, Berlin, Germany
| | - T Schulz
- Lebniz Institute for Crystal Growth, Berlin, Germany
| | - I Belabbas
- Equipe de Cristallographie et de Simulation des Matériaux, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux et Catalyse, Faculté des Sciences Exactes, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria
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2
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Skiba J, Kulczyk M, Przybysz-Gloc S, Skorupska M, Smalc-Koziorowska J, Kobus M, Nowak K. Thermo-Mechanical Treatment for Reducing the Wear Rate of CuCrZr Tool Electrodes during Electro-Discharge Machining. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:6787. [PMID: 37895768 PMCID: PMC10608494 DOI: 10.3390/ma16206787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The research presented in this paper focused on optimising the process of unconventional plastic forming by hydrostatic extrusion (HE) with post-processing heat treatment of a copper alloy (CuCrZr) for electro-discharge machining (EDM) applications. The treatment was carried out in such a way as to obtain a material with an improved microstructure, characterised by a significant increase in hardness and strength while maintaining a high electrical conductivity, thus achieving the main goal of reducing electrode wear in the EDM process. As part of the research, a material with an ultrafine-grained structure was obtained with an average grain size of d2 = 320 nm and a much higher strength of UTS = 645 MPa compared to the material in the initial state (UTS = 413 MPa). The post-processing treatment (ageing) allowed us to obtain a material with a high electrical conductivity after the HE process, at 78% IACS. The electrodes made of CuCrZr subjected to HE had a reduced electrical discharge wear in relation to electrodes made of the initial material. The best results were obtained for electrodes made of the material subjected to a five-stage HE process combined with ageing at 480 °C for 1 h. The electrical discharge wear in these electrodes was reduced by more than 50% compared to electrodes made of non-deformed copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Skiba
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences (Unipress), Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (S.P.-G.); (M.S.); (J.S.-K.)
| | - Mariusz Kulczyk
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences (Unipress), Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (S.P.-G.); (M.S.); (J.S.-K.)
| | - Sylwia Przybysz-Gloc
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences (Unipress), Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (S.P.-G.); (M.S.); (J.S.-K.)
| | - Monika Skorupska
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences (Unipress), Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (S.P.-G.); (M.S.); (J.S.-K.)
| | - Julita Smalc-Koziorowska
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences (Unipress), Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (S.P.-G.); (M.S.); (J.S.-K.)
| | - Mariusz Kobus
- GEMET, Lisia 16B, 05-410 Józefów, Poland; (M.K.); (K.N.)
| | - Kamil Nowak
- GEMET, Lisia 16B, 05-410 Józefów, Poland; (M.K.); (K.N.)
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3
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Sawicka M, Turski H, Sobczak K, Feduniewicz-Żmuda A, Fiuczek N, Gołyga O, Siekacz M, Muziol G, Nowak G, Smalc-Koziorowska J, Skierbiszewski C. Nanostars in Highly Si-Doped GaN. Cryst Growth Des 2023; 23:5093-5101. [PMID: 37426547 PMCID: PMC10326854 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.3c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the relation between surface morphology during epitaxy of GaN:Si and its electrical properties is important from both the fundamental and application perspectives. This work evidences the formation of nanostars in highly doped GaN:Si layers with doping level ranging from 5 × 1019 to 1 × 1020 cm-3 grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PAMBE). Nanostars are 50-nm-wide platelets arranged in six-fold symmetry around the [0001] axis and have different electrical properties from the surrounding layer. Nanostars are formed in highly doped GaN:Si layers due to the enhanced growth rate along the a-direction ⟨112̅0⟩. Then, the hexagonal-shaped growth spirals, typically observed in GaN grown on GaN/sapphire templates, develop distinct arms that extend in the a-direction ⟨112̅0⟩. The nanostar surface morphology is reflected in the inhomogeneity of electrical properties at the nanoscale as evidenced in this work. Complementary techniques such as electrochemical etching (ECE), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM) are used to link the morphology and conductivity variations across the surface. Additionally, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies with high spatial resolution composition mapping by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed about 10% lower incorporation of Si in the hillock arms than in the layer. However, the lower Si content in the nanostars cannot solely be responsible for the fact that they are not etched in ECE. The compensation mechanism in the nanostars observed in GaN:Si is discussed to be an additional contribution to the local decrease in conductivity at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sawicka
- Institute
of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy
of Sciences, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Henryk Turski
- Institute
of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy
of Sciences, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Sobczak
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biological, and Chemical Research Center, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Feduniewicz-Żmuda
- Institute
of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy
of Sciences, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Fiuczek
- Institute
of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy
of Sciences, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Oliwia Gołyga
- Institute
of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy
of Sciences, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Siekacz
- Institute
of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy
of Sciences, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Muziol
- Institute
of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy
of Sciences, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Nowak
- Institute
of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy
of Sciences, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Julita Smalc-Koziorowska
- Institute
of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy
of Sciences, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Czesław Skierbiszewski
- Institute
of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy
of Sciences, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
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Nadolska M, Szkoda M, Trzciński K, Ryl J, Lewkowicz A, Sadowska K, Smalc-Koziorowska J, Prześniak-Welenc M. New light on the photocatalytic performance of NH 4V 4O 10 and its composite with rGO. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3946. [PMID: 36894657 PMCID: PMC9998451 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Solar-driven photocatalysis has shown great potential as a sustainable wastewater treatment technology that utilizes clean solar energy for pollutant degradation. Consequently, much attention is being paid to the development of new, efficient and low-cost photocatalyst materials. In this study, we report the photocatalytic activity of NH4V4O10 (NVO) and its composite with rGO (NVO/rGO). Samples were synthesized via a facile one-pot hydrothermal method and successfully characterized using XRD, FTIR, Raman, XPS, XAS, TG-MS, SEM, TEM, N2 adsorption, PL and UV‒vis DRS. The results indicate that the obtained NVO and NVO/rGO photocatalysts exhibited efficient absorption in the visible wavelength region, a high content of V4+ surface species and a well-developed surface area. Such features resulted in excellent performance in methylene blue photodegradation under simulated solar light illumination. In addition, the composite of NH4V4O10 with rGO accelerates the photooxidation of the dye and is beneficial for photocatalyst reusability. Moreover, it was shown that the NVO/rGO composite can be successfully used not only for the photooxidation of organic pollution but also for the photoreduction of inorganic pollutants such as Cr(VI). Finally, an active species trapping experiment was conducted, and the photodegradation mechanism was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nadolska
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Materials Engineering, and Advanced Materials Centre, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - M Szkoda
- Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - K Trzciński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - J Ryl
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Materials Engineering, and Advanced Materials Centre, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - A Lewkowicz
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 57, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - K Sadowska
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ks Trojdena 4, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - J Smalc-Koziorowska
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Prześniak-Welenc
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Materials Engineering, and Advanced Materials Centre, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland.
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5
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AbouAitah K, Soliman AAF, Swiderska-Sroda A, Nassrallah A, Smalc-Koziorowska J, Gierlotka S, Lojkowski W. Co-Delivery System of Curcumin and Colchicine Using Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Promotes Anticancer and Apoptosis Effects. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122770. [PMID: 36559264 PMCID: PMC9785757 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Many natural agents have a high anticancer potential, and their combination may be advantageous for improved anticancer effects. Such agents, however, often are not water soluble and do not efficiently target cancer cells, and the kinetics of their action is poorly controlled. One way to overcome these barriers is to combine natural agents with nanoparticles. Our aim in the current study was to fabricate an anticancer nanoformulation for co-delivery of two natural agents, curcumin (CR) and colchicine (CL), with a core-shell structure. Using cancer cell lines, we compared the anticancer efficacy between the combination and a nanoformulation with CL alone. Methods: For the single-drug nanoformulation, we used phosphonate groups to functionalize mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) and loaded the MSNs with CL. Additional loading of this nanoformulation with CR achieved the co-delivery format. To create the structure with a core shell, we selected a chitosan−cellulose mixture conjugated with targeting ligands of folic acid for the coating. For evaluating anticancer and apoptosis effects, we assessed changes in important genes and proteins in apoptosis (p53, caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2) in several cell lines (MCF-7, breast adenocarcinoma; HCT-116, colon carcinoma; HOS, human osteosarcoma; and A-549, non−small cell lung cancer). Results: Nanoformulations were successfully synthesized and contained 10.9 wt.% for the CL single-delivery version and 18.1 wt.% for the CL+CR co-delivery nanoformulation. Anticancer effects depended on treatment, cell line, and concentration. Co-delivery nanoformulations exerted anticancer effects that were significantly superior to those of single delivery or free CL or CR. Anticancer effects by cell line were in the order of HCT-116 > A549 > HOS > MCF-7. The lowest IC50 value was obtained for the nanoformulation consisting of CL and CR coated with a polymeric shell conjugated with FA (equivalent to 4.1 ± 0.05 µg/mL). With dual delivery compared with the free agents, we detected strongly increased p53, caspase-3, and Bax expression, but inhibition of Bcl-2, suggesting promotion of apoptosis. Conclusions: Our findings, although preliminary, indicate that the proposed dual delivery nanoformulation consisting of nanocore: MSNs loaded with CL and CR and coated with a shell of chitosan−cellulose conjugated folic acid exerted strong anticancer and apoptotic effects with potent antitumor activity against HCT-116 colon cells. The effect bested CL alone. Evaluating and confirming the efficacy of co-delivery nanoformulations will require in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled AbouAitah
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El-Behouth Street, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
- Correspondence: (K.A.); (W.L.); Tel.: +20-233371635 (K.A.); +48-22-888-0429 or +48-22-632-4302 (W.L.); Fax: +20-233371010 (K.A.); +48-22-632-4218 (W.L.)
| | - Ahmed A. F. Soliman
- Drug Bioassay-Cell Culture Laboratory, Pharmacognosy Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El-Behouth St, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Anna Swiderska-Sroda
- Laboratory of Nanostructures and Nanomedicine, Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Amr Nassrallah
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Julita Smalc-Koziorowska
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Characterization, Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stanislaw Gierlotka
- Laboratory of Nanostructures and Nanomedicine, Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Witold Lojkowski
- Laboratory of Nanostructures and Nanomedicine, Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.A.); (W.L.); Tel.: +20-233371635 (K.A.); +48-22-888-0429 or +48-22-632-4302 (W.L.); Fax: +20-233371010 (K.A.); +48-22-632-4218 (W.L.)
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Kirste L, Tran Thi Caliste TN, Weyher JL, Smalc-Koziorowska J, Zajac MA, Kucharski R, Sochacki T, Grabianska K, Iwinska M, Detlefs C, Danilewsky AN, Bockowski M, Baruchel J. Large-Scale Defect Clusters with Hexagonal Honeycomb-like Arrangement in Ammonothermal GaN Crystals. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15196996. [PMID: 36234338 PMCID: PMC9572198 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate, using X-ray Bragg diffraction imaging and defect selective etching, a new type of extended defect that occurs in ammonothermally grown gallium nitride (GaN) single crystals. This hexagonal "honeycomb" shaped defect is composed of bundles of parallel threading edge dislocations located in the corners of the hexagon. The observed size of the honeycomb ranges from 0.05 mm to 2 mm and is clearly correlated with the number of dislocations located in each of the hexagon's corners: typically ~5 to 200, respectively. These dislocations are either grouped in areas that exhibit "diameters" of 100-250 µm, or they show up as straight long chain alignments of the same size that behave like limited subgrain boundaries. The lattice distortions associated with these hexagonally arranged dislocation bundles are extensively measured on one of these honeycombs using rocking curve imaging, and the ensemble of the results is discussed with the aim of providing clues about the origin of these "honeycombs".
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Kirste
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics, Tullastraße 72, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Jan L. Weyher
- Institute of High-Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Julita Smalc-Koziorowska
- Institute of High-Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena A. Zajac
- Institute of High-Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of New Technologies and Chemistry, Military University of Technology, ul. Gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Kucharski
- Institute of High-Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Sochacki
- Institute of High-Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Grabianska
- Institute of High-Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Iwinska
- Institute of High-Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Carsten Detlefs
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Andreas N. Danilewsky
- Crystallography, Institute of Geo- and Environmental Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 5, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michal Bockowski
- Institute of High-Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
- Center for Integrated Research of Future Electronics, Institute of Materials and Systems for Sustainability, Nagoya University, C3-1 Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - José Baruchel
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38043 Grenoble, France
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Kędzierska-Sar A, Falkowski P, Smalc-Koziorowska J, Gierlotka S, Szafran M. Al2O3–W nanocomposites obtained by colloidal processing and in situ synthesis of nano-metal particles. Ann Ital Chir 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2020.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Smalc-Koziorowska J, Grzanka E, Lachowski A, Hrytsak R, Grabowski M, Grzanka S, Kret S, Czernecki R, Turski H, Marona L, Markurt T, Schulz T, Albrecht M, Leszczynski M. Role of Metal Vacancies in the Mechanism of Thermal Degradation of InGaN Quantum Wells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:7476-7484. [PMID: 33529520 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c21293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we study the thermal degradation of In-rich InxGa1-xN quantum wells (QWs) and propose explanation of its origin based on the diffusion of metal vacancies. The structural transformation of the InxGa1-xN QWs is initiated by the formation of small initial voids created due to agglomeration of metal vacancies diffusing from the layers beneath the QW. The presence of voids in the QW relaxes the mismatch stress in the vicinity of the void and drives In atoms to diffuse to the relaxed void surroundings. The void walls enriched in In atoms are prone for thermal decomposition, what leads to a subsequent disintegration of the surrounding lattice. The phases observed in the degraded areas of QWs contain voids partly filled with crystalline In and amorphous material, surrounded by the rim of high In-content InxGa1-xN or pure InN; the remaining QW between the voids contains residual amount of In. In the case of the InxGa1-xN QWs deposited on the GaN layer doped to n-type or on unintentionally doped GaN, we observe a preferential degradation of the first grown QW, while doping of the underlying GaN layer with Mg prevents the degradation of the closest InxGa1-xN QW. The reduction in the metal vacancy concentration in the InxGa1-xN QWs and their surroundings is crucial for making them more resistant to thermal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ewa Grzanka
- Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Lachowski
- Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Materials Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Roman Hrytsak
- Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
- College of Natural Sciences, Institute of Physics, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Mikolaj Grabowski
- Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Szymon Grzanka
- Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Slawomir Kret
- Institute of Physics PAS, Aleja Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Czernecki
- Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Henryk Turski
- Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lucja Marona
- Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Toni Markurt
- Leibniz Institute for Crystal Growth, Max-Born-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Schulz
- Leibniz Institute for Crystal Growth, Max-Born-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Albrecht
- Leibniz Institute for Crystal Growth, Max-Born-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mike Leszczynski
- Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
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9
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Bojarska-Cieślińska A, Marona Ł, Smalc-Koziorowska J, Grzanka S, Weyher J, Schiavon D, Perlin P. Role of dislocations in nitride laser diodes with different indium content. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21. [PMID: 33420146 PMCID: PMC7794241 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79528-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we investigate the role of threading dislocations in nitride light emitters with different indium composition. We compare the properties of laser diodes grown on the low defect density GaN substrate with their counterparts grown on sapphire substrate in the same epitaxial process. All structures were produced by metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy and emit light in the range 383–477 nm. We observe that intensity of electroluminescence is strong in the whole spectral region for devices grown on GaN, but decreases rapidly for the devices on sapphire and emitting at wavelength shorter than 420 nm. We interpret this behaviour in terms of increasing importance of dislocation related nonradiative recombination for low indium content structures. Our studies show that edge dislocations are the main source of nonradiative recombination. We observe that long wavelength emitting structures are characterized by higher average light intensity in cathodoluminescence and better thermal stability. These findings indicate that diffusion path of carriers in these samples is shorter, limiting the amount of carriers reaching nonradiative recombination centers. According to TEM images only mixed dislocations open into the V-pits, usually above the multi quantum wells thus not influencing directly the emission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Łucja Marona
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, "Unipress", Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142, Warsaw, Poland.,TOP-GAN Limited, Solec 24/90, 00-403, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Julita Smalc-Koziorowska
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, "Unipress", Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142, Warsaw, Poland.,TOP-GAN Limited, Solec 24/90, 00-403, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Szymon Grzanka
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, "Unipress", Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142, Warsaw, Poland.,TOP-GAN Limited, Solec 24/90, 00-403, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Weyher
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, "Unipress", Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dario Schiavon
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, "Unipress", Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142, Warsaw, Poland.,TOP-GAN Limited, Solec 24/90, 00-403, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Perlin
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, "Unipress", Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142, Warsaw, Poland.,TOP-GAN Limited, Solec 24/90, 00-403, Warsaw, Poland
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10
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Marona L, Wisniewski P, Wzorek M, Smalc-Koziorowska J, Grzanka S, Bojarska-Cieslinska A, Schiavon D, Stanczyk S, Czerwinski A, Czyszanowski T, Perlin P. Surface Photochemical Corrosion as a Mechanism for Fast Degradation of InGaN UV Laser Diodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:52089-52094. [PMID: 33161712 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We studied degradation mechanisms of ultraviolet InGaN laser diodes emitting in the UVA range. Short wavelength nitride devices are subjected to much faster degradation, under the same packaging and testing conditions, than their longer wavelength counterparts. Transmission electron microscopy analysis of the degraded laser diodes showed pronounced damage to facets in the area of the active layer (waveguide, quantum wells, and electron blocking layer). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed that the active layers were heavily oxidized, forming a compound close in composition to Ga2O3 with proportional addition of Al in the respective area. The oxidation depth was roughly proportional to the intensity of the optical field. We propose UV-light-induced water splitting on a semiconductor surface as a mechanism of the oxidation and degradation of these devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucja Marona
- Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS, Sokolowska 29/37, Warsaw 01-142, Poland
- TOP-GAN, Solec24/90, Warsaw 00-403, Poland
| | - Przemek Wisniewski
- Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS, Sokolowska 29/37, Warsaw 01-142, Poland
- TOP-GAN, Solec24/90, Warsaw 00-403, Poland
| | - Marek Wzorek
- Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Electron Technology, Al. Lotników 32/46, Warsaw 02-668, Poland
| | - Julita Smalc-Koziorowska
- Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS, Sokolowska 29/37, Warsaw 01-142, Poland
- TOP-GAN, Solec24/90, Warsaw 00-403, Poland
| | - Szymon Grzanka
- Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS, Sokolowska 29/37, Warsaw 01-142, Poland
- TOP-GAN, Solec24/90, Warsaw 00-403, Poland
| | | | - Dario Schiavon
- Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS, Sokolowska 29/37, Warsaw 01-142, Poland
- TOP-GAN, Solec24/90, Warsaw 00-403, Poland
| | - Szymon Stanczyk
- Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS, Sokolowska 29/37, Warsaw 01-142, Poland
- TOP-GAN, Solec24/90, Warsaw 00-403, Poland
| | - Andrzej Czerwinski
- Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Electron Technology, Al. Lotników 32/46, Warsaw 02-668, Poland
| | - Tomasz Czyszanowski
- Institute of Physics, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 219, Lodz 90-924, Poland
| | - Piotr Perlin
- Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS, Sokolowska 29/37, Warsaw 01-142, Poland
- TOP-GAN, Solec24/90, Warsaw 00-403, Poland
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11
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AbouAitah K, Hassan HA, Swiderska-Sroda A, Gohar L, Shaker OG, Wojnarowicz J, Opalinska A, Smalc-Koziorowska J, Gierlotka S, Lojkowski W. Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E144. [PMID: 31936103 PMCID: PMC7017376 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimitotics are important anticancer agents and include the natural alkaloid prodrug colchicine (COL). However, a major challenge of using COL as an anticancer drug is its cytotoxicity. We developed a novel drug delivery system (DDS) for COL using mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs). The MSNs were functionalized with phosphonate groups, loaded with COL, and coated with folic acid chitosan-glycine complex. The resulting nanoformulation, called MSNsPCOL/CG-FA, was tested for action against cancer and normal cell lines. The anticancer effect was highly enhanced for MSNsPCOL/CG-FA compared to COL. In the case of HCT116 cells, 100% inhibition was achieved. The efficiency of MSNsPCOL/CG-FA ranked in this order: HCT116 (colon cancer) > HepG2 (liver cancer) > PC3 (prostate cancer). MSNsPCOL/CG-FA exhibited low cytotoxicity (4%) compared to COL (~60%) in BJ1 normal cells. The mechanism of action was studied in detail for HCT116 cells and found to be primarily intrinsic apoptosis caused by an enhanced antimitotic effect. Furthermore, a contribution of genetic regulation (metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT 1), and microRNA (mir-205)) and immunotherapy effects (angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2 protein) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) was found. Therefore, this study shows enhanced anticancer effects and reduced cytotoxicity of COL with targeted delivery compared to free COL and is a novel method of developing cancer immunotherapy using a low-cost small-molecule natural prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled AbouAitah
- Laboratory of Nanostructures, Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland; (A.S.-S.); (J.W.); (A.O.); (S.G.); (W.L.)
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Heba A. Hassan
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Anna Swiderska-Sroda
- Laboratory of Nanostructures, Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland; (A.S.-S.); (J.W.); (A.O.); (S.G.); (W.L.)
| | - Lamiaa Gohar
- Pharmacognosy Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Olfat G. Shaker
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11511, Egypt;
| | - Jacek Wojnarowicz
- Laboratory of Nanostructures, Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland; (A.S.-S.); (J.W.); (A.O.); (S.G.); (W.L.)
| | - Agnieszka Opalinska
- Laboratory of Nanostructures, Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland; (A.S.-S.); (J.W.); (A.O.); (S.G.); (W.L.)
| | - Julita Smalc-Koziorowska
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Characterization, Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Stanislaw Gierlotka
- Laboratory of Nanostructures, Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland; (A.S.-S.); (J.W.); (A.O.); (S.G.); (W.L.)
| | - Witold Lojkowski
- Laboratory of Nanostructures, Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland; (A.S.-S.); (J.W.); (A.O.); (S.G.); (W.L.)
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12
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Kluz M, Nieznańska H, Dec R, Dzięcielewski I, Niżyński B, Ścibisz G, Puławski W, Staszczak G, Klein E, Smalc-Koziorowska J, Dzwolak W. Revisiting the conformational state of albumin conjugated to gold nanoclusters: A self-assembly pathway to giant superstructures unraveled. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218975. [PMID: 31247048 PMCID: PMC6597083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is often employed as a proteinaceous component for synthesis of luminescent protein-stabilized gold nanoclusters (AuNC): intriguing systems with many potential applications. Typically, the formation of BSA-AuNC conjugate occurs under strongly alkaline conditions. Due to the sheer complexity of intertwined chemical and structural transitions taking place upon BSA-AuNC formation, the state of albumin enveloping AuNCs remains poorly characterized. Here, we study the conformational properties of BSA bound to AuNCs using an array of biophysical tools including vibrational spectroscopy, circular dichroism, fluorescence spectroscopy and trypsin digestion. The alkaline conditions of BSA-AuNC self-assembly appear to be primary responsible for the profound irreversible disruption of tertiary contacts, partial unfolding of native α-helices, hydrolysis of disulfide bonds and the protein becoming vulnerable to trypsin digestion. Further unfolding of BSA-AuNC by guanidinium hydrochloride (GdnHCl) is fully reversible equally in terms of albumin's secondary structure and conjugate's luminescent properties. This suggests that binding to AuNCs traps the albumin molecule in a state that is both partly disordered and refractory to irreversible misfolding. Indeed, when BSA-AuNC is subjected to conditions favoring self-association of BSA into amyloid-like fibrils, the buildup of non-native β-sheet conformation is less pronounced than in a control experiment with unmodified BSA. Unexpectedly, BSA-AuNC reveals a tendency to self-assemble into giant twisted superstructures of micrometer lengths detectable with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), a property absent in unmodified BSA. The process is accompanied by ordering of bound AuNCs into elongated streaks and simultaneous decrease in fluorescence intensity. The newly discovered self-association pathway appears to be specifically accessible to protein molecules with a certain restriction on structural dynamics which in the case of BSA-AuNC arises from binding to metal nanoclusters. Our results have been discussed in the context of mechanisms of protein misfolding and applications of BSA-AuNC.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cattle
- Circular Dichroism
- Gold/chemistry
- Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Metal Nanoparticles/ultrastructure
- Microscopy, Atomic Force
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Aggregates
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Denaturation
- Protein Stability
- Serum Albumin, Bovine/chemistry
- Serum Albumin, Bovine/genetics
- Serum Albumin, Bovine/ultrastructure
- Spectrometry, Fluorescence
- Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
- Spectrum Analysis, Raman
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kluz
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hanna Nieznańska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Dec
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Igor Dzięcielewski
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Niżyński
- Department of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Ścibisz
- Department of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Puławski
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Staszczak
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Klein
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Wojciech Dzwolak
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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13
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Koltsov I, Wojnarowicz J, Nyga P, Smalc-Koziorowska J, Stelmakh S, Babyszko A, Morawski AW, Lojkowski W. Novel Photocatalytic Nanocomposite Made of Polymeric Carbon Nitride and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24050874. [PMID: 30832216 PMCID: PMC6429266 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Semiconducting polymers are promising materials for photocatalysis, batteries, fuel applications, etc. One of the most useful photocatalysts is polymeric carbon nitride (PCN), which is usually produced during melamine condensation. In this work, a novel method of obtaining a PCN nanocomposite, in which PCN forms an amorphous layer coating on oxide nanoparticles, is presented. Microwave hydrothermal synthesis (MHS) was used to synthesize a homogeneous mixture of nanoparticles consisting of 80 wt.% AlOOH and 20 wt.% of ZrO2. The nanopowders were mechanically milled with melamine, and the mixture was annealed in the temperature range of 400–600 °C with rapid heating and cooling. The above procedure lowers PCN formation to 400 °C. The following nanocomposite properties were investigated: band gap, specific surface area, particle size, morphology, phase composition, chemical composition, and photocatalytic activity. The specific surface of the PCN nanocomposite was as high as 70 m2/g, and the optical band gap was 3 eV. High photocatalytic activity in phenol degradation was observed. The proposed simple method, as well as the low-cost preparation procedure, permits the exploitation of PCN as a polymer semiconductor photocatalytic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Koltsov
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jacek Wojnarowicz
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Piotr Nyga
- Military University of Technology, Institute of Optoelectronics, Urbanowicza 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Julita Smalc-Koziorowska
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Svitlana Stelmakh
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Babyszko
- West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Pułaskiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Antoni W Morawski
- West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Pułaskiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Witold Lojkowski
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland.
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14
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Prześniak-Welenc M, Karczewski J, Smalc-Koziorowska J, Łapiński M, Sadowski W, Kościelska B. The influence of nanostructure size on V2O5electrochemical properties as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra05695d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of the V2O5nanostructure size on the aggregation process and their electrochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Prześniak-Welenc
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics
- Gdansk University of Technology
- 80-233 Gdansk
- Poland
| | - J. Karczewski
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics
- Gdansk University of Technology
- 80-233 Gdansk
- Poland
| | | | - M. Łapiński
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics
- Gdansk University of Technology
- 80-233 Gdansk
- Poland
| | - W. Sadowski
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics
- Gdansk University of Technology
- 80-233 Gdansk
- Poland
| | - B. Kościelska
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics
- Gdansk University of Technology
- 80-233 Gdansk
- Poland
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15
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Paczesny J, Wolska-Pietkiewicz M, Binkiewicz I, Wróbel Z, Wadowska M, Matuła K, Dzięcielewski I, Pociecha D, Smalc-Koziorowska J, Lewiński J, Hołyst R. Towards Organized Hybrid Nanomaterials at the Air/Water Interface Based on Liquid-Crystal/ZnO Nanocrystals. Chemistry 2015; 21:16941-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Siekacz M, Szańkowska MŁ, Feduniewicz-Zmuda A, Smalc-Koziorowska J, Cywiński G, Grzanka S, Wasilewski ZR, Grzegory I, Łucznik B, Porowski S, Skierbiszewski C. InGaN light emitting diodes for 415 nm-520 nm spectral range by plasma assisted MBE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pssc.200880973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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