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Batra J, Topkara V, Clerkin K, Latif F, Fried J, Raikhelkar J, Lotan D, Donald E, Lumish H, Oh K, Yuzefpolskaya M, Colombo P, Lin E, Sayer G, Uriel N. Multi-Organ Transplantation in Hiv-Positive Recipients - Patient Characteristics and Outcomes. J Heart Lung Transplant 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2023.02.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
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2
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Concha D, Chung A, Lumish H, Batra J, Sayer G, Clerkin K, Raikhelkar J, Colombo P, Naka Y, Latif F, Takeda K, Fried J, Yuzefpolskaya M, Kaku Y, Uriel N. Actual-to-Expected Advanced Heart Failure Therapy Utilization in the United States by Race/Ethnicity. J Heart Lung Transplant 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2023.02.532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
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3
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Lotan D, Moeller C, Rubinstein G, Rosenblum H, DeFilippis E, Clerkin K, Raikhelkar J, Batra J, Oh K, Lin E, Fried J, Latif F, Kennel P, McLeod J, Colombo P, Lee S, Topkara V, Yuzefpolskaya M, Sayer G, Uriel N. Against All Odds - Transplanting Against 100% Reactive Antibodies and the Role of Non-Invasive Monitoring. J Heart Lung Transplant 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2023.02.1228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
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4
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Slomovich S, Rubinstein G, Moeller C, Lotan D, Mehlman Y, Donald E, Batra J, Oren D, Oh K, Clerkin K, Fried J, DeFilippis E, Topkara V, Kleet A, Colombo P, Yuzefpolskaya M, Lin E, Lee S, Majure D, Latif F, Sayer G, Uriel N, Raikhelkar J. Donor-Derived Cell-Free DNA in Cancer Survivors Following Heart Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2023.02.580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
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5
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Batra J, Rosenblum H, DeFilippis E, Donald E, Clerkin K, Topkara V, Lee S, Latif F, Yuzefpolskaya M, Colombo P, Oh K, Lotan D, Raikhelkar J, Sayer G, Uriel N. Characteristics and Outcomes of Multiple Cardiac Re-Transplant Recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2023.02.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
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Wu X, Liyanage C, Plan M, Stark T, McCubbin T, Barrero RA, Batra J, Crawford R, Xiao Y, Prasadam I. Dysregulated energy metabolism impairs chondrocyte function in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2022; 31:613-626. [PMID: 36410637 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Metabolic pathways are a series of chemical reactions by which cells take in nutrient substrates for energy and building blocks needed to maintain critical cellular processes. Details of chondrocyte metabolism and how it rewires during the progression of osteoarthritis (OA) are unknown. This research aims to identify what changes in the energy metabolic state occur in OA cartilage. METHODS Patient matched OA and non-OA cartilage specimens were harvested from total knee replacement patients. Cartilage was first collected for metabolomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics analyses to study global alterations in OA metabolism. We then determined the metabolic routes by tracking [U-13C] isotope with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). We further evaluated cellular bioenergetic profiles by measuring oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and investigated the effects of low-dose and short-term effects of 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) on chondrocytes. RESULTS OA chondrocytes showed increased basal ECAR and more lactate production compared to non-OA chondrocytes. [U-13C] glucose labelling revealed that less glucose-derived carbon entered the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. On the other hand, mitochondrial respiratory rates were markedly decreased in the OA chondrocytes compared to non-OA chondrocytes. These changes were accompanied by decreased cellular ATP production, mitochondrial membrane potential and disrupted mitochondrial morphology. We further demonstrated in vitro that short-term inhibition of glycolysis suppressed matrix degeneration gene expression in chondrocytes and bovine cartilage explants cultured under inflammatory conditions. CONCLUSION This study represents the first comprehensive comparative analysis of metabolism in OA chondrocytes and lays the groundwork for therapeutic targeting of metabolism in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wu
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - C Liyanage
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - M Plan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Metabolomics Australia (Queensland Node), AIBN, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - T Stark
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Metabolomics Australia (Queensland Node), AIBN, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - T McCubbin
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Metabolomics Australia (Queensland Node), AIBN, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - R A Barrero
- eResearch Office, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - J Batra
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - R Crawford
- The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Brisbane, QLD 4032, Australia
| | - Y Xiao
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - I Prasadam
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia.
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Golob S, Uriel M, Batra J, Gaine M, Clerkin K, Raikhelkar J, Fried J, Griffin J, Restaino S, Lee S, Majure D, Yuzefpolskaya M, Colombo P, Latif F, Pereira M, Choe J, Jennings D, Sayer G, Uriel N. Use of Letermovir for Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Prophylaxis in Orthotopic Heart Transplant Recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2022.01.1380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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8
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Zabidi N, Chai J, Batra J, Misuan N, Yap M, Lal S. Heat Shock Proteins and Their Interplay to Control Influenza A Virus Replication. Int J Infect Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.12.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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9
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Argiro A, Rosenblum H, Griffin J, Batra J, Cappelli F, Burkhoff D, Maurer M, Olivotto I. Sex related differences in exercise performance in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: hemodynamic insights through non-invasive pressure volume analysis. Eur Heart J 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab724.1558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Women with HCM have worse cardiopulmonary exercise performance compared to men. We used non-invasive pressure-volume (PV) analysis to delineate sex related hemodynamic differences in HCM.
Methods
PV loops were constructed from echocardiograms using left ventricular (LV) volumes indexed to body surface area, Doppler estimates of LV end-diastolic pressure and blood pressure. The end-systolic PV relationship (ESPVR) and end-diastolic PV relationship (EDPVR) were derived from validated single-beat techniques. The area between the ESPVR and EDPVR (isovolumetric PV area), was indexed to an LV end-diastolic pressure of 30mmHg (PVAiso30), as the integrated metric of LV function. LV volume at an end-diastolic pressure of 30mmHg (V30) indexed ventricular capacity.
Results
202 patients were included, 56 women. Women were older (51 vs 44 yrs, p=0.012) and had reduced exercise capacity (5.6 vs 6.9 METs, p<0.001). Only 32 patients (16%) had a peak gradient >30mmHg at rest with no sex differences. Women had significantly lower indexed PVAiso30 (6577 vs 7767 mmHg·mL/m2, p<0.001) driven by reduced ventricular capacitance (V30 54 vs 62 ml/m2, p<0.001). In multivariable linear regression indexed V30 was an independent predictor of exercise capacity.
Conclusion
Impaired exercise capacity in women with HCM appears strongly related to abnormalities in passive diastolic properties, suggesting a unique pathophysiology compared to men, and a potential difference in viable therapeutic molecular targets
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: None.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Argiro
- Careggi University Hospital (AOUC), Cardiomyopathy Unit, Heart, Lung and Vessels Department, Florence, Italy
| | - H Rosenblum
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center-NYP Hospital, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - J Griffin
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center-NYP Hospital, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - J Batra
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center-NYP Hospital, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - F Cappelli
- Careggi University Hospital (AOUC), Cardiomyopathy Unit, Heart, Lung and Vessels Department, Florence, Italy
| | - D Burkhoff
- Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, United States of America
| | - M Maurer
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center-NYP Hospital, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - I Olivotto
- Careggi University Hospital (AOUC), Cardiomyopathy Unit, Heart, Lung and Vessels Department, Florence, Italy
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10
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Tsimbalyuk S, Smith KM, Edwards MR, Cross EM, Batra J, Soares da Costa TP, Aragão D, Basler CF, Forwood JK. Understanding viral host interactions that modulate nuclear transport and innate immunity. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2021. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767321095817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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11
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Golob S, Batra J, Godfrey S, Slomovich S, Fried J, Clerkin K, Griffin J, Takeda K, Naka Y, Topkara V, Habal M, Latif F, Restaino S, Farr M, Yuzefpolskaya M, Colombo P, Sayer G, Uriel N, Raikhelkar J. Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Cancer Survivors Undergoing Heart Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2021.01.777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Batra J, Truby L, Garan R, Haythe J, Lin E, Axsom K, Yuzefpolskaya M, Colombo P, Sayer G, Takayama H, Takeda K, Naka Y, Farr M, Uriel N, Topkara V. C-reactive Protein Levels Predict Right Ventricular Failure and Mortality in Patients Undergoing Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device Assist Device Implantation: An INTERMACS Analysis. J Heart Lung Transplant 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2020.01.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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13
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Batra J, Marshall D, Jennings D, Truby L, DeFilippis E, Malick A, Butler C, Griffin J, Masoumi A, Clerkin K, Raikhelkar J, Fried J, Yuzefpolskaya M, Colombo P, Sayer G, Takayama H, Takeda K, Naka Y, Farr M, Topkara V, Uriel N. Elevated Serum C-reactive Protein (CRP) Level Predicts Increased Post-Implant Mortality in Patients Undergoing HeartMate 3 LVAD Implantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2020.01.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Rose AM, Krishan A, Chakarova CF, Moya L, Chambers SK, Hollands M, Illingworth JC, Williams SMG, McCabe HE, Shah AZ, Palmer CNA, Chakravarti A, Berg JN, Batra J, Bhattacharya SS. MSR1 repeats modulate gene expression and affect risk of breast and prostate cancer. Ann Oncol 2019; 29:1292-1303. [PMID: 29509840 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MSR1 repeats are a 36-38 bp minisatellite element that have recently been implicated in the regulation of gene expression, through copy number variation (CNV). Patients and methods Bioinformatic and experimental methods were used to assess the distribution of MSR1 across the genome, evaluate the regulatory potential of such elements and explore the role of MSR1 elements in cancer, particularly non-familial breast cancer and prostate cancer. Results MSR1s are predominately located at chromosome 19 and are functionally enriched in regulatory regions of the genome, particularly regions implicated in short-range regulatory activities (H3K27ac, H3K4me1 and H3K4me3). MSR1-regulated genes were found to have specific molecular roles, such as serine-protease activity (P = 4.80 × 10-7) and ion channel activity (P = 2.7 × 10-4). The kallikrein locus was found to contain a large number of MSR1 clusters, and at least six of these showed CNV. An MSR1 cluster was identified within KLK14, with 9 and 11 copies being normal variants. A significant association with the 9-copy allele and non-familial breast cancer was found in two independent populations (P = 0.004; P = 0.03). In the white British population, the minor allele conferred an increased risk of 1.21-3.51 times for all non-familial disease, or 1.7-5.3 times in early-onset disease. The 9-copy allele was also found to be associated with increased risk of prostate cancer in an independent population (odds ratio = 1.27-1.56; P =0.009). Conclusions MSR1 repeats act as molecular switches that modulate gene expression. It is likely that CNV of MSR1 will affect risk of development of various forms of cancer, including that of breast and prostate. The MSR1 cluster at KLK14 represents the strongest risk factor identified to date in non-familial breast cancer and a significant risk factor for prostate cancer. Analysis of MSR1 genotype will allow development of precise stratification of disease risk and provide a novel target for therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Rose
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - A Krishan
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, CABIMER, Seville, Spain
| | - C F Chakarova
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - L Moya
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane; Cancer Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane
| | - S K Chambers
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport; Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Council Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - M Hollands
- UCL Medical School, University College London, London
| | | | | | - H E McCabe
- Clinical Genetics, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee
| | - A Z Shah
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - C N A Palmer
- Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, Ninewells Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - A Chakravarti
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - J N Berg
- Clinical Genetics, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee
| | - J Batra
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane; Cancer Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane
| | - S S Bhattacharya
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK; Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, CABIMER, Seville, Spain
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Batra J, Jennings D, Garan A, Truby L, Latif F, Restaino S, Haythe J, Yuzefpolskaya M, Takeda K, Takayama H, Naka Y, Colombo P, Farr M, Topkara V. Outcomes after Early Initiation of mTOR-Inhibitors in Adult Cardiac Transplant Recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2019.01.695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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16
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Tagawa S, Scherr D, Batra J, Jhanwar Y, Robinson B, Nanus D, Beltran H, Molina A, Christos P, Bander N. Anti-prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) monoclonal antibody (mAb) J591 immunotherapy for prostate cancer. Ann Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw372.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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17
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Batra J, Tjong H, Zhou HX. Electrostatic effects on the folding stability of FKBP12. Protein Eng Des Sel 2016; 29:301-308. [PMID: 27381026 PMCID: PMC4955870 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzw014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The roles of electrostatic interactions in protein folding stability have been a matter of debate, largely due to the complexity in the theoretical treatment of these interactions. We have developed computational methods for calculating electrostatic effects on protein folding stability. To rigorously test and further refine these methods, here we carried out experimental studies into electrostatic effects on the folding stability of the human 12-kD FK506 binding protein (FKBP12). This protein has a close homologue, FKBP12.6, with amino acid substitutions in only 18 of their 107 residues. Of the 18 substitutions, 8 involve charged residues. Upon mutating FKBP12 residues at these 8 positions individually into the counterparts in FKBP12.6, the unfolding free energy (ΔGu) of FKBP12 changed by -0.3 to 0.7 kcal/mol. Accumulating stabilizing substitutions resulted in a mutant with a 0.9 kcal/mol increase in stability. Additional charge mutations were grafted from a thermophilic homologue, MtFKBP17, which aligns to FKBP12 with 31% sequence identity over 89 positions. Eleven such charge mutations were studied, with ΔΔGu varying from -2.9 to 0.1 kcal/mol. The predicted electrostatic effects by our computational methods with refinements herein had a root-mean-square deviation of 0.9 kcal/mol from the experimental ΔΔGu values on 16 single mutations of FKBP12. The difference in ΔΔGu between mutations grafted from FKBP12.6 and those from MtFKBP17 suggests that more distant homologues are less able to provide guidance for enhancing folding stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotica Batra
- Department of Physics and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
- Present address: Department of Chemistry and Physics, Bellarmine University, 2001 Newburg Road, Louisville, KY40205, USA
| | - Harianto Tjong
- Department of Physics and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
- Present address: Molecular and Computational Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Huan-Xiang Zhou
- Department of Physics and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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Batra J, Attresh G, Garg B. Response to "Transpalatal screw traction: a simple technique for the management of sagittal fractures of the maxilla and palate". Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015; 44:670-1. [PMID: 25684351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Batra
- Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Pt. B.D Sharma UHS, Rohtak, Haryana India.
| | - G Attresh
- Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Pt. B.D Sharma UHS, Rohtak, Haryana India
| | - B Garg
- Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Pt. B.D Sharma UHS, Rohtak, Haryana India
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Mehner C, Batra J, Robinson J, Radisky DC, Radisky ES. Abstract 5069: Engineering TIMP-1 for selective MMP inhibition and future use as a protein therapeutic. Tumour Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-5069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Batra J, Soares AS, Mehner C, Radisky ES. Matrix metalloproteinase-10/TIMP-2 structure and analyses define conserved core interactions and diverse exosite interactions in MMP/TIMP complexes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75836. [PMID: 24073280 PMCID: PMC3779175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play central roles in vertebrate tissue development, remodeling, and repair. The endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) regulate proteolytic activity by binding tightly to the MMP active site. While each of the four TIMPs can inhibit most MMPs, binding data reveal tremendous heterogeneity in affinities of different TIMP/MMP pairs, and the structural features that differentiate stronger from weaker complexes are poorly understood. Here we report the crystal structure of the comparatively weakly bound human MMP-10/TIMP-2 complex at 2.1 Å resolution. Comparison with previously reported structures of MMP-3/TIMP-1, MT1-MMP/TIMP-2, MMP-13/TIMP-2, and MMP-10/TIMP-1 complexes offers insights into the structural basis of binding selectivity. Our analyses identify a group of highly conserved contacts at the heart of MMP/TIMP complexes that define the conserved mechanism of inhibition, as well as a second category of diverse adventitious contacts at the periphery of the interfaces. The AB loop of the TIMP N-terminal domain and the contact loops of the TIMP C-terminal domain form highly variable peripheral contacts that can be considered as separate exosite interactions. In some complexes these exosite contacts are extensive, while in other complexes the AB loop or C-terminal domain contacts are greatly reduced and appear to contribute little to complex stability. Our data suggest that exosite interactions can enhance MMP/TIMP binding, although in the relatively weakly bound MMP-10/TIMP-2 complex they are not well optimized to do so. Formation of highly variable exosite interactions may provide a general mechanism by which TIMPs are fine-tuned for distinct regulatory roles in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotica Batra
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alexei S. Soares
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, United States of America
| | - Christine Mehner
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Evette S. Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Batra J, Szabó A, Caulfield TR, Soares AS, Sahin-Tóth M, Radisky ES. Long-range electrostatic complementarity governs substrate recognition by human chymotrypsin C, a key regulator of digestive enzyme activation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:9848-9859. [PMID: 23430245 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.457382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human chymotrypsin C (CTRC) is a pancreatic serine protease that regulates activation and degradation of trypsinogens and procarboxypeptidases by targeting specific cleavage sites within their zymogen precursors. In cleaving these regulatory sites, which are characterized by multiple flanking acidic residues, CTRC shows substrate specificity that is distinct from that of other isoforms of chymotrypsin and elastase. Here, we report the first crystal structure of active CTRC, determined at 1.9-Å resolution, revealing the structural basis for binding specificity. The structure shows human CTRC bound to the small protein protease inhibitor eglin c, which binds in a substrate-like manner filling the S6-S5' subsites of the substrate binding cleft. Significant binding affinity derives from burial of preferred hydrophobic residues at the P1, P4, and P2' positions of CTRC, although acidic P2' residues can also be accommodated by formation of an interfacial salt bridge. Acidic residues may also be specifically accommodated in the P6 position. The most unique structural feature of CTRC is a ring of intense positive electrostatic surface potential surrounding the primarily hydrophobic substrate binding site. Our results indicate that long-range electrostatic attraction toward substrates of concentrated negative charge governs substrate discrimination, which explains CTRC selectivity in regulating active digestive enzyme levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotica Batra
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - András Szabó
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Thomas R Caulfield
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Alexei S Soares
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
| | - Miklós Sahin-Tóth
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118.
| | - Evette S Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224.
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22
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Batra J, Robinson J, Mehner C, Hockla A, Miller E, Radisky DC, Radisky ES. PEGylation extends circulation half-life while preserving in vitro and in vivo activity of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1). PLoS One 2012; 7:e50028. [PMID: 23185522 PMCID: PMC3502186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess proteolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) contributes to the development of arthritis, cardiovascular diseases and cancer progression, implicating these enzymes as therapeutic targets. While many small molecule inhibitors of MMPs have been developed, clinical uses have been limited, in part by toxicity and off-target effects. Development of the endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) as recombinant biopharmaceuticals represents an alternative therapeutic approach; however, the short plasma half-life of recombinant TIMPs has restricted their potential in this arena. To overcome this limitation, we have modified recombinant human TIMP-1 (rhTIMP-1) by PEGylation on lysine residues. We analyzed a mixture of mono- and di-PEGylated rhTIMP-1 species modified by attachment of 20 kDa mPEG chains (PEG(20K)-TIMP-1), as confirmed by SELDI-TOF mass spectrometry. This preparation retained complete inhibitory activity toward the MMP-3 catalytic domain and partial inhibitory activity toward full length MMP-9. Pharmacokinetic evaluation showed that PEGylation extended the plasma half-life of rhTIMP-1 in mice from 1.1 h to 28 h. In biological assays, PEG(20K)-TIMP-1 inhibited both MMP-dependent cancer cell invasion and tumor cell associated gelatinase activity. Overall these results suggest that PEGylated TIMP-1 exhibits improved potential for development as an anti-cancer recombinant protein therapeutic, and additionally may offer potential for clinical applications in the treatment of other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotica Batra
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jessica Robinson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Christine Mehner
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Hockla
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Erin Miller
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Derek C. Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Evette S. Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
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23
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Justilien V, Regala RP, Tseng IC, Walsh MP, Batra J, Radisky ES, Murray NR, Fields AP. Abstract LB-204: Matrix metalloproteinase-10 is required for lung cancer stem cell maintenance, tumor initiation and metastatic potential. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-lb-204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase 10 (Mmp10; stromelysin 2) is a member of a large family of structurally related matrix metalloproteinases, many members of which have been implicated in tumor progression, invasion and metastasis. However, emerging evidence suggests a possible role for Mmps in tumor initiation. Here we reveal an unexpected role for Mmp10 in the maintenance and tumorigenicity of mouse lung cancer stem-like cells (CSC). Mouse lung cancer cell cultures enriched in stem-like cells grow as undifferentiated tumor “oncospheres” that express elevated levels of the cancer stem cell markers Aldh1, CD133, Nanog, Notch3, Notch 4, Hey 1 and Hey 2. These cells also express elevated levels of Mmp10 mRNA and secrete elevated levels of Mmp10 protein. Functionally, these lung CSCs exhibit self-renewal, the ability to clonally expand, enhanced transforming potential in vitro, and enhanced tumorigenic properties when injected orthotopically into the lungs of syngeneic mice. RNAi-mediated knockdown of Mmp10 in these cells leads to a loss of stem cell marker gene expression and a dramatic inhibition of oncosphere growth, clonal expansion, transformed growth in vitro, and lung tumor formation and metastasis in vivo. In contrast, oncospheres implanted into syngeneic non-transgenic or Mmp10−/− mice show no significant difference in tumor initiation, growth or metastasis, demonstrating the importance of Mmp10 produced by cancer cells rather than the tumor microenvironment in lung tumor initiation and maintenance. Analysis of gene expression data from human tumors demonstrates that Mmp10 is elevated in many human tumor types including lung, head and neck, esophageal, colon, breast, melanoma, bladder, cervical, ovarian, prostate and brain. Furthermore, gene set enhancement analysis (GSEA) demonstrates that elevated Mmp10 expression correlates with tumor metastasis and with cancer stem-like genomic signatures in human lung tumors. Thus, Mmp10 is required for maintenance of a highly tumorigenic, cancer-initiating, metastatic stem-like cell population in lung cancer. Our data demonstrate for the first time that Mmp10 is a critical lung cancer stem cell gene and novel therapeutic target for lung cancer stem cells.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-204. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-204
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Batra J, Robinson J, Soares AS, Fields AP, Radisky DC, Radisky ES. Matrix metalloproteinase-10 (MMP-10) interaction with tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases TIMP-1 and TIMP-2: binding studies and crystal structure. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:15935-46. [PMID: 22427646 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.341156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase 10 (MMP-10, stromelysin-2) is a secreted metalloproteinase with functions in skeletal development, wound healing, and vascular remodeling; its overexpression is also implicated in lung tumorigenesis and tumor progression. To understand the regulation of MMP-10 by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), we have assessed equilibrium inhibition constants (K(i)) of putative physiological inhibitors TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 for the active catalytic domain of human MMP-10 (MMP-10cd) using multiple kinetic approaches. We find that TIMP-1 inhibits the MMP-10cd with a K(i) of 1.1 × 10(-9) M; this interaction is 10-fold weaker than the inhibition of the similar MMP-3 (stromelysin-1) catalytic domain (MMP-3cd) by TIMP-1. TIMP-2 inhibits the MMP-10cd with a K(i) of 5.8 × 10(-9) M, which is again 10-fold weaker than the inhibition of MMP-3cd by this inhibitor (K(i) = 5.5 × 10(-10) M). We solved the x-ray crystal structure of TIMP-1 bound to the MMP-10cd at 1.9 Å resolution; the structure was solved by molecular replacement and refined with an R-factor of 0.215 (R(free) = 0.266). Comparing our structure of MMP-10cd·TIMP-1 with the previously solved structure of MMP-3cd·TIMP-1 (Protein Data Bank entry 1UEA), we see substantial differences at the binding interface that provide insight into the differential binding of stromelysin family members to TIMP-1. This structural information may ultimately assist in the design of more selective TIMP-based inhibitors tailored for specificity toward individual members of the stromelysin family, with potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotica Batra
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA
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25
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Kote-Jarai Z, Amin Al Olama A, Leongamornlert D, Tymrakiewicz M, Saunders E, Guy M, Giles GG, Severi G, Southey M, Hopper JL, Sit KC, Harris JM, Batra J, Spurdle AB, Clements JA, Hamdy F, Neal D, Donovan J, Muir K, Pharoah PDP, Chanock SJ, Brown N, Benlloch S, Castro E, Mahmud N, O'Brien L, Hall A, Sawyer E, Wilkinson R, Easton DF, Eeles RA. Identification of a novel prostate cancer susceptibility variant in the KLK3 gene transcript. Hum Genet 2011; 129:687-94. [PMID: 21465221 PMCID: PMC3092928 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-011-0981-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 30 prostate cancer (PrCa) susceptibility loci. One of these (rs2735839) is located close to a plausible candidate susceptibility gene, KLK3, which encodes prostate-specific antigen (PSA). PSA is widely used as a biomarker for PrCa detection and disease monitoring. To refine the association between PrCa and variants in this region, we used genotyping data from a two-stage GWAS using samples from the UK and Australia, and the Cancer Genetic Markers of Susceptibility (CGEMS) study. Genotypes were imputed for 197 and 312 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from HapMap2 and the 1000 Genome Project, respectively. The most significant association with PrCa was with a previously unidentified SNP, rs17632542 (combined P = 3.9 × 10−22). This association was confirmed by direct genotyping in three stages of the UK/Australian GWAS, involving 10,405 cases and 10,681 controls (combined P = 1.9 × 10−34). rs17632542 is also shown to be associated with PSA levels and it is a non-synonymous coding SNP (Ile179Thr) in KLK3. Using molecular dynamic simulation, we showed evidence that this variant has the potential to introduce alterations in the protein or affect RNA splicing. We propose that rs17632542 may directly influence PrCa risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Kote-Jarai
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK.
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26
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Abstract
The crowded environments inside cells can have significant effects on the folding stability and other biophysical properties of proteins. In this study on how macromolecular crowding affects protein folding, we took a significant step toward realistically mimicking intracellular environments by using a mixture of two crowding agents, Ficoll and dextran. We found that the mixed crowding exerts a greater stabilizing effect than the sum of the two individual crowding agents. Therefore, the composition of crowders, not just the total concentration, has a significant influence on the effects of crowding on protein folding. Since the composition of intracellular macromolecules varies within the lifetime of a cell, our finding may provide an explanation for age being an important risk factor for protein aggregation-related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotica Batra
- Department of Physics and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
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27
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Batra J, Xu K, Qin S, Zhou HX. Effect of macromolecular crowding on protein binding stability: modest stabilization and significant biological consequences. Biophys J 2009; 97:906-11. [PMID: 19651049 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Macromolecular crowding has long been known to significantly affect protein oligomerization, and yet no direct quantitative measurements appear to have been made of its effects on the binding free energy of the elemental step of adding a single subunit. Here, we report the effects of two crowding agents on the binding free energy of two subunits in the Escherichia coli polymerase III holoenzyme. The crowding agents are found, paradoxically, to have only a modest stabilizing effect, of the order of 1 kcal/mol, on the binding of the two subunits. Systematic variations in the level of stabilization with crowder size are nevertheless observed. The data are consistent with theoretical predictions based on atomistic modeling of excluded-volume interactions with crowders. We reconcile the apparent paradox presented by our data by noting that the modest effects of crowding on elemental binding steps are cumulative, and thus lead to substantial stabilization of higher oligomers. Correspondingly, the effects of small variations in the level of crowding during the lifetime of a cell may be magnified, suggesting that crowding may play a role in increased susceptibility to protein aggregation-related diseases with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotica Batra
- Department of Physics and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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28
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Batra J, Xu K, Zhou HX. Effect of Macromolecular Crowding on Protein Folding Stability. Biophys J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2008.12.3081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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29
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Tjong H, Batra J, Zhou HX. Computational Model to Predict Folding Stability of FKBP. Biophys J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2008.12.1497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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30
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Batra J, Pratap Singh T, Mabalirajan U, Sinha A, Prasad R, Ghosh B. Association of inducible nitric oxide synthase with asthma severity, total serum immunoglobulin E and blood eosinophil levels. Thorax 2006. [DOI: 10.1136/thx.2005.057935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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31
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Chatterjee R, Batra J, Kumar A, Mabalirajan U, Nahid S, Niphadkar PV, Ghosh B. Interleukin-10 promoter polymorphisms and atopic asthma in North Indians. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 35:914-9. [PMID: 16008678 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine primarily produced by monocytes and macrophages and plays a key role in asthma. IL10 gene, present in chromosome 1q31-q32, is regulated primarily by transcription and its expression is found to be lower in asthmatics. Earlier studies in diverse populations have identified several promoter polymorphisms. However, no study has been carried out in a genetically untapped large population from the Indian Subcontinent. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of the IL10 promoter polymorphisms and asthma in the North Indian population. METHODS The association study was conducted in a case-control as well as in a family-based design. Polymorphism at -1082 A/G, -819 C/T and -592 C/A nucleotides were genotyped in ethnically matched unrelated patients (N=272), unrelated controls (N=307) and nuclear families (N=164). RESULTS A suggestive evidence of association was obtained for -1082 A/G polymorphism at the level of alleles and genotypes with asthma in the case-control study (P=0.03). A three-locus haplotype (ATA) was found to be more in asthmatics than in control individuals (P=0.0085). On the other hand, a novel haplotype ATC was found to be more in controls than in asthmatics (P=0.012). These results were further tested in a family-based study. A deviation of transmission was observed for the -1082 A/G polymorphism (P=0.003). The ATA haplotype showed a preferential transmission in asthmatics (P=0.03), while the GCC and a novel ATC haplotype showed preferential non-transmission in asthmatic individuals (P=0.03 and 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Using both case-control and family studies, we provide suggestive evidence that the ATA haplotype is positively, whereas GCC and a novel ATC haplotypes of IL10 gene are negatively associated with asthma in Indian population. Our results are interesting enough as to intensify further research to elucidate the functional significance of these single-nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes in asthma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chatterjee
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi, India
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32
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Batra J, Sharma M, Chatterjee R, Sharma S, Mabalirajan U, Ghosh B. CCR5 Delta32 deletion and atopic asthma in India. Thorax 2005; 60:85. [PMID: 15618591 PMCID: PMC1747173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
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33
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Bhatia A, Bhatia V, Batra J, Mahajan DS, Bal BS, Batra KS. Congenital valvular aortic and pulmonary stenosis. J Assoc Physicians India 1998; 46:566-7. [PMID: 11273263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Bhatia
- Guru Nanak Dev Hospital, Medical College, Amritsar, 143001, Punjab-India
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Fischer PH, Bird RE, Kasprzyk PG, King CR, Turner NA, Pastan I, Kihara A, Batra J. In vitro and in vivo activity of a recombinant toxin, OLX-209, which targets the erbB-2 oncoprotein. Adv Enzyme Regul 1994; 34:119-28. [PMID: 7942269 DOI: 10.1016/0065-2571(94)90012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OLX-209 has readily measurable activity, is safe in experimental animals, and is efficacious in model systems. These results support the concept of OLX-209 and provide groundwork for further development of this oncoprotein targeted agent.
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