Remote EPID-based dosimetric auditing using DVH patient dose analysis

Objective.The aim of this work was to develop and validate a method for remote dosimetric auditing that enables dose-volume histogram parameter comparisons of measured and planned dose in the patient CT volume.Approach. The method is derived by adapting and combining a remote electronic portal imaging (EPID) based auditing method (Virtual Epid based Standard Phantom Audit-VESPA) and a method to estimate 3D in-patient dose distributions from planar dosimetric measurements. The method was tested with a series of error-induced plans including monitor unit and multileaf collimator (MLC) positioning errors. A pilot audit study was conducted with eleven radiotherapy centres. IMRT plans from two clinical trials, a post-prostatectomy (RAVES trial) plan and a head and neck (HPV trial) plan were utilized. Clinically relevant DVH parameters for the planned dose and estimated measured dose were compared.Main results. The method was found to reproduce the induced dose errors within 0.5% and was sensitive to MLC positioning errors as small as 0.5 mm. For the RAVES plan audit all DVH results except one were within 3% and for the HPV plan audit all DVH results were within 3% except three with a maximum difference of 3.2%.Significance. The results from the audit method produce clinically meaningful DVH metrics for the audited plan and could enable an improved understanding of a centre's radiotherapy quality.

Irreversible electron attachment – a key to DNA damage by solvated electrons in aqueous solution

In an aqueous solution trinucleotides labeled with bromonucleobases are damaged by ionizing radiation induced electrons while native trimers are insensitive to electrons under the same conditions.

Photo-oxidation of methionine-containing peptides by the 4-carboxybenzophenone triplet state in aqueous solution. Competition between intramolecular two-centered three-electron bonded (S...S)+ and (S...N)+ formation

Quantum yields for the formation of transients were measured following the quenching of triplet 4-carboxy-benzophenone (3CB*) by methionine-containing peptides in aqueous solutions. Ketyl radicals (CBH.), ketyl radical anions (CB.-) and various sulfur radical cations were identified following the triplet-quenching events. The presence of these intermediates indicated that the triplet-quenching mechanism can be characterized as mainly electron-transfer in nature. The quenching rate constants were of the order of 2 x 10(9) M-1 s-1. There were small, but significant, differences in the triplet-quenching rate constants, and these trends indicate the existence of multiple sulfur targets in the quenchers. The absorption of the transient products was followed in detail by using spectral-resolution analysis. From the absorption data, quantum yields were estimated for the formation of the various transients. There were differences found in the yields of the transient products between the experiments, where the quenchers were the "mixed" stereoisomers of methionylmethionine (L,D and D,L) and experiments where the quenchers were L,L and D,D stereoisomers. Triplet-quenching data from several other methionine-containing small oligopeptides were analyzed in an analogous manner. Systematic variations were observed, and these patterns were discussed in terms of competitive donation of protons to the CB.- within the charge-transfer complex. The competition was between protons on carbons adjacent to the sulfur-radical center and protons on the protonated amino groups of the radical cation. In addition, there was a competition between the two intramolecular two-centered, three-electron bonded species (S therefore S)+ and (S therefore N)+ that play roles in the secondary kinetics.

Reduction of selected oligopeptides containing methionine induced by hydrated electrons

Bimolecular rate constants for the reaction of the hydrated electron with zwitterionic forms of several linear oligopeptides containing methionine were determined using the pulse radiolysis technique. The rate constants were found to vary in the range of (0.2-1.2) x 10(9) M(-1) s(-1). The reactivity of the peptides toward e(aq)- is governed by the pKa of the N-terminal amino group and the number of peptide bonds. At a fixed number of peptide bonds, the reactivity increases with the pKa, and for a given N-terminal amino acid residue, it increases with the number of peptide bonds. For the linear peptides the observed transient spectra are assigned to deaminated oligopeptide radicals, *CHRCONH approximately, obtained due to rapid deamination of the corresponding electron adducts formed initially. The radicals derived from oligopeptides containing methionine at the N-terminus absorb at approximately 400 nm with extinction coefficients of approximately 1300+/-150 M(-1) cm(-1). Their absorption maxima are shifted hypsochromically by approximately 30 nm with respect to those derived from oligopeptides with glycine at the N-terminus. The e(aq)- reacts with cyclic Met-Met, k = 2.0 x 10(9) M(-1) s(-1), probably by addition to the carbonyl bond, forming an adduct absorbing below 250 nm with epsilon250 = 2300+/-250 M(-1) cm(-1).

Pulse radiolysis studies of intramolecular electron transfer in model peptides and proteins. 7. Trp-->TyrO radical transformation in hen egg-white lysozyme. Effects of pH, temperature, Trp62 oxidation and inhibitor binding

Intramolecular long-range electron transfer (LRET) in hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL) accompanying Trp-->TyrO radical transformation was investigated in aqueous solution by pulse radiolysis as a function of pH (5.2-7.4) and temperature (283-328 K). The reaction was induced by highly selective oxidation of Trp with N3 radicals under low concentration of the reactants but at a high HEWL/N3 molar ratio, so that more than 99% of the oxidized protein molecules contained only a single tryptophyl radical. Synchronous decay of Trp and build-up of TyrO conformed satisfactorily to first-order kinetics, indicating that LRET involved either one or more Trp./Tyr redox pairs characterized by similar rate constants. The rate constant of LRET, k5, increased monotonously with decreasing pH showing the following characteristics: (i) in the pH range 7.4-5.2 the plot of k5 against pH was sigmoidal in shape, reflecting protonation of Glu35 (pKa approximately 6) and pointing to involvement of conformational control of the kinetics of LRET, (ii) below pH 5.2 a sharp increase in k5 was observed due to the protonation of Trp to form TrpH.+, which is known to oxidize tyrosine faster than does Trp.. Arrhenius plots of the temperature-dependence of k5 showed that the activation energy of LRET varies both with temperature and the protonation state of the enzyme. The activation energies are in the range 7.6-56.0 kJ mol-1, and are similar to those for activation of amide hydrogen exchange in native HEWL below its denaturation temperature. Selective oxidation by ozone of the Trp62 indole side-chain in HEWL to N'-formylkynurenine (NFKyn62-HEWL) caused a large drop in the initial yield of Trp. radicals, G(Trp.)i. This was accompanied by a relatively small decrease in k5 but selective oxidation by ozone had a pronounced effect on its temperature-dependence. Taken together these observations indicate that of the six tryptophans present in HEWL Trp62 contributes about 50% to the yield of the observed LRET. In the enzyme-inhibitor complex, HEWL(GlcNAc)3, where Trp62 and Trp63 are completely shielded from the solvent by the bound triacetylchitotriose, G(Trp.)i was lower than in NFKyn62-HEWL, and both the kinetic and energetic characteristics of LRET, observed at pH 5.2, were again somewhat different than in HEWL alone. Considering known solvent accessibilities of tryptophans in the complex, the observed LRET process in HEWL(GlcNAc)3 was assigned to Trp123. Theoretical evaluation of the electronic coupling for the dominant LRET pathways between all the potential Trp/Tyr redox couples in HEWL, with help of the PATHWAYS model, enabled Trp623/Tyr53, Trp63/Tyr53 and Trp123/Tyr23 to be identified as the pairs involved in the experimentally observed electron transfer.

Pulse radiolysis studies of intramolecular electron transfer in model peptides and proteins. IV. Met/S:.Br-->Tyr/O. radical transformation in aqueous solution of H-Tyr-(Pro)n-Met-OH peptides

The intramolecular radical transformation Met/S:.Br-->Tyr/O. in aqueous peptides H-Tyr-(Pro)n-Met-OH, n = 0-3, was investigated in the temperature range of 283-328 K by pulse radiolysis. Corresponding first-order rate constants and thermodynamic parameters of activation of electron transfer, Ea and delta S++, were determined from kinetic data. The rate constants of the reaction were found to decrease exponentially with the number of Pro units and the distance between CR atoms of the terminal amino acids, with a correlation coefficient alpha = 3.2 +/- 0.5 nm-1 at 298 K. Its value appeared to be temperature dependent suggesting the occurrence of thermally induced conformational changes in the peptides. Analysis of experimental data in terms of known conformational properties of the peptides indicates that apparent values of alpha, Ea and delta S++ are probably complicated functions of conformation and thermodynamic stability of the oligoproline bridge, varying with the number of Pro residues, and of intramolecular hydrophobic interactions between side chains of tyrosine and methionine. Estimation of the relative efficiency of electron transfer pathways through the peptide backbone and through direct and/or water mediated contact between groups bearing radical sites led to the conclusion that partitioning of electron transfer along these pathways is likely to occur.

Conformational interpretation of intramolecular electron transfer in Met5-enkephalins between Tyr and Met(S:.Br) radical

Mean distances between C beta atoms of redox centers and mean values of the exponentially distance dependent rate constants for intramolecular electron transfer, (k), in aqueous solution were calculated for Met5-enkephalin and its D-Ala2 analogue using the molecular mechanics and Monte Carlo techniques. The ratio of (k) values thus obtained proved similar to that determined experimentally for intramolecular electron transfer accompanying Met(S:.Br)----TyrO.radical transformation in these two peptides. This agreement indicates that the almost 2-fold difference observed between experimental k values for Met5-enkephalin and its D-Ala2 analogue can be attributed to the effect of Gly2 for D-Ala2 replacement on the average separation of the redox centers.

Intramolecular electron transfer in peptides containing methionine, tryptophan and tyrosine: a pulse radiolysis study

The kinetics of pulse radiolytically induced intramolecular radical transformations: Trp/N.----Tyr/O., Tyr/O.----Trp/N., Met/S therefore Br----Trp/N. and Met/S therefore Br----Tyr/O. has been investigated at various pH levels and temperatures in model peptides: Trp-(Pro)n-Tyr, Trp-(Gly)n-Tyr, Trp-(Pro)n-Met (n = 0-3), Tyr-Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 x 2AcOH, Met5-enkephaline and [D-Ala]2Met5-enkephaline. The rate constants of the Trp/N.----Tyr/O. transformation at pH 8 were found to decrease exponentially with the distance between Trp and Tyr in the proline peptides, while in the glycine peptides the rate of the transformation is less dependent on the number of bridging glycine residues. The activation energies determined fall into the range 10-20 kJ mol-1 irrespective of: (i) the ionization state of tryptophyl radical and tyrosine, (ii) type of bridging amino acids, and (iii) reversal of the direction of the electron transfer upon tyrosine OH group ionization. The activation entropies at 298 K for the peptides of the glycine and proline series are negative and rather high, and fall into the relatively narrow range of -90 to -140 J mol-1 deg-1. These activation parameters seem to indicate that a tunnelling mechanism is involved in the electron transfer between strictly oriented aromatic moieties of Trp and Tyr. The variation of the activation parameters with average separation distance in the case of Trp-(Pro)n-Tyr shows a predominance of the electronic factor over the nuclear in determining the distance dependence of the electron transfer rate. The intramolecular Met/S therefore Br----Tyr/O. transfer proceeds with the rate constant of 1.1 x 10(5) s-1 in Met5-enkephaline and 5.7 x 10(4) s-1 in [D-Ala]2Met5-enkephaline. The activation parameters for this transformation Ea = 30 kJ mol-1 and delta S298 = -62 J mol-1 deg-1 are close to those of the Trp/N.----Tyr/O. transformation, suggesting a similar mechanism for the electron transfer.

Temperature dependence of intramolecular electron transfer as a probe for predenaturational changes in lysozyme

Intramolecular electron transfer in hen egg-white lysozyme between tryptophan and tyrosine units was investigated by means of pulse radiolysis in the temperature range 288-333 K. An Arrhenius plot for the kinetics of this process shows a sharp break at approximately 303 K (30 degrees C) compatible with the trend noted earlier (cf P. Jolles, et al. BBA, 491, 354, (1977)) on the Arrhenius plot for kinetics of bacterial substrate digestion by lysozyme. The departure from linearity of the Arrhenius plot for intramolecular electron transfer is interpreted in terms of local intralobe fluctuations of the native structure of lysozyme. It is suggested that such an approach can be useful for probing predenaturational changes in proteins.

Formation of three-electron bonds in one-electron oxidized methionine dipeptides: a pulse radiolytic study

One electron oxidation of methionine dipeptides (Met-X and X-Met, where X = Gly or Ser) was carried out using the pulse radiolysis technique. It was apparent that the mode of oxidative action of OH radicals on methionine dipeptides was governed by the sequence of amino acids. Spectral evidence suggests that an intramolecular three-electron bond between nitrogen and sulphur atoms is not formed if these two atoms are separated by a peptide bond.

Intermolecular charge transfer involving tryptophan, tyrosine and three electron-bonded intermediates derived from methionine

Oxidation processes of radiation-generated three-electron-bonded intermediates derived from methionine Met2[S+...S] and Met[S...X] (X=Cl,Br) were investigated through reaction with tryptophan and tyrosine, using the optical pulse radiolysis method. Bimolecular rate constants have been measured for the reactions Met2[S+...S] with TrpH(k=3.8 x 10(8) dm3 mol-1 s-1 and k = 4.9 X 10(8) dm3 mol-1 s-1 at at ph 1 and 4.3, respectively) and Met2[S+...S] with tyrosine, k=3.8 x 10(7) dm3 mol-1 s-1. Rate constants for intermolecular transformation of Met[S...Br] and Met[S...Cl] into TrpH+. or Trp. were also estimated. They varied from 4.7 X 10(8) dm3 mol-1 s-1 (bromide species) to 1.0 X 10(9)dm3 mol-1 s-1 (chloride species). It has also been established azide radicals N-6, N.3 in contrast to dihalide radicals (X-2) do not form transients of Met[S...X] (X = N3)-type. However, oxidation of N-3 by Met2[S+...S] occurs with a bimolecular rate constant of 2.8 X 10(8) dm3 mol-1 s-1. These results are discussed in the light of some equilibria which have been proposed earlier for methionine-halide systems.