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Stelzenmüller V, Cormier R, Gee K, Shucksmith R, Gubbins M, Yates KL, Morf A, Nic Aonghusa C, Mikkelsen E, Tweddle JF, Pecceu E, Kannen A, Clarke SA. Evaluation of marine spatial planning requires fit for purpose monitoring strategies. J Environ Manage 2021; 278:111545. [PMID: 33202370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Marine spatial planning (MSP) has rapidly become the most widely used integrated, place-based management approach in the marine environment. Monitoring and evaluation of MSP is key to inform best practices, adaptive management and plan iteration. While standardised evaluation frameworks cannot be readily applied, accounting for evaluation essentials such as the definition of evaluation objectives, indicators and stakeholder engagement of stakeholders is a prerequisite for meaningful evaluation outcomes. By way of a literature review and eleven practical MSP case studies, we analysed present day trends in evaluation approaches and unravelled the adoption of evaluation essentials for three categories for monitoring and evaluation for plan making, plan outcomes, and policy implementation. We found that at a global scale the focus of MSP evaluation has shifted over the past decade from evaluating predominantly plan outcomes towards the evaluation of plan making. Independent of the scope of the evaluation, evaluation approaches varied greatly from formal and structured processes, building for instance on MSP goals and objectives, to informal processes based on stakeholder interviews. We noted a trend in the adoption of formalised approaches where MSP evaluations have increasingly become linked to MSP policy goals and objectives. However, the enhanced use of MSP objectives and indicators did not result in a more straightforward reporting of outcomes, e.g. such as the achievement of specific MSP objectives. Overall, we found weak linkages between defined MSP objectives, indicators and available monitoring data. While the apparent shift towards a focus on objectives is promising, we highlight the need of fit-for-purpose monitoring data to enable effective evaluation of those objectives. Hence, effective MSP and adaptive management processes require customised and concurrent monitoring and evaluation strategies and procedures. We argue that evaluation processes would also benefit from a better understanding of the general environmental, socio-economic and socio-cultural effects of MSP. Therefore, to understand better environmental effects of MSP, we praise that forthcoming MSP processes need to deepen the understanding and considerations of cause-effect pathways between human activities and changes of ecosystem state through the adoption of targeted cumulative effects assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Stelzenmüller
- Thünen Institute of Sea Fisheries, Herwigstraße 31, Bremerhaven, 27572, Germany.
| | - R Cormier
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute for Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Geesthacht, 21502, Germany
| | - K Gee
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute for Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Geesthacht, 21502, Germany
| | - R Shucksmith
- NAFC Marine Centre UHI, Scalloway, Shetland, ZE1 0UN, UK
| | - M Gubbins
- Marine Scotland, Marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, UK
| | - K L Yates
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, UK; ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - A Morf
- Swedish Institute for the Marine Environment, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C Nic Aonghusa
- Marine Institute, Renville, Oranmore, Co., Galway, H91 R673, Ireland
| | - E Mikkelsen
- Nofima, Postboks 6122 Langnes, Tromsø, 9291, Norway
| | - J F Tweddle
- Cruickshank Building, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, St Machar Dr, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
| | - E Pecceu
- Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Ankerstraat 1, Ostend, 8400, Belgium
| | - A Kannen
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute for Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Geesthacht, 21502, Germany
| | - S A Clarke
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk, NE33 0HT, UK
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Yates JA, Saliba EK, Yates KL, Schmitz K, Othman M, Higashi GI. Course of infection and humoral response to Leishmania major in inbred Meriones unguiculatus. J Parasitol 1989; 75:942-5. [PMID: 2614604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous species of Meriones have been incriminated as natural reservoir hosts of Leishmania major in Mongolia, Soviet Asia, Afghanistan, the Middle East, and North Africa. However, little is known about the immunological response or course of infection in these small rodents. In this study, 40 commercially obtained inbred Meriones unguiculatus were divided into equal groups and injected in the right hind footpad with various doses of L. major promastigotes or with medium only. At regular intervals, blood was collected from the animals for subsequent evaluation of the kinetics of anti-L. major serum antibody production. Footpad lesions were measured periodically for 13 wk, beginning just before infection. The humoral response to infection and the course and severity of disease were dose related. However, metastasis lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and secondary cutaneous sites occurred at each of the doses tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Yates
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48063
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