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Mihara K, Kanemoto I, Sato K, Yasuhira Y, Watanabe I, Misumi K. Corrigendum to 'Echocardiographic evaluation of deformity and enlargement of the canine mitral valve annulus associated with myxomatous degenerative mitral valve disease' [J Vet Cardiol (2021) 37, 8-17]. J Vet Cardiol 2023; 45:1-2. [PMID: 36512887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Mihara
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 8900065, Japan; Chayagasaka Animal Hospital, 1-1-5 Shin-nishi, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 4640003, Japan.
| | - I Kanemoto
- Chayagasaka Animal Hospital, 1-1-5 Shin-nishi, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 4640003, Japan
| | - K Sato
- Chayagasaka Animal Hospital, 1-1-5 Shin-nishi, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 4640003, Japan
| | - Y Yasuhira
- Chayagasaka Animal Hospital, 1-1-5 Shin-nishi, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 4640003, Japan
| | - I Watanabe
- Chayagasaka Animal Hospital, 1-1-5 Shin-nishi, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 4640003, Japan
| | - K Misumi
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 8900065, Japan
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Mihara K, Kanemoto I, Sato K, Yasuhira Y, Watanabe I, Misumi K. Echocardiographic evaluation of deformity and enlargement of the canine mitral valve annulus associated with myxomatous degenerative mitral valve disease. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 37:8-17. [PMID: 34507141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES Quantitative evaluation of the morphology of the mitral valve annulus (MVA) in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) may improve the techniques of mitral valve plasty. This study aimed to compare the MVA morphology on echocardiography in normal dogs and dogs with MMVD and to compare the echocardiographic and intraoperative measurements of the MVA in dogs with MMVD. ANIMALS, MATERIALS AND METHODS The study population comprised 59 healthy dogs (control group) and 371 dogs with MMVD (MMVD group). The anterior-posterior diameter and transversal diameter (TD) of the MVA and the aortic annulus diameter were measured by echocardiography to calculate the mitral valve flattening ratio, mitral annulus area (MAA), mitral annulus circumference (MAC), contraction ratio of the MAA and aortic annulus area. In the MMVD group, the mitral annulus diameter (MAD) was macroscopically measured during mitral valve plasty. Areas and lengths were divided by the body surface area (BSA) and √BSA, respectively, for comparative analyses. RESULTS The systolic and diastolic anterior-posterior diameter/√BSA, transversal diameter/√BSA, MAA/BSA converted to a natural logarithm (Ln(MAA/BSA)), and MAC/√BSA was significantly higher in the MMVD group than the control group, whereas flattening ratio values and contraction ratio of the MAA was significantly lower. Neither the aortic annulus diameter /√BSA nor the Ln(aortic annulus area/BSA) significantly differed between groups. In the MMVD group, diastolic MAC/√BSA and MAA/BSA correlated significantly with the MAD/√BSA. CONCLUSIONS The MVA is larger and rounder in dogs with MMVD than controls. Two-dimensional echocardiographic measures of MAA and MAC correlate well with intraoperative measures of MAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mihara
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 8900065, Japan; Chayagasaka Animal Hospital, 1-1-5 Shin-nishi, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 4640003, Japan.
| | - I Kanemoto
- Chayagasaka Animal Hospital, 1-1-5 Shin-nishi, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 4640003, Japan
| | - K Sato
- Chayagasaka Animal Hospital, 1-1-5 Shin-nishi, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 4640003, Japan
| | - Y Yasuhira
- Chayagasaka Animal Hospital, 1-1-5 Shin-nishi, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 4640003, Japan
| | - I Watanabe
- Chayagasaka Animal Hospital, 1-1-5 Shin-nishi, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 4640003, Japan
| | - K Misumi
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 8900065, Japan
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Fekete E, Amat CB, Allain T, Hollenberg M, Mihara K, Chadee K, Buret A. A50 MODULATION OF GOBLET CELL ACTIVITY DURING GIARDIA DUODENALIS INFECTION: A ROLE FOR PAR2. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwab002.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Giardia duodenalis has been shown to alter the structure of the intestinal mucus layers during infection via obscure mechanisms. We hypothesize that goblet cell activity may be disrupted in part due to proteolytic activation of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) by Giardia proteases, resulting in disruption of mucus production and secretion by intestinal goblet cells.
Aims
Characterize alterations in goblet cell activity during Giardia infection, focusing on the roles of Giardia protease activity and PAR2.
Methods
Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with nano-luciferase tagged PAR2 were incubated with Giardia NF or GSM trophozoites. Cleavage within the activation domain results in release of enzymes into the supernatant. Luminescence in the supernatant was measured as an indication of PAR cleavage by Giardia.
LS174T, a human colonic mucus-producing cell line, was infected with Giardia trophozoites (isolates NF, WB, S2, and GSM). Prior to infection, trophozoites were treated with E64, a broad-spectrum cysteine protease inhibitor, and LS174T were treated with a PAR2 antagonist, a calcium chelator, or an ERK1/2 inhibitor. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed for the MUC2 mucin gene.
Wild-type (WT) and PAR2 knockout (KO) mice were infected with Giardia. Colonic mucus was stained using fluorescein-coupled wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA), and qPCR was performed for Muc2 and Muc5ac.
Results
Giardia trophozoites cleaved PAR2 within the N-terminal activation domain in a cysteine protease-dependent manner. Cleavage was isolate dependent, with isolates that show higher protease activity cleaving at a higher rate.
High protease activity Giardia isolates increased MUC2 gene expression in LS714T. This increase was attenuated by inhibition of Giardia cysteine protease activity, and by antagonism of PAR2, inhibition of calcium release, or inhibition of ERK1/2 activity in LS174T cells.
Both Muc2 and Muc5ac expression were upregulated in the colons of WT mice in response to Giardia infection, while in the jejunum Muc2 expression decreased and Muc5ac expression increased. In KO, no changes in gene expression were seen in the colon in response to Giardia infection, while in the jejunum, Muc2 expression was unchanged and Muc5ac expression decreased. Both WT infected and KO noninfected mice showed thinning of the colonic mucus layer compared to WT controls. There was some recovery in thickness in KO infected mice.
Conclusions
PAR2 plays a significant role in the regulation of mucin gene expression in mice and in a human colonic cell line. Results suggest that Giardia cysteine proteases cleave and activate PAR2, leading to calcium release and activation of the MAPK pathway in goblet cells, ultimately leading to altered mucin gene expression. Findings identify a novel regulatory pathway for mucus production by intestinal goblet cells.
Funding Agencies
CAG, CCC
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fekete
- Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - C B Amat
- Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - T Allain
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - M Hollenberg
- Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - K Mihara
- Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - K Chadee
- Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - A Buret
- Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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de Lima SG, Eskaros A, Mihara K, Saifeddine M, Zijlstra A, Hyndman ME, Hollenberg MD. Organotypic & in vitro monolayer modeling of urothelial carcinoma gives different cellular responses to proteinase activated receptor (PAR) agonism/antagonism. Urol Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2020.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kondo T, Tanaka M, Yamataka K, Kikuchi Y, Mihara K, Shito M. Laparoscopic reversal of Hartmann's procedure using the reverse transrectal stapling technique. Tech Coloproctol 2020; 24:1309-1310. [PMID: 32683597 DOI: 10.1007/s10151-020-02302-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Kondo
- Department of Surgery, Kawasaki Municipal Hospital, 12-1 Shinkawadori Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0013, Japan.
| | - M Tanaka
- Department of Surgery, Kawasaki Municipal Hospital, 12-1 Shinkawadori Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0013, Japan. .,Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - K Yamataka
- Department of Surgery, Kawasaki Municipal Hospital, 12-1 Shinkawadori Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0013, Japan
| | - Y Kikuchi
- Department of Surgery, Kawasaki Municipal Hospital, 12-1 Shinkawadori Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0013, Japan
| | - K Mihara
- Department of Surgery, Kawasaki Municipal Hospital, 12-1 Shinkawadori Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0013, Japan
| | - M Shito
- Department of Surgery, Kawasaki Municipal Hospital, 12-1 Shinkawadori Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0013, Japan
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Petrushina I, Litvinenko VN, Jing Y, Ma J, Pinayev I, Shih K, Wang G, Wu YH, Altinbas Z, Brutus JC, Belomestnykh S, Di Lieto A, Inacker P, Jamilkowski J, Mahler G, Mapes M, Miller T, Narayan G, Paniccia M, Roser T, Severino F, Skaritka J, Smart L, Smith K, Soria V, Than Y, Tuozzolo J, Wang E, Xiao B, Xin T, Ben-Zvi I, Boulware C, Grimm T, Mihara K, Kayran D, Rao T. High-Brightness Continuous-Wave Electron Beams from Superconducting Radio-Frequency Photoemission Gun. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 124:244801. [PMID: 32639812 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.244801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Continuous-wave photoinjectors operating at high accelerating gradients promise to revolutionize many areas of science and applications. They can establish the basis for a new generation of monochromatic x-ray free electron lasers, high-brightness hadron beams, or a new generation of microchip production. In this Letter we report on the record-performing superconducting rf electron gun with CsK_{2}Sb photocathode. The gun is generating high charge electron bunches (up to 10 nC/bunch) and low transverse emittances, while operating for months with a single photocathode. This achievement opens a new era in generating high-power beams with a very high average brightness.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Petrushina
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - V N Litvinenko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Y Jing
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - J Ma
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - I Pinayev
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - K Shih
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - G Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Y H Wu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Z Altinbas
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - J C Brutus
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - S Belomestnykh
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - A Di Lieto
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - P Inacker
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - J Jamilkowski
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - G Mahler
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - M Mapes
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - T Miller
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - G Narayan
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - M Paniccia
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - T Roser
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - F Severino
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - J Skaritka
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - L Smart
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - K Smith
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - V Soria
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Y Than
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - J Tuozzolo
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - E Wang
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - B Xiao
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - T Xin
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - I Ben-Zvi
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - C Boulware
- Niowave Inc., Lansing, Michigan 48906, USA
| | - T Grimm
- Niowave Inc., Lansing, Michigan 48906, USA
| | - K Mihara
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - D Kayran
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - T Rao
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
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Polley DJ, Mihara K, Ramachandran R, Vliagoftis H, Renaux B, Saifeddine M, Daines MO, Boitano S, Hollenberg MD. Cockroach allergen serine proteinases: Isolation, sequencing and signalling via proteinase-activated receptor-2. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47:946-960. [PMID: 28317204 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergy to the German cockroach (Blattella germanica) is a significant asthma risk factor for inner-city communities. Cockroach, like other allergens, contains trypsin-like enzyme activity that contributes to allergenicity and airway inflammation by activating proteinase-activated receptors (PARs). To date, the enzymes responsible for the proteolytic activity of German cockroach allergen have not been characterized. OBJECTIVES We aimed to identify, isolate and characterize the trypsin-like proteinases in German cockroach allergen extracts used for clinical skin tests. For each enzyme, we sought to determine (1) its substrate and inhibitor enzyme kinetics (Km and IC50), (2) its amino acid sequence and (3) its ability to activate calcium signalling and/or ERK1/2 phosphorylation via PAR2. METHODS Using a trypsin-specific activity-based probe, we detected three distinct enzymes that were isolated using ion-exchange chromatography. Each enzyme was sequenced by mass spectometery (deconvoluted with an expressed sequence tag library), evaluated kinetically for its substrate/inhibitor profile and assessed for its ability to activate PAR2 signalling. FINDINGS Each of the three serine proteinase activity-based probe-labelled enzymes isolated was biochemically distinct, with different enzyme kinetic profiles and primary amino acid sequences. The three enzymes showed a 57%-71% sequence identity with a proteinase previously cloned from the American cockroach (Per a 10). Each enzyme was found to activate both Ca++ and MAPK signalling via PAR2. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE We have identified three different serine proteinases from the German cockroach that may, via PAR2 activation, play different roles for allergen sensitization in vivo and may represent attractive therapeutic targets for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Polley
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - K Mihara
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - R Ramachandran
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - H Vliagoftis
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - B Renaux
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - M Saifeddine
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - M O Daines
- Asthma & Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - S Boitano
- Asthma & Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - M D Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Aoki T, Shimada K, Suzuki R, Izutsu K, Tomita A, Maeda Y, Takizawa J, Mitani K, Igarashi T, Sakai K, Miyazaki K, Mihara K, Ohmachi K, Nakamura N, Takasaki H, Kiyoi H, Nakamura S, Kinoshita T, Ogura M. High-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation for relapsed/refractory primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma. Blood Cancer J 2015; 5:e372. [PMID: 26636287 PMCID: PMC4735068 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2015.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T Aoki
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya Daini Red Cross Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - K Shimada
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - R Suzuki
- Cancer Center, Shimane University Hospital, Izumo, Japan
| | - K Izutsu
- Department of Hematology, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Tomita
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Y Maeda
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - J Takizawa
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | - K Mitani
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - T Igarashi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Gunma Cancer Center, Oota, Japan
| | - K Sakai
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - K Miyazaki
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - K Mihara
- Department of Hematology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - K Ohmachi
- Department of Hematology, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - N Nakamura
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - H Takasaki
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - H Kiyoi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - S Nakamura
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - T Kinoshita
- Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - M Ogura
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya Daini Red Cross Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Tokai Central Hospital, Kakamigahara, Japan
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Hollenberg MD, Mihara K, Polley D, Suen JY, Han A, Fairlie DP, Ramachandran R. Biased signalling and proteinase-activated receptors (PARs): targeting inflammatory disease. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1180-94. [PMID: 24354792 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it has been known since the 1960s that trypsin and chymotrypsin can mimic hormone action in tissues, it took until the 1990s to discover that serine proteinases can regulate cells by cleaving and activating a unique four-member family of GPCRs known as proteinase-activated receptors (PARs). PAR activation involves the proteolytic exposure of its N-terminal receptor sequence that folds back to function as a 'tethered' receptor-activating ligand (TL). A key N-terminal arginine in each of PARs 1 to 4 has been singled out as a target for cleavage by thrombin (PARs 1, 3 and 4), trypsin (PARs 2 and 4) or other proteases to unmask the TL that activates signalling via Gq , Gi or G12 /13 . Similarly, synthetic receptor-activating peptides, corresponding to the exposed 'TL sequences' (e.g. SFLLRN-, for PAR1 or SLIGRL- for PAR2) can, like proteinase activation, also drive signalling via Gq , Gi and G12 /13 , without requiring receptor cleavage. Recent data show, however, that distinct proteinase-revealed 'non-canonical' PAR tethered-ligand sequences and PAR-activating agonist and antagonist peptide analogues can induce 'biased' PAR signalling, for example, via G12 /13 -MAPKinase instead of Gq -calcium. This overview summarizes implications of this 'biased' signalling by PAR agonists and antagonists for the recognized roles the PARs play in inflammatory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Hollenberg
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Nemoto K, Mihara K, Nakamura A, Nagai G, Kagawa S, Suzuki T, Kondo T. Effects of escitalopram on plasma concentrations of aripiprazole and its active metabolite, dehydroaripiprazole, in Japanese patients. Pharmacopsychiatry 2014; 47:101-4. [PMID: 24764200 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1372644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The effects of escitalopram (10 mg/d) coadministration on plasma concentrations of aripiprazole and its active metabolite, dehydroaripiprazole, were studied in 13 Japanese psychiatric patients and compared with those of paroxetine (10 mg/d) coadministration. METHODS The patients had received 6-24 mg/d of aripiprazole for at least 2 weeks. Patients were randomly allocated to one of 2 treatment sequences: paroxetine-escitalopram (n=6) or escitalopram-paroxetine (n=7). Each sequence consisted of two 2-week phases. Plasma concentrations of aripiprazole and dehydroaripiprazole were measured using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. RESULTS Plasma concentrations of aripiprazole and the sum of aripiprazole and dehydroaripiprazole during paroxetine coadministration were 1.7-fold (95% confidence intervals [CI], 1.3-2.1, p<0.001) and 1.5-fold (95% CI 1.2-1.9, p<0.01) higher than those values before the coadministration. These values were not influenced by escitalopram coadministration (1.3-fold, 95% CI 1.1-1.5 and 1.3-fold, 95% CI 1.0-1.5). Plasma dehydroaripiprazole concentrations remained constant during the study. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that low doses of escitalopram can be safely coadministered with aripiprazole, at least from a pharmacokinetic point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nemoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - K Mihara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - A Nakamura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - G Nagai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - S Kagawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - T Suzuki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - T Kondo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
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Mihara K, Sugiura T, Okamura Y, Kanemoto H, Mizuno T, Moriguchi M, Aramaki T, Uesaka K. A predictive factor of insufficient liver regeneration after preoperative portal vein embolization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 51:118-28. [PMID: 24247292 DOI: 10.1159/000356368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preoperative portal vein embolization (PVE) is performed to enhance the future remnant liver function (FRLF) and volume (FRLV). However, the volume of the nonembolized liver does not increase enough in some patients, which results in an insufficient FRLF. The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictors of insufficient FRLF after PVE for extended hepatectomy. METHODS This retrospective study included 172 patients (107 patients with cholangiocarcinoma, 40 patients with metastatic liver cancer and 25 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma) who underwent PVE before extended hepatectomy. The total liver function was evaluated by measuring the indocyanine green plasma clearance rate (KICG). Computed tomography volumetry was conducted to evaluate the total liver volume and FRLV. The KICG of the future remnant liver (remK) was calculated using the following formula: KICG × FRLV/total liver volume. The safety margin for hepatectomy was set at remK after PVE (post-PVE remK) ≥ 0.05. RESULTS One hundred and twenty-three patients with a post-PVE remK level of >0.05 underwent hepatectomy without postoperative liver failure [sufficient liver regeneration (SLR) group], and 9 patients with a post-PVE remK level of <0.05 did not due to insufficient FRLF [insufficient liver regeneration (ILR) group]. In the SLR group, the KICG values did not change after PVE (median, 0.144-0.146, p = 0.523); however, the %FRLV and remK increased significantly (35.0-44.3%, p < 0.001 and 0.0488-0.0610, p < 0001, respectively). In contrast, in the ILR group, the KICG values decreased significantly (0.128-0.108, p = 0.021) and the %FRLV increased marginally (27.4-32.6%, p = 0.051). As a result, the remK did not increase significantly (0.0351-0.0365, p = 0.213). A receiver operating characteristic curve demonstrated an remK value of 0.04 obtained before PVE (pre-PVE remK) to be the optimal cutoff point for defective liver regeneration. The univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that a pre-PVE remK value of <0.04 was a factor for ILR. It was also correlated with postoperative liver failure in the analysis of the patients who underwent hepatectomy. CONCLUSIONS The patients in the ILR group did not achieve SLR after PVE due to a significant decrease in the KICG and an insufficient increase in %FRLV. A pre-PVE remK value of <0.04 is a useful predictor of insufficient regeneration of the nonembolized liver, even after PVE.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mihara
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
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12
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Mihara K, Elliott G, Boots A, Nelissen R. Inhibition of p38 kinase suppresses the development of psoriasis-like lesions in a human skin transplant model of psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2012; 167:455-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Li Y, Mihara K, Saifeddine M, Krawetz A, Lau DCW, Li H, Ding H, Triggle CR, Hollenberg MD. Perivascular adipose tissue-derived relaxing factors: release by peptide agonists via proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) and non-PAR2 mechanisms. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:1990-2002. [PMID: 21615723 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We hypothesized that proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2)-mediated vasorelaxation in murine aorta tissue can be due in part to the release of adipocyte-derived relaxing factors (ADRFs). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Aortic rings from obese TallyHo and C57Bl6 intact or PAR2-null mice either without or with perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) were contracted with phenylephrine and relaxation responses to PAR2-selective activating peptides (PAR2-APs: SLIGRL-NH(2) and 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-NH(2) ), trypsin and to PAR2-inactive peptides (LRGILS-NH(2) , 2-furoyl-OLRGIL-NH(2) and LSIGRL-NH(2) ) were measured. Relaxation was monitored in the absence or presence of inhibitors that either alone or in combination were previously shown to inhibit ADRF-mediated responses: L-NAME (NOS), indomethacin (COX), ODQ (guanylate cyclase), catalase (H(2) O(2) ) and the K(+) channel-targeted reagents, apamin, charybdotoxin, 4-aminopyridine and glibenclamide. KEY RESULTS Endothelium-intact PVAT-free preparations did not respond to PAR2-inactive peptides (LRGILS-NH(2) , LSIGRL-NH(2) , 2-furoyl-OLRGIL-NH(2) ), whereas active PAR2-APs (SLIGRL-NH(2) ; 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-NH(2) ) caused an L-NAME-inhibited relaxation. However, in PVAT-containing preparations treated with L-NAME/ODQ/indomethacin together, both PAR2-APs and trypsin caused relaxant responses in PAR2-intact, but not PAR2-null-derived tissues. The PAR2-induced PVAT-dependent relaxation (SLIGRL-NH(2) ) persisted in the presence of apamin plus charybdotoxin, 4-aminopyridine and glibenclamide, but was blocked by catalase, implicating a role for H(2) O(2) . Surprisingly, the PAR2-inactive peptides, LRGILS-NH(2) and 2-furoyl-OLRGIL-NH(2) (but not LSIGRL-NH(2) ), caused relaxation in PVAT-containing preparations from both PAR2-null and PAR2-intact (C57Bl, TallyHo) mice. The LRGILS-NH(2) -induced relaxation was distinct from the PAR2 response, being blocked by 4-aminopyridine, but not catalase. CONCLUSIONS Distinct ADRFs that may modulate vascular tone in pathophysiological settings can be released from murine PVAT by both PAR2-dependent and PAR2-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
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14
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Mihara K, Bhattacharyya J, Kitanaka A, Yanagihara K, Kubo T, Takei Y, Asaoku H, Takihara Y, Kimura A. T-cell immunotherapy with a chimeric receptor against CD38 is effective in eliminating myeloma cells. Leukemia 2011; 26:365-7. [PMID: 21836610 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Fujita T, Kinukawa T, Hattori R, Suzuki A, Ishida S, Kimura T, Kato M, Tsuji Y, Kodera M, Mihara K. Successful Renal Transplantation for a Patient With Pyoderma Gangrenosum. Transplant Proc 2009; 41:437-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mihara K, Takihara Y, Kimura A. Genetic and epigenetic alterations in myelodysplastic syndrome. Cytogenet Genome Res 2007; 118:297-303. [DOI: 10.1159/000108313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/09/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Chowdhury M, Mihara K, Yasunaga S, Ohtaki M, Takihara Y, Kimura A. Expression of Polycomb-group (PcG) protein BMI-1 predicts prognosis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2007; 21:1116-22. [PMID: 17377594 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Bellot G, Cartron PF, Er E, Oliver L, Juin P, Armstrong LC, Bornstein P, Mihara K, Manon S, Vallette FM. TOM22, a core component of the mitochondria outer membrane protein translocation pore, is a mitochondrial receptor for the proapoptotic protein Bax. Cell Death Differ 2006; 14:785-94. [PMID: 17096026 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of Bax with mitochondria is an essential step in the implementation of apoptosis. By using a bacterial two-hybrid assay and crosslinking strategies, we have identified TOM22, a component of the translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM), as a mitochondrial receptor of Bax. Peptide mapping showed that the interaction of Bax with TOM22 involved the first alpha helix of Bax and possibly two central alpha helices, which are homologous to the pore forming domains of some toxins. Antibodies directed against TOM22 or an antisense knockdown of the expression of TOM22 specifically inhibited the association of Bax with mitochondria and prevented Bax-dependent apoptosis. In yeast, a haploid strain for TOM22 exhibited a decreased expression of TOM22 and mitochondrial association of ectopically expressed human Bax. Our data provide a new perspective on the mechanism of association of Bax with mitochondria as it involves a classical import pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bellot
- INSERM U601, Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes Cedex, France
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Aoki T, Tomiyama Y, Honda S, Mihara K, Yamanaka T, Okubo M, Moriguchi A, Mutoh S. Association of the antagonism of von Willebrand factor but not fibrinogen by platelet alphaIIbbeta3 antagonists with prolongation of bleeding time. J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3:2307-14. [PMID: 16150045 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The alphaIIbbeta3 antagonists inhibit platelet aggregation and are used as antithrombotic agents for cardiothrombotic disease. The present study investigates the correlation of inhibition of fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor (VWF) binding by alphaIIbbeta3 antagonists with the inhibition of platelet aggregation and prolongation of bleeding time (BT). METHODS Inhibition of fibrinogen and VWF binding were assessed in a purified alphaIIbbeta3-binding assay. As an in vitro cell-based assay, platelet aggregation and VWF-mediated adhesion studies were performed using human platelets. In vivo effects on BT were measured using a template device in dogs at the same time as an ex vivo aggregation study was performed. RESULTS In vitro studies demonstrated that the antiaggregatory effects of alphaIIbbeta3 antagonists correlate with their inhibition of fibrinogen binding, but not VWF. Interestingly, the effects of alphaIIbbeta3 antagonists on BT could be differentiated from the inhibition of platelet aggregation. Furthermore, this differentiation was strongly correlated with the different inhibitory potencies between fibrinogen and VWF binding, as well as that between VWF-mediated adhesion and aggregation. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides novel evidence showing that the inhibitory effect of alphaIIbbeta3 antagonists on VWF, but not fibrinogen binding, correlates with their ability to prolong BT.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Aoki
- Medicinal Biology, Research Laboratories, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Kashima, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, Japan.
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20
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Abstract
Despite extensive study since the early 1980s, the mechanism by which newly synthesized protein precursors are unfolded in the cytoplasm and targeted correctly to the mitochondrial surface prior to translocation through the mitochondrial membranes is understood poorly. Recently, an N-ethylmaleimide (NEM)-sensitive cytoplasmic factor called mitochondrial import stimulation factor (MSF), which catalyses the ATP-dependent unfolding of precursor proteins, was described. Unlike the more general chaperone proteins of the hsp70 families, MSF not only unfolds proteins but also targets the unfolded precursor proteins to the mitochondria. Here, Mihara and Omura summarize what is known about MSF and speculate on how it, and other cytoplasmic factors, may be involved in mitochondrial import.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mihara
- Dept of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Fukuoka 812, Japan
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21
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Mihara K, Nakaju N, Hidani S, Chowdhury M, Ihara A, Hyodo H, Yasunaga S, Takihara Y, Kimura A. O-10 Bmi-1 expression predicts the progression of leukemic stem cells and prognosis in myelodysplastic syndrome. Leuk Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(05)80009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The itch sensation and the resultant response, scratching, are important symptoms of atopic dermatitis (AD) and have a significant impact on the quality of life of affected patients. However, the influence of the itch-scratch response on the pathology of AD has not been precisely elucidated. OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of scratching behaviour in the development of spontaneous dermatitis using conventionally raised NC/Nga mice (Conv-NC mice), which are known to be an animal model for human AD. METHODS Capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves of the mice were ablated by neonatal capsaicin treatment (Cap-NC mice), and the development of spontaneous dermatitis in the Cap-NC mice was compared chronologically with that in Conv-NC mice. RESULTS Scratching behaviour was almost completely prevented in Cap-NC mice raised for 84 days under conventional conditions, and the development of dermatitis and elevation of the serum IgE level were significantly suppressed. Histological analysis revealed that the numbers of infiltrating eosinophils and mast cells in the lesional skin of Cap-NC mice were lower than those in Conv-NC mice. Immunological studies showed that the capability of spleen T cells to produce both T-helper (Th) 1 (interferon-gamma) and Th2 [interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13] cytokines was diminished in Cap-NC mice. Furthermore, serum levels of IL-18 were approximately twice higher in Conv-NC mice than in Cap-NC mice. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that scratching behaviour contributes to the development of dermatitis by enhancing various immunological responses in the murine AD model, implying that prevention of the itch sensation and/or itch-associated scratching behaviour is an effective treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mihara
- R&D Laboratories, Nippon Organon K.K., 5-90 Tomobuchi-cho 1-chome, Miyakojima-Ku, Osaka 534-0016, Japan
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23
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Imai C, Mihara K, Andreansky M, Nicholson IC, Pui CH, Geiger TL, Campana D. Chimeric receptors with 4-1BB signaling capacity provoke potent cytotoxicity against acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2004; 18:676-84. [PMID: 14961035 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 564] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To develop a therapy for drug-resistant B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), we transduced T lymphocytes with anti-CD19 chimeric receptors, consisting of an anti-CD19 single-chain variable domain (reactive with most ALL cases), the hinge and transmembrane domains of CD8alpha, and the signaling domain of CD3zeta. We compared the antileukemic activity mediated by a novel receptor ('anti-CD19-BB-zeta') containing the signaling domain of 4-1BB (CD137; a crucial molecule for T-cell antitumor activity) to that of a receptor lacking costimulatory molecules. Retroviral transduction produced efficient and durable receptor expression in human T cells. Lymphocytes expressing anti-CD19-BB-zeta receptors exerted powerful and specific cytotoxicity against ALL cells, which was superior to that of lymphocytes with receptors lacking 4-1BB. Anti-CD19-BB-zeta lymphocytes were remarkably effective in cocultures with bone marrow mesenchymal cells, and against leukemic cells from patients with drug-resistant ALL: as few as 1% anti-CD19-BB-zeta-transduced T cells eliminated most ALL cells within 5 days. These cells also expanded and produced interleukin-2 in response to ALL cells at much higher rates than those of lymphocytes expressing equivalent receptors lacking 4-1BB. We conclude that anti-CD19 chimeric receptors containing 4-1BB are a powerful new tool for T-cell therapy of B-lineage ALL and other CD19+ B-lymphoid malignancies.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- Burkitt Lymphoma/pathology
- Burkitt Lymphoma/therapy
- CD3 Complex/chemistry
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD3 Complex/pharmacology
- CD8 Antigens/chemistry
- CD8 Antigens/genetics
- CD8 Antigens/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/genetics
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacology
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/pharmacology
- Immunotherapy
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/therapy
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/therapeutic use
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Transduction, Genetic
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9
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Affiliation(s)
- C Imai
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA
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Suzuki T, Coustan-Smith E, Mihara K, Campana D. Signals mediated by FcgammaRIIA suppress the growth of B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Leukemia 2002; 16:1276-84. [PMID: 12094251 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2001] [Accepted: 02/18/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We examined Fc receptor expression and function in normal and leukemic human immature B cells. Fc receptor expression increased with normal B cell maturation: CD32(+) cells composed 8.1% +/- 1.2% (mean +/- s.d.) of the least mature (CD34(+)CD10(+)), 19.2% +/- 5.7% of intermediate (CD34(-)CD10(+)), and 82.4% +/- 5.0% of mature (CD34(-)CD10(-)) bone marrow CD19(+) B cells. Forty-five of 57 primary B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia samples and all six cell lines studied expressed Fc receptors. By RT-PCR and antibody staining, FcgammaRIIA was the Fc receptor predominantly expressed in these cells. FcgammaRIIA ligation in RS4;11 and 380 cells induced tyrosine phosphorylation of CD32, CD19, CBL, SYK, P13-K p85 and SHIP, as well as RasGAP association with tyrosine-phosphorylated p62(dok). These signalling events resulted in a marked suppression of leukemia cell growth. After a 7-day exposure to anti-CD32, the recovery of ALL cells cocultured with stroma was reduced to 5.5% +/- 2.8% of control values in 380 cells (n = 14), 19.4% +/- 6.1% (n = 8) in RS4;11, and 4.0% +/- 1.3% (n = 6) in KOPN55bi. CD32 ligation also reduced cell recovery in five of seven CD32(+) primary leukemia samples. Thus, FcgammaRIIA mediates signals that suppress the growth of lymphoid leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Suzuki
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA
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25
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Suzuki A, Kondo T, Mihara K, Yasui-Furukori N, Otani K, Furukori H, Kaneko S, Inoue Y. Association between TaqI A dopamine D2 receptor polymorphism and therapeutic response to bromperidol: a preliminary report. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2002; 251:57-9. [PMID: 11407439 DOI: 10.1007/s004060170053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between TaqI A dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) polymorphism and therapeutic response to bromperidol, a selective dopamine antagonist, was investigated in 30 acutely exacerbated schizophrenic inpatients. Patients were treated with bromperidol 6-18 mg/day for 3 weeks. Clinical symptoms were evaluated by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) before and 3 weeks after the treatment. The TaqI A genotypes were determined with the PCR method. There was no significant difference in the percentage improvement of total BPRS or 5-subgrouped symptoms (positive, negative, anxiety-depression, excitement and cognitive symptoms) after the 3-week treatment between the patients with A1 alleles (n=18) and those with no A1 allele (n=12). Although the present study is preliminary, it is suggested that the TaqI A DRD2 polymorphism is not associated with therapeutic response to bromperidol in schizophrenic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Suzuki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Japan
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Miyazaki E, Sakaguchi M, Wakabayashi S, Shigekawa M, Mihara K. NHE6 protein possesses a signal peptide destined for endoplasmic reticulum membrane and localizes in secretory organelles of the cell. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:49221-7. [PMID: 11641397 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m106267200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The NHE6 protein is a unique Na(+)/H(+) exchanger isoform believed to localize in mitochondria. It possesses a hydrophilic N-terminal portion that is rich in positively charged residues and many hydrophobic segments. In the present study, signal sequences in the NHE6 molecule were examined for organelle localization and membrane topogenesis. When the full-length protein was expressed in COS7 cells, it localized in the endoplasmic reticulum and on the cell surface. Furthermore, the protein was fully N-glycosylated. When green fluorescent protein was fused after the second (H2) or third (H3) hydrophobic segment, the fusion proteins were targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. The localization pattern was the same as that of fusion proteins in which green fluorescent protein was fused after H2 of NHE1. In an in vitro system, H1 behaved as a signal peptide that directs the translocation of the following polypeptide chain and is then processed off. The next hydrophobic segment (H2) halted translocation and eventually became a transmembrane segment. The N-terminal hydrophobic segment (H1) of NHE1 also behaved as a signal peptide. Cell fractionation studies using antibodies against the 15 C-terminal residues indicated that NHE6 protein localized in the microsomal membranes of rat liver cells. All of the NHE6 molecules in liver tissue possess an endoglycosidase H-resistant sugar chain. These findings indicate that NHE6 protein is targeted to the ER membrane via the N-terminal signal peptide and is sorted to organelle membranes derived from the ER membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Miyazaki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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27
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Mihara K, Suzuki A, Kondo T, Yasui-Furukori N, Ono S, Otani K, Kaneko S, Inoue Y. Relationship between Taq1 A dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) polymorphism and prolactin response to bromperidol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001; 105:271-4. [PMID: 11353448 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene has a Taq1 A restriction fragment length polymorphism yielding two alleles, A1 and A2. We have previously shown that female patients with the A1 allele show greater prolactin response to nemonapride, a selective antagonist for D2-like dopamine receptors, in schizophrenic patients. In the present study, the relationship between this polymorphism and prolactin response to bromperidol was investigated in 32 untreated schizophrenic inpatients (16 males, 16 females). The daily dose of bromperidol was fixed at 6 (n = 10), 12 (n = 13), or 18 mg (n = 9) during a 2-week treatment period. Taq1 A genotypes were determined by PCR method. Plasma prolactin concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay. Plasma concentration of bromperidol was measured by HPLC method. The subjects were divided into four subgroups by gender and the genotypes, i.e., 10 males and 11 females with the A1 allele, 6 males and 5 females with no A1 allele. The females with the A1 allele had the highest Delta prolactin (the change from the pretreatment concentration)/bromperidol concentration ratio among the other groups (P < 0.05). The present study thus suggests that female patients with the A1 allele show greater prolactin response to bromperidol, who may have a high risk for adverse effects associated with neuroleptic-induced hyperprolactinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mihara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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28
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Abstract
The absorption spectra of photocycle intermediates of photoactive yellow protein mutants were compared with those of the corresponding intermediates of wild type to probe which amino acid residues interact with the chromophore in the intermediate states. B and H intermediates were produced by irradiation and trapped at 80 K, and L intermediates at 193 K. The absorption spectra of these intermediates produced from R52Q were identical to those from wild type, whereas those from E46Q and T50V were 7-15 nm red-shifted as those in the dark states. The absorption spectra of M intermediates were measured by flash photolysis at room temperature. Those of Y42F, T50V, and R52Q were identical to that of wild type, whereas that of E46Q was 11 nm red-shifted. Assuming that the intermediates of mutants have a structure comparable to that of wild type, these findings suggest the following: Glu46 interacts with the chromophore throughout the photocycle, interaction between the chromophore and Thr50 as well as Tyr42 is lost upon the formation of M intermediate, and Arg52 never interacts with the chromophore directly. The hydrogen-bonding network around the phenolic oxygen of the chromophore would be thus maintained until L intermediate decays, and the global conformational change would take place by the loss of the hydrogen bond between the chromophore and Tyr42. This model conflicts with some of the results of previous crystallographic studies, suggesting that the reaction mechanism in the crystal may be different from that in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Imamoto
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan.
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Kanaji T, Kanaji S, Osaki K, Kuroiwa M, Sakaguchi M, Mihara K, Niho Y, Okamura T. Identification and characterization of two novel mutations (Q421 K and R123P) in congenital factor XII deficiency. Thromb Haemost 2001; 86:1409-15. [PMID: 11776307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The factor XII genes of two unrelated factor XII-deficient Japanese families were screened, and two novel mutations were identified. A heterozygous mutation (Q421K) was identified in the gene of a cross-reacting material (CRM)-negative patient with reduced FXII activity (entitled Case 1). No mutations were discovered in the other allele. Case 2 was a CRM-negative patient with severe FXII deficiency. In this case, a homozygous mutation (R123P) was discerned. Expression studies in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells demonstrated accumulation of mutant Q421 K factor XII in the cell, and insufficient secretion, while the R123P mutant showed lower levels of accumulation than wild-type, and no evidence of secretion in culture supernatant. In the presence of proteasome inhibitor, all types of FXII (wild-type. Q421K, R123P) accumulated in the cells. Protease protection experiments using the microsomal fraction of these cell lines demonstrated that while 20% wild-type FXII (total wild-type:100%) and 10% R123P mutant (total R123P-type: 40%) were resistant to treatment with trypsin, 50% Q421K-type FXII (total Q421K-type:130%) remained resistant to digestion. From these results, we conclude that Q421K is less susceptible to proteasome degradation than wild-type, but is unable to exit the ER efficiently, resulting in insufficient secretion phenotype. In contrast, R123P is susceptible to proteasome degradation and is not secreted.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kanaji
- Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, The First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Yoshimura SI, Nakamura N, Barr FA, Misumi Y, Ikehara Y, Ohno H, Sakaguchi M, Mihara K. Direct targeting of cis-Golgi matrix proteins to the Golgi apparatus. J Cell Sci 2001; 114:4105-15. [PMID: 11739642 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.114.22.4105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The targeting route of newly synthesized GM130 and GRASP65 to the Golgi apparatus was investigated by three different approaches. First, localization of pulse labeled GM130 and GRASP65 in normal rat kidney (NRK) cells was traced by subcellular fractionation followed by immunoprecipitation. Immediately after the pulse labeling, GM130 and GRASP65 were found in the Golgi but not in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane fractions, whereas a control Golgi membrane protein was still found in the ER membrane fractions. Second, epitope tagged GM130 and GRASP65 were expressed in NRK cells by plasmid microinjection into the nuclei and their localization was analyzed by immunofluorescence. When ER to Golgi transport was inhibited by prior microinjection of a GTP-restricted mutant of Sar1 protein into the cytosol, the expressed GM130 and GRASP65 showed clear Golgi localization. Last, binding of GM130 and GRASP65 to the membranes was analyzed in vitro. In vitro synthesized GM130 and GRASP65 specifically bound to purified Golgi membranes but not to microsomal membranes. The bound GM130 and GRASP65 were found to form a complex with pre-existing counterparts on the Golgi membrane. These results strongly suggested that GM130 and GRASP65 are directly targeted to the Golgi membrane without initial assembly on the ER and subsequent vesicular transport to the Golgi apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Yoshimura
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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31
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Kida Y, Sakaguchi M, Fukuda M, Mikoshiba K, Mihara K. Amino acid residues before the hydrophobic region which are critical for membrane translocation of the N-terminal domain of synaptotagmin II. FEBS Lett 2001; 507:341-5. [PMID: 11696368 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)03000-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the fine structure of the type I signal-anchor sequence of synaptotagmin II, which has a 60-residue N-terminal domain followed by a hydrophobic region (H-region), focusing on the hinge region between the N-terminal and the H-regions. It was found that the charged or highly polar residues support the translocation of the N-terminal domain through the endoplasmic reticulum membrane at specific positions in the hinge. The residue requirement correlated with the turn propensity scale for transmembranes. It is suggested that a certain conformation, likely helical hairpin, in the hinge is critical for N-terminal domain translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kida
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Hatae M, Onishi Y, Nakamura T, Yamamoto H, Kusumoto M, Matsui T, Mihara K, Taniguchi H. [Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for advanced epithelial ovarian cancer]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 2001; 28:1833-7. [PMID: 11729475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Primary surgical cytoreduction followed by paclitaxel/carboplatin combination chemotherapy currently is the treatment of choice for advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Aggressive surgery is widely accepted as a valid approach to initial cytoreduction of stage III disease, but suboptimal residual disease following primary surgical resection is one of the most important adverse prognostic factors in these patients. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been proposed as an alternative approach to conventional surgery for initial management of bulky ovarian cancer, with the goal of improving surgical quality. General acceptance of neoadjuvant chemotherapy as an alternative to primary surgery for patients who are not ideal surgical candidates remains limited, because equivalent or superior survival has not yet been demonstrated in a prospective randomized study. A large-scale, prospective, randomized study is being conducted by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Gynecologic Cancer Cooperative Group and Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) to compare outcomes (overall and progression-free survival, quality of life, treatment complications) of neoadjuvant chemotherapy/interval debulking surgery versus primary cytoreductive surgery/adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hatae
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kagoshima City Hospital, 20-17 Kajiya-cho, Kagoshima 892-8580, Japan
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Suzuki A, Kondo T, Otani K, Mihara K, Yasui-Furukori N, Sano A, Koshiro K, Kaneko S. Association of the TaqI A polymorphism of the dopamine D(2) receptor gene with predisposition to neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158:1714-6. [PMID: 11579007 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.10.1714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The pathophysiology of neuroleptic malignant syndrome is mainly explained by a central hypodopaminergic state. The familial occurrence of neuroleptic malignant syndrome suggests the involvement of a genetic mechanism in the predisposition to the syndrome. Therefore, the authors examined the association between the TaqI A polymorphism of the dopamine D(2) receptor gene (DRD(2)), which alters DRD(2) density and function, and the development of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. METHOD The subjects were 15 psychiatric patients who had developed neuroleptic malignant syndrome (12 patients with schizophrenia and three with major depression) and 138 patients with schizophrenia who had never developed neuroleptic malignant syndrome. The TaqI A genotypes, A1 and A2 alleles, were determined by the polymerase chain reaction method. RESULTS The frequency of the A1 allele was significantly higher in the patients who had developed neuroleptic malignant syndrome (56.8%) than in the patients who had not (35.1%). The proportion of the A1 carrier was significantly higher in the patients with neuroleptic malignant syndrome (14 [93.3%] of 15 patients) than in those without the syndrome (79 [57.2%] of 138 patients). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the TaqI A DRD(2) polymorphism is associated with the predisposition to neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Suzuki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
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34
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Yasui-Furukori N, Kondo T, Suzuki A, Mihara K, Tokinaga N, Inoue Y, Otani K, Kaneko S. Effect of the CYP2D6 genotype on prolactin concentration in schizophrenic patients treated with haloperidol. Schizophr Res 2001; 52:139-42. [PMID: 11595402 DOI: 10.1016/s0920-9964(00)00178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Suzuki A, Kondo T, Mihara K, Yasui-Furukori N, Ishida M, Furukori H, Kaneko S, Inoue Y, Otani K. The -141C Ins/Del polymorphism in the dopamine D2 receptor gene promoter region is associated with anxiolytic and antidepressive effects during treatment with dopamine antagonists in schizophrenic patients. Pharmacogenetics 2001; 11:545-50. [PMID: 11505224 DOI: 10.1097/00008571-200108000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated a lower density of dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) in subjects without Del alleles of the -141C Ins/Del polymorphism in DRD2 gene promoter region than in those with one or two Del alleles. The present study aimed to examine whether the -141C Ins/Del DRD2 promoter polymorphism is related to therapeutic response to selective DRD2 antagonists in the treatment of schizophrenia. Subjects consisted of 49 acutely exacerbated schizophrenic inpatients treated with bromperidol (30 cases, mean dose +/- SD: 11.4 +/- 4.8 mg/day) or nemonapride (19 cases, 18 mg/day). Clinical symptoms were evaluated by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) before and 3 weeks after the treatment. The -141C Ins/Del DRD2 genotypes, the Ins and Del alleles, were determined by a polymerase chain reaction method. Thirty-five patients were homozygous for the Ins allele and 14 were heterozygous for the Del and Ins alleles. The patients without Del allele showed a higher percentage of improvement in anxiety-depression symptoms than those with Del allele (58.5 +/- 44.5% versus 24.1 +/- 48.2%) after 3 weeks of treatment while percentage improvement in total BPRS or other subgrouped symptoms (positive, negative, excitement and cognitive symptoms) was similar between the two genotype groups. The present results suggest that the -141C Ins/Del DRD2 polymorphism is associated with anxiolytic and antidepressive effects of neuroleptic treatment in schizophrenic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Suzuki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to clarify quantitatively the contribution of the intestine to the first-pass metabolism of eperisone in rats. METHODS The systemic availabilities of eperisone were estimated by administering the drug into the duodenum, portal vein, and femoral vein in rats in vivo. The first-pass metabolism of eperisone was confirmed in the perfused rat small intestine in situ. Metabolism of eperisone to an omega-1-hydroxylated metabolite (HMO), the first step of eperisone metabolism, was studied using rat intestinal microsomes in vitro. RESULTS The bioavailabilities in the intestine were 0.176 and 0.0879 at administration rates of 100 and 25 mg/h/kg, respectively, whereas those in the liver were 0.532 and 0.486, respectively. In the intestinal perfusion experiment, the appearance clearance to the portal vein from the intestinal lumen was much lower than the elimination clearance from the intestinal lumen, resulting in high metabolic clearance of eperisone in the small intestine. Eperisone was biotransformed to HMO by rat intestinal microsomes, and this was inhibited by alpha-naphthoflavone and an anti-rat CYP1A antibody. CONCLUSIONS Those data strongly suggest that eperisone may be metabolized to HMO by CYP1A in rat intestinal microsomes during the first-pass through the epithelium of the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mihara
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan.
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Berry FB, Miura Y, Mihara K, Kaspar P, Sakata N, Hashimoto-Tamaoki T, Tamaoki T. Positive and negative regulation of myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells by isoforms of the multiple homeodomain zinc finger transcription factor ATBF1. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:25057-65. [PMID: 11312261 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m010378200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATBF1 gene encodes two protein isoforms, the 404-kDa ATBF1-A, possessing four homeodomains and 23 zinc fingers, and the 306-kDa ATBF1-B, lacking a 920-amino acid N-terminal region of ATBF1-A which contains 5 zinc fingers. In vitro, ATBF1-A was expressed in proliferating C2C12 myoblasts, but its expression levels decreased upon induction of myogenic differentiation in low serum medium. Forced expression of ATBF1-A in C2C12 cells resulted in repression of MyoD and myogenin expression and elevation of Id3 and cyclin D1 expression, leading to inhibition of myogenic differentiation in low serum. In contrast, transfection of C2C12 cells with the ATBF1-B isoform led to an acceleration of myogenic differentiation, as indicated by an earlier onset of myosin heavy chain expression and formation of a higher percentage of multinucleated myotubes. The fourth homeodomain of ATBF1-A bound to an AT-rich element adjacent to the E1 E-box of the muscle regulatory factor 4 promoter mediating transcriptional repression. The ATBF1-A-specific N-terminal region possesses general transcription repressor activity. These results suggest that ATBF1-A plays a role in the maintenance of the undifferentiated myoblast state, and its down-regulation is a prerequisite to initiate terminal differentiation of C2C12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F B Berry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Abstract
Cytochrome oxidase subunits I, II, and III, the mitochondrial DNA-encoded proteins, are inserted across the inner membrane by the Oxa1p-containing translocator in a membrane potential-dependent manner. Oxa1p is also involved in the insertion of the cytoplasmically synthesized precursor of Oxa1p itself into the inner membrane from the matrix via the conservative sorting pathway. The mechanism of insertion of the other mitochondrially synthesized proteins, however, is unexplored. The insertion of the mitochondrial DNA-encoded subunit 8 of F(1)F(0)-ATPase (Su8) across the inner membrane was analyzed in vitro using the inverted inner membrane vesicles and the Escherichia coli lysate-synthesized substrate. This assay revealed that the N-terminal segment of Su8 inserted across the membrane to the intermembrane space and assumed the correct trans-cis topology depending on the mitochondrial matrix fraction. This translocation reaction was similar to those of Sec-independent, direct insertion pathways of E. coli and chloroplast thylakoid membranes. (i) It required neither nucleotide triphosphates nor membrane potential, and hydrophobic forces drove the process. (ii) It did not require protease-sensitive membrane components facing the matrix space. (iii) It could be inserted across liposomes in the correct topology in a matrix fraction-dependent manner. Thus, a novel mechanism conserved in bacteria and chloroplasts also functions in the insertion of Su8 across the mitochondrial inner membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ii
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-0054, Japan
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyogenic granulomas have been treated by cryosurgery, curettage, electrodesiccation, chemical cauterization, and laser surgery. The therapeutic effects of these conservative treatments are limited, however. OBJECTIVE In this study, the efficacy of a sclerosing agent (monoethanolamine oleate) was evaluated for the treatment of pyogenic granuloma. METHODS Pyogenic granuloma was treated by local injection of the monoethanolamine oleate solution in nine patients who were from 1 to 57 years of age (median 18 years). The treatment effect was determined by physical examination. RESULTS All lesions were removed completely with no recurrence, and scars were inconspicuous in all cases. Complications occurred in only one patient who complained of pain due to an avoidable injection of excess solution. CONCLUSION Sclerotherapy with monoethanolamine oleate is effective in the treatment of pyogenic granuloma and offers an alternative to conventional methods in cases for which conservative treatment is preferable.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Matsumoto
- Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital, University of Tokushima, Kuramnoto-cho 2-50-1, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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Mihara K, Kondo T, Suzuki A, Yasui-Furukori N, Ono S, Otani K, Kaneko S. Effects of genetic polymorphism of CYP1A2 inducibility on the steady-state plasma concentrations of trazodone and its active metabolite m-chlorophenylpiperazine in depressed Japanese patients. Pharmacol Toxicol 2001; 88:267-70. [PMID: 11393588 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0773.2001.d01-115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effects of a genetic polymorphism of inducibility of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 on the steady-state plasma concentrations of trazodone and its active metabolite, m-chlorophenylpiperazine, were studied in order to clarify if these steady-state plasma concentrations are dependent on the CYP1A2 polymorphism. Fifty-eight Japanese depressed patients received trazodone 150 mg/day at bedtime. The steady-state plasma concentrations of trazodone and m-chlorophenylpiperazine were measured in duplicate using high performance liquid chromatographic method, and were corrected to the mean body weight for analyses. A point mutation from guanine (wild type) to adenine (mutated type) at position -2964 in the 5'-flanking region of CYP1A2 gene was identified by polymerase chain reaction fragment length polymorphism method. The mean steady-state plasma concentration of trazodone, but not m-chlorophenylpiperazine was significantly (P<0.05) lower in smokers than in non-smokers. Twenty-two smokers had 16 homozygotes of the wild type allele, 5 heterozygotes of the wild type and mutated alleles, and one homozygote of the mutated allele. There was no significant difference in the mean steady-state plasma concentration of trazodone or m-chlorophenylpiperazine between smokers with no mutation and those with mutation, although one homozygote of the mutated allele had the highest steady-state plasma concentration of trazodone in smokers. The present study thus suggests that CYP1A2 polymorphism does not necessarily have predictive value of the steady-state plasma concentration of trazodone or m-chlorophenylpiperazine in most of the smokers treated with trazodone.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mihara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Japan
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Imamoto Y, Koshimizu H, Mihara K, Hisatomi O, Mizukami T, Tsujimoto K, Kataoka M, Tokunaga F. Roles of amino acid residues near the chromophore of photoactive yellow protein. Biochemistry 2001; 40:4679-85. [PMID: 11294635 DOI: 10.1021/bi002291u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the roles of amino acid residues around the chromophore in photoactive yellow protein (PYP), new mutants, Y42A, E46A, and T50A were prepared. Their spectroscopic properties were compared with those of wild-type, Y42F, E46Q, T50V, R52Q, and E46Q/T50V, which were previously prepared and specified. The absorption maxima of Y42A, E46A, and T50A were observed at 438, 469, and 454 nm, respectively. The results of pH titration for the chromophore demonstrated that the chromophore of PYP mutant, like the wild-type, was protonated and bleached under acidic conditions. The red-shifts of the absorption maxima in mutants tended toward a pK(a) increase. Mutation at Glu46 induced remarkable shifts in the absorption maxima and pK(a). The extinction coefficients were increased in proportion to the absorption maxima, whereas the oscillator strengths were constant. PYP mutants that conserved Tyr42 were in the pH-dependent equilibrium between two states (yellow and colorless forms). However, Y42A and Y42F were in the pH-independent equilibrium between additional intermediate state(s) at around neutral pH, in which yellow form was dominant in Y42F whereas the other was dominant in Y42A. These findings suggest that Tyr42 acts as the hinge of the protein, and the bulk as well as the hydroxyl group of Tyr42 controls the protein conformation. In all mutants, absorbance at 450 nm was decreased upon flash irradiation and afterwards recovered on a millisecond time scale. However, absorbance at 340--370 nm was increased vice versa, indicating that the long-lived near-UV intermediates are formed from mutants, as in the case of wild-type. The lifetime changes with mutation suggest the regulation of proton movement through a hydrogen-bonding network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Imamoto
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan.
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Chen JS, Coustan-Smith E, Suzuki T, Neale GA, Mihara K, Pui CH, Campana D. Identification of novel markers for monitoring minimal residual disease in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2001; 97:2115-20. [PMID: 11264179 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.7.2115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify new markers of minimal residual disease (MRD) in B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), gene expression of leukemic cells obtained from 4 patients with newly diagnosed ALL was compared with that of normal CD19(+)CD10(+) B-cell progenitors obtained from 2 healthy donors. By cDNA array analysis, 334 of 4132 genes studied were expressed 1.5- to 5.8-fold higher in leukemic cells relative to both normal samples; 238 of these genes were also overexpressed in the leukemic cell line RS4;11. Nine genes were selected among the 274 overexpressed in at least 2 leukemic samples, and expression of the encoded proteins was measured by flow cytometry. Two proteins (caldesmon and myeloid nuclear differentiation antigen) were only weakly expressed in leukemic cells despite strong hybridization signals in the array. By contrast, 7 proteins (CD58, creatine kinase B, ninjurin1, Ref1, calpastatin, HDJ-2, and annexin VI) were expressed in B-lineage ALL cells at higher levels than in normal CD19(+)CD10(+) B-cell progenitors (P <.05 in all comparisons). CD58 was chosen for further analysis because of its abundant and prevalent overexpression. An anti-CD58 antibody identified residual leukemic cells (0.01% to 1.13%; median, 0.03%) in 9 of 104 bone marrow samples from children with ALL in clinical remission. MRD estimates by CD58 staining correlated well with those of polymerase chain reaction amplification of immunoglobulin genes. These results indicate that studies of gene expression with cDNA arrays can aid the discovery of leukemia markers. (Blood. 2001;97:2115-2120)
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Chen
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Abstract
To understand the effect of visible light on the stability of photoactive yellow protein (PYP), urea denaturation experiments were performed with PYP in the dark and with PYP(M) under continuous illumination. The urea concentrations at the midpoint of denaturation were 5.26 +/- 0.29 and 3.77 +/- 0.19 M for PYP and PYP(M), respectively, in 100 mM acetate buffer, and 5.26 +/- 0.24 and 4.11 +/- 0.12 M for PYP and PYP(M), respectively, in 100 mM citrate buffer. The free energy change upon denaturation (DeltaG(D)(H2O)), obtained from the denaturation curve, was 11.0 +/- 0.4 and 7.6 +/- 0.2 kcal/mol for PYP and PYP(M), respectively, in acetate buffer, and 11.5 +/- 0.3 and 7.8 +/- 0.1 kcal/mol for PYP and PYP(M), respectively, in citrate buffer. Even though the DeltaG(D)(H2O) value for PYP(M) is almost identical in the two buffer systems, the urea concentration at the midpoint of denaturation is lower in acetate buffer than in citrate buffer. Although their CD spectra indicate that the protein conformations of the denatured states of PYP and PYP(M) are indistinguishable, the configurations of the chromophores in their denatured structures are not necessarily identical. Both denatured states are interconvertible through PYP and PYP(M). Therefore, the free energy difference between PYP and PYP(M) is 3.4-3.7 kcal/mol for the protein moiety, plus the additional contribution from the difference in configuration of the chromophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ohishi
- Department of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
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Mihara K, Kondo T, Suzuki A, Yasui N, Ono S, Otani K, Kaneko S. No relationship between--141C Ins/Del polymorphism in the promoter region of dopamine D2 receptor and extrapyramidal adverse effects of selective dopamine D2 antagonists in schizophrenic patients: a preliminary study. Psychiatry Res 2001; 101:33-8. [PMID: 11223117 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1781(00)00247-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that subjects without Del alleles of the--141C Ins/Del polymorphism in the promoter region of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene have lower DRD2 density that those with one or two Del alleles. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between the -141C Ins/Del polymorphism and extrapyramidal adverse effects of bromperidol and nemonapride, antipsychotic drugs with a selective and potent DRD2 antagonistic property, in schizophrenic inpatients. Twenty-seven patients were treated with bromperidol at a fixed-dose of 6, 12 or 18 mg/day, and 25 patients were treated with nemonapride at a fixed-dose of 18 mg/day. The duration of treatment with these drugs was 3 weeks. The Ins and Del alleles were determined by PCR. Extrapyramidal adverse effects were assessed by the Udvalg for Kliniske Undersøgelser side effects rating scale. The subjects consisted of 38 homozygotes of the Ins allele and 14 heterozygotes of the Ins and Del alleles. There were no significant differences in the incidence or severity of extrapyramidal adverse effects between patients with and without the Del allele. It is possible that this result was due to a lack of statistical power. However, the present study suggests that the--141C Ins/Del polymorphism is not related to the development of extrapyramidal adverse effects during acute-phase treatment with antidopaminergic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mihara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 036-8562, Hirosaki, Japan
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Suzuki H, Okazawa Y, Komiya T, Saeki K, Mekada E, Kitada S, Ito A, Mihara K. Characterization of rat TOM40, a central component of the preprotein translocase of the mitochondrial outer membrane. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:37930-6. [PMID: 10980201 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m006558200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We cloned a 38-kDa rat mitochondrial outer membrane protein (OM38) with structural homology to the central component of preprotein translocase of the fungal mitochondrial outer membrane, Tom40. Although it has no predictable alpha-helical transmembrane segments, OM38 is resistant to alkaline carbonate extraction and is inaccessible to proteases and polyclonal antibodies added from outside the mitochondria, suggesting that it is embedded in the membrane, probably in a beta-barrel structure, as has been similarly speculated for fungal Tom40. Immunoprecipitation demonstrated that OM38 is associated with the major import receptors rTOM20 and rTOM22, and several other unidentified components with molecular masses of 5-10 kDa in digitonin-solubilized membrane: OM10, OM7.5, and OM5. Blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that OM38 is a component of a approximately 400-kDa complex, firmly associating with rTOM22 and loosely associating with rTOM20. The preprotein in transit to the matrix interacted with the TOM complex containing OM38, and immunodepletion of OM38 resulted in the loss of preprotein import activity of the detergent-solubilized and reconstituted outer membrane vesicles. Taken together, these results indicate that OM38 is a structural and functional homolog of fungal Tom40 and functions as a component of the preprotein import machinery of the rat mitochondrial outer membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-0054, Japan
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Abstract
Tom20 is a major receptor of the mitochondrial preprotein translocation system and is bound to the outer membrane through the NH(2)-terminal transmembrane domain (TMD) in an Nin-Ccyt orientation. We analyzed the mitochondria-targeting signal of rat Tom20 (rTom20) in COS-7 cells, using green fluorescent protein (GFP) as the reporter by systematically introducing deletions or mutations into the TMD or the flanking regions. Moderate TMD hydrophobicity and a net positive charge within five residues of the COOH-terminal flanking region were both critical for mitochondria targeting. Constructs without net positive charges within the flanking region, as well as those with high TMD hydrophobicity, were targeted to the ER-Golgi compartments. Intracellular localization of rTom20-GFP fusions, determined by fluorescence microscopy, was further verified by cell fractionation. The signal recognition particle (SRP)-induced translation arrest and photo-cross-linking demonstrated that SRP recognized the TMD of rTom20-GFP, but with reduced affinity, while the positive charge at the COOH-terminal flanking segment inhibited the translation arrest. The mitochondria-targeting signal identified in vivo also functioned in the in vitro system. We conclude that NH(2)-terminal TMD with a moderate hydrophobicity and a net positive charge in the COOH-terminal flanking region function as the mitochondria-targeting signal of the outer membrane proteins, evading SRP-dependent ER targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kanaji
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Saeki K, Suzuki H, Tsuneoka M, Maeda M, Iwamoto R, Hasuwa H, Shida S, Takahashi T, Sakaguchi M, Endo T, Miura Y, Mekada E, Mihara K. Identification of mammalian TOM22 as a subunit of the preprotein translocase of the mitochondrial outer membrane. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:31996-2002. [PMID: 10900208 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m004794200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A mitochondrial outer membrane protein of approximately 22 kDa (1C9-2) was purified from Vero cells assessing immunoreactivity with a monoclonal antibody, and the cDNA was cloned based on the partial amino acid sequence of the trypsin-digested fragments. 1C9-2 had 19-20% sequence identity to fungal Tom22, a component of the preprotein translocase of the outer membrane (the TOM complex) with receptor and organizer functions. Despite such a low sequence identity, both shared a remarkable structural similarity in the hydrophobicity profile, membrane topology in the Ncyt-Cin orientation through a transmembrane domain in the middle of the molecule, and the abundant acidic amino acid residues in the N-terminal domain. The antibodies against 1C9-2 inhibited the import of a matrix-targeted preprotein into isolated mitochondria. Blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of digitonin-solubilized outer membranes revealed that 1C9-2 is firmly associated with TOM40 in the approximately 400-kDa complex, with a size and composition similar to those of the fungal TOM core complex. Furthermore, 1C9-2 complemented the defects of growth and mitochondrial protein import in Deltatom22 yeast cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that 1C9-2 is a functional homologue of fungal Tom22 and functions as a component of the TOM complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Saeki
- Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, 2432-3, Aikawa-machi, Kurume 839-0861, Japan
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Suzuki A, Kondo T, Mihara K, Furukori H, Nagashima U, Ono S, Otani K, Kaneko S. Association between Taq1 a dopamine D2 receptor polymorphism and psychopathology of schizophrenia in Japanese patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2000; 24:1105-13. [PMID: 11131175 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-5846(00)00132-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
1. Previous reports showed that the A1 allele of Taq1 A dopamine D2 receptor polymorphism was associated with lowered density and diminished function of dopamine D2 receptor. In this study, association between Taq1 A dopamine D2 receptor polymorphism and psychopathology of schizophrenia was investigated. 2. The subjects were 61 acutely exacerbated schizophrenic patients who were all Japanese descent and had received no medication for at least one month before this study. Pretreatment psychotic symptoms were assessed by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). The Taq1 A genotypes, the A1 and A2 alleles, were determined by polymerase chain reaction method. 3. The patients were divided into three genotype groups; i.e., the patients with A1/A1 allele (n=6), those with A1/A2 allele (n=32) and those with A2/A2 allele (n=23). 4. There was no significant difference in total BPRS, subgrouped symptoms (positive, negative, anxiety-depression, excitement and cognitive symptoms) or any scores of BPRS items among the three Taq1 A genotype groups. 5. The present study suggests that Taq1 A dopamine D2 receptor polymorphism does not play an important role in psychopathological symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Suzuki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Japan
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Satoh S, Hashimoto-Tamaoki T, Furuyama J, Mihara K, Namba M, Kitano Y. High frequency of tetraploidy detected in malignant melanoma of Japanese patients by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Int J Oncol 2000; 17:707-15. [PMID: 10995881 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.17.4.707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy and hyperploidy are often detected in malignant melanoma by cytogenetic analysis and flow cytometric analysis of DNA content. To determine the ploidy of cells in surgical specimens of melanin-producing tumors of Japanese patients, we performed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using touch smear technique to count the number of chromosomes 18 and X + Y in interphase nuclei using alpha-satellite DNA probes, D18Z1, DXZ1 and DYZ3. A normal melanocyte strain showed two D18Z1 and two [DXZ1+DYZ3] signals per nucleus, indicating 2N, and a malignant melanoma cell line showed 4 per nucleus, indicating 4N, consistent with results of cytogenetic and flow cytometric analyses. Therefore we employed this FISH method to analyze ploidy of surgical specimens. Specimens obtained from 8 patients with nevus cell nevus showed 2 FISH signals per nucleus. On the other hand, in all specimens obtained from 8 patients with malignant melanoma (6 primary and 2 metastatic melanoma), 65-90% of cells exhibited 4 signals per nucleus, indicating 4N. Histopathologically, 50-70% of cells were identified as malignant melanoma cells, indicating that our FISH method is effective to detect melanoma cells in tissue. We also analyzed allelic loss of the p53 gene by FISH with a p53 locus-specific probe and mutation of the p53 gene by immunostaining since mutation and deletion of the p53 gene may cause hyperploidy. All specimens except one obtained from a case with young-onset metastatic melanoma exhibited no allelic losses or negative p53 staining, showing the p53 gene was intact. These results indicate that tetraploidy, not caused by p53 mutation or deletion, is commonly found in malignant melanoma of Japanese patients. It is also suggested that there is no positive relationship between tetraploidy and poorer prognosis, and mutation and allelic loss of the p53 gene might be markers of aggressive form of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Satoh
- Department of Dermatology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
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Ota K, Sakaguchi M, Hamasaki N, Mihara K. Membrane integration of the second transmembrane segment of band 3 requires a closely apposed preceding signal-anchor sequence. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:29743-8. [PMID: 10893228 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m002468200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the topogenic rules of multispanning membrane proteins using erythrocyte band 3. Here, the fine structural requirements for the correct disposition of its second transmembrane segment (TM2) were assessed. We made fusion proteins where TM1 and the loop sequence preceding TM2 were changed and fused to prolactin. They were expressed in a cell-free system supplemented with rough microsomal membrane, and their topologies on the membrane were assessed by protease sensitivity and N-glycosylation. TM1 was demonstrated to be a signal-anchor sequence that mediates translocation of the downstream portion, and thus TM2 should be responsible to halt the translocation to acquire TM topology. When the loop between TM1 and TM2 was elongated, however, TM2 was readily translocated through the membrane and not integrated. For the membrane integration of TM2, TM2 must be in close proximity to TM1. The TM1 can be replaced with another signal-anchor sequence with a long hydrophobic segment but not with a signal sequence with shorter hydrophobic stretch. The length of the hydrophobic segment affected final topology of TM2. We concluded that the two TM segments work synergistically within the translocon to acquire the correct topology and that the length of the preceding signal sequence is critical for stable transmembrane assembly of TM2. We propose that direct interaction among the TM segments is one of the critical factors for the transmembrane topogenesis of multispanning membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ota
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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