Reduction of hexachlorocyclohexane-induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in rat liver by Emblica officinalis gaertn

The effect of prefeeding of dehydrated E. officinalis (amla) powder at 5 and 10% levels on hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)-induced changes in multicomponent antioxidant system and lipid peroxides in rat liver was studied. HCH induced significant elevation in hepatic malondialdehyde, conjugated dienes and hydroperoxides. The prefeeding of amla at 10% level could decrease the formation of these lipid peroxides significantly. The HCH abuse resulted in a significant reduction in hepatic glutathione S-transferase (GST), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities with an elevation in the activities of glutathione peroxidase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT). On the other hand, the HCH-induced impairment in hepatic catalase, G-6-PDH and SOD activities were modulated by amla at the 10% level of intake. Prefeeding of amla at 5 and 10% levels appeared to reduce the HCH-induced raise in renal GGT activity. The results show the elevation of hepatic antioxidant system and reduction of cytotoxic products as a result of prefeeding of amla, which were otherwise affected by the HCH administration.

Amelioration of hexachlorocyclohexane-induced oxidative stress by amaranth leaves in rats

The effect of prefeeding dehydrated amaranth leaves (AL), at 10 and 20% levels on hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)-induced free radical stress in rat liver was evaluated. The HCH-induced raise in malonadialdehyde (MDA), conjugated dienes and hydroperoxides was diminished by AL. The effect of AL was highly effective with respect to reduction in these cytotoxic products, especially at 20% level. AL intake resulted in a significant increase in hepatic vitamin A and glutathione (GSH). However, the AL consumption reduced hepatic tocopherols. Feeding of AL at 10% level increased the hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) activity while that at 20% level increased the hepatic glutathione reductase (GSSGR) as well, in addition to G-6-PDH. Amaranth leaves at 10 and 20% levels of feeding reduced the hepatic superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities. The pre-feeding of AL resulted in the reversal of HCH-induced alteration in GSH-Px and G-6-PDH activities. The significant reduction in the level of glutathione S-transferase brought about by HCH was restored to control level by feeding 20% AL. It is concluded that the consumption of AL at 20% level produces reduction in the HCH-induced impairment of antioxidant status in rat liver.

Effect of amaranth leaves on dimethylhydrazine-induced changes in multicomponent antioxidant system of rat liver

Effect of prefeeding dehydrated amaranth (A. gangeticus) leaves at 10 and 20% levels on a chemical toxicant, dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced free radical stress in rat liver was evaluated. DMH-induced rise in hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), was diminished by AL. AL intake resulted in a significant increase in hepatic glutathione (GSH). The feeding of AL at 10% level increased the hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) activity, while that at 20% level increased the hepatic glutathione reductase (GSSGR) as well, in addition to G-6-PDH. Amaranth leaves at 10 and 20% levels of feeding diminished the hepatic superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities. DMH influenced adversely the hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities. Simultaneous administration of DMH and feeding of AL enhanced the DMH-induced decrease in hepatic GSH-Px. DMH enhanced formation of micronuclei was reverted significantly by AL intake. Hence, it was concluded that the consumption of AL at 20% level reduced DMH-induced impaired antioxidant status in rat liver.

Effects of photodynamic treatment on biological antioxidant systems in rats

Effects of photodynamic treatments on inherent antioxidant metabolites and cellular defence enzymes have been investigated in rats. Wistar rats were grouped into untreated controls, light controls, hematoporphyrin derivative (Hpd) (treated with 5 and 10 mg Hpd/kg body weight and kept in dark) and sets treated with both Hpd and red light (dose 172 and 344 j/m2 ). After 2, 24, 48 and 72 hr of Hpd injection the rats sacrificed, livers quickly excised to analyze Hpd uptake, activities of enzymes like catalase, GSH-Px and antioxidants like GSH, vitamin A, vitamin E and vitamin C. The results showed that the loss of Hpd from liver as a function of post- injection time was non- linear. An increased generation of lipid radicals was observed in the groups treated with 5 mg Hpd and higher dose of light and in groups treated with 10 mg Hpd at both the doses of light. Combination of light and Hpd reduced hepatic GSH content with a concomitant reduction in GSH-Px. At higher doses of Hpd and light, there was a significant reduction in hepatic vitamin A levels. Combination of Hpd and light in all doses reduced vitamin E content in liver. The decreased biological antioxidant contents and GSH-Px may be attributed to their utilization for the scavenging of free radicals generated by Hpd and light in tissues. However, no change in catalase activity and vitamin C content in liver was noted in experimental rats. The results suggest that exposure to higher doses of Hpd with light alters oxidant stress system and TBARS content in rat.

Dietary fiber content of commonly fresh and cooked vegetables consumed in India

Legumes, leafy vegetables, roots and tubers, gourds and other vegetables were analyzed for total (TDF), soluble (SDF) and insoluble (IDF) dietary fiber contents, both before and after cooking either by a conventional open-pan method or by pressure cooker. Data revealed a significant increase in SDF fraction with a concomitant decrease in the IDF fraction upon cooking by both the methods employed. Although the decrease in IDF matched the increase in SDF values in some cases, it was found to be more in vegetables categorized as 'other'. The dietary fiber values have also been reported on a fresh weight basis which may serve as a guideline for calculating dietary intake of each component by the consumer.

Anticarcinogenic effects of curry leaves in dimethylhydrazine-treated rats

Curry leaves are one of the spices used in Indian dishes for aroma and preservation. There are no reports on the antioxidant properties of curry leaves. In this study, the antioxidant potential of curry leaves in rats treated with a known chemical carcinogen, dimethylhydrazine hydrochloride (DMH) was investigated. Food intake was reduced in the rats fed curry leaf-supplemented diet but the body and the organ weights were not affected. Vitamin A content in the liver was significantly increased whereas glutathione (GSH) content was not altered. A 50% reduction was seen in the micronuclei induced by DMH and a 30% reduction in the activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase when the rats were fed a curry leaf-supplemented diet. These results indicate that curry leaves have high potential as reducer of the toxicity of DMH.

Role of Anopheles culicifacies during an outbreak of malaria in Gorubandha P.H.C., Assam

Entomological investigation during an outbreak of malaria in Gorubandha PHC in Sonitpur district revealed unusually high density of Anopheles culicifacies followed by An.minimus. Parity rates of both the species were very high, 65% and 62.2% respectively. An. culicifacies was incriminated as malaria vector. Sporozoite rate recorded was 0.63%. Both the species were found susceptible to DDT. This substantiates the epidemiological observation which yielded 98% Plasmodium falciparum malaria out of 35.2% malaria positive cases. Incrimination of An. culicifacies means adding one more malaria vector to this region.

Effect of hematoporphyrin derivative on hematological parameters in rats

Wistar rats were injected with hematoporphyrin derivative (Hpd) intraperitoneally and kept in the dark. Rats were sacrificed 2,24,48 and 72 h after injection. It was observed that Hpd in the dark did not affect the hemoglobin content and number of erythrocytes, while the leukocyte count was increased and blood pH decreased. Blood levels of glucose and lactate were increased significantly. Because the food intake was similar in all the groups, glycogenolysis was suspected to be the source of increased glucose levels in blood. However, a significant increase in the glycogen content of the livers of Hpd-treated rats was observed, which rules out glycogenolysis. Hyperglycemia may result due to a number of reasons such as stimulation of the central nervous pathways innervating the liver and adrenal medulla, excessive glucogenesis in liver from glycogen and noncarbohydrate sources, emotional stress, anesthesia and hormonal effects. The present study rules out hyperglycemia due to anesthesia and glucogenesis in the liver. Maintenance of blood glucose levels is a highly complex mechanism. Further investigations to understand these mechanisms are in progress.

Effect of beta-naphthoflavone on the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 in hamsters

The effect of beta-naphthoflavone (BNF) pretreatment of hamsters on the hepatic metabolism of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) has been examined in studies in vitro and in vivo. Pretreatment with BNF not only increased microsomal cytochrome P-450 by 50-80% but also increased microsome-mediated AFB1 epoxidation as measured by AFB1-DNA binding 2.6 fold without significantly affecting other hydroxylations. Neither cytosolic GSH S-transferases' activities nor AFB1-GSH (AFB1-SG) conjugation were affected. In vivo, hepatic AFB1-DNA binding was also increased about 3-4-fold. These results in contrast to those observed in the rat indicate that induced species of cytochrome P-450 are primarily responsible for higher epoxidation of AFB1 in the hamster.

Hepatic and serum arginase and ornithine transcarbamylase activities of rats maintained on diets of different protein quality

Groups of rats were fed diets containing 15% protein from arhar dal (Cajanus cajan), bengal gram dal (Cicer arietinum), urad dal (Phaseolus mungo) and also isolated proteins from casein, egg, soya bean, gluten and gelatin for a period of 10 days. Rats maintained on the casein diet had the highest liver arginase activity and those having egg the lowest. All the leguminous proteins gave similar levels of arginase activity, the values falling between the casein and egg groups. Serum arginase level was found to be low only in rats on egg and gluten diets. Liver ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) activity was significantly higher when legumes provided the protein as compared with the diet containing egg. Serum OTC level was lowest in the egg and arhar dal groups. Though the levels of urea cycle enzymes were altered by the quality of dietary proteins, no simple relationship could be established between them.

Effect of dietary protein quality on the serum enzymes of rats exposed to simulated hypobaric hypoxic stress

Changes in dietary protein quality and high altitude stress alter the serum urea cycle enzyme activities. To find a dietary protein which will facilitate quicker acclimatization to altitude stress, groups of rats were fed two diets, isocaloric and isonitrogenous, but differing in amino acid make up. The rats were exposed to simulated altitude stress of 0.5 atmospheric pressure for various periods up to 65 h. When serum arginase and ornithine transcarbamylase activities were assayed, it was seen that the group on the unbalanced protein (Cajanus cajan) diet showed less increase on exposure and a tendency to return to normal level earlier than the group on the balanced protein (egg) diet.

Effect of dietary protein quality on rat kidney glutaminase activity

Kidneys of rats fed for 10 days a diet containing protein from Cajanus cajan were found to show an increase in the maleate-induced phosphate-independent glutaminase (PIG) activity as compared to the rats fed a diet containing egg protein. These changes could be reversed by reversing the diets. PIG is known to possess the catalytic function of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, which showed parallel changes. Starvation of adult rats for 24 h as well as the growth of young rats into adults resulted in an increase in the two enzyme activities. The alteration of the enzyme activities is in agreement with the postulated physiological role of these two enzymes.