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Yunus AP, Xinyu C, Catani F, Subramaniam SS, Fan X, Jie D, Sajinkumar KS, Gupta A, Avtar R. Earthquake-induced soil landslides: volume estimates and uncertainties with the existing scaling exponents. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8151. [PMID: 37208531 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantifying landslide volumes in earthquake affected areas is critical to understand the orogenic processes and their surface effects at different spatio-temporal scales. Here, we build an accurate scaling relationship to estimate the volume of shallow soil landslides based on 1 m pre- and post-event LiDAR elevation models. On compiling an inventory of 1719 landslides for 2018 Mw 6.6 Hokkaido-Iburi earthquake epicentral region, we find that the volume of soil landslides can be estimated by γ = 1.15. The total volume of eroded debris from Hokkaido-Iburi catchments based on this new scaling relationship is estimated as 64-72 million m3. Based on the GNSS data approximation, we noticed that the co-seismic uplift volume is smaller than the eroded volume, suggesting that frequent large earthquakes (and rainfall extremes) may be counterbalancing the topographic uplift through erosion by landslides, especially in humid landscapes such as Japan, where soil properties are rather weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali P Yunus
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, 140-306, India
| | - Chen Xinyu
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Filippo Catani
- Department of Geosciences, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Srikrishnan Siva Subramaniam
- Centre of Excellence in Disaster Mitigation and Management, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Xuanmei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dou Jie
- Three Gorges Research Center for Geohazards, The China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - K S Sajinkumar
- Department of Geology, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695 581, India
| | - Ankita Gupta
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Ram Avtar
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan.
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Senan CPC, Ajin RS, Danumah JH, Costache R, Arabameri A, Rajaneesh A, Sajinkumar KS, Kuriakose SL. Flood vulnerability of a few areas in the foothills of the Western Ghats: a comparison of AHP and F-AHP models. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 2022; 37:527-556. [PMID: 35880038 PMCID: PMC9298175 DOI: 10.1007/s00477-022-02267-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Flooding is one of the most destructive natural catastrophes that can strike anywhere in the world. With the recent, but frequent catastrophic flood events that occurred in the narrow stretch of land in southern India, sandwiched between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea, this study was initiated. The goal of this research is to identify flood-vulnerable zones in this area by making the local self governing bodies as the mapping unit. This study also assessed the predictive accuracy of analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy-analytical hierarchy process (F-AHP) models. A total of 20 indicators (nine physical-environmental variables and 11 socio-economic variables) have been considered for the vulnerability modelling. Flood-vulnerability maps, created using remotely sensed satellite data and geographic information systems, was divided into five zones. AHP and F-AHP flood vulnerability models identified 12.29% and 11.81% of the area as very high-vulnerable zones, respectively. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is used to validate these flood vulnerability maps. The flood vulnerable maps, created using the AHP and F-AHP methods, were found to be outstanding based on the area under the ROC curve (AUC) values. This demonstrates the effectiveness of these two models. The results of AUC for the AHP and F-AHP models were 0.946 and 0.943, respectively, articulating that the AHP model is more efficient than its chosen counterpart in demarcating the flood vulnerable zones. Decision-makers and land-use planners will find the generated vulnerable zone maps useful, particularly in implementing flood mitigation plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandini P. C. Senan
- Kerala State Emergency Operations Centre (KSEOC), Kerala State Disaster Management Authority (KSDMA), Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - R. S. Ajin
- Kerala State Emergency Operations Centre (KSEOC), Kerala State Disaster Management Authority (KSDMA), Thiruvananthapuram, India
- Resilience Development Initiative (RDI), Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Jean Homian Danumah
- Centre Universitaire de Recherche Et d’Application en Télédétection (CURAT), Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Romulus Costache
- National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Civil Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania
- Danube Delta National Institute for Research and Development, Tulcea, Romania
| | - Alireza Arabameri
- Department of Geomorphology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - A. Rajaneesh
- Department of Geology, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - K. S. Sajinkumar
- Department of Geology, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India
- Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan USA
| | - Sekhar L. Kuriakose
- Kerala State Emergency Operations Centre (KSEOC), Kerala State Disaster Management Authority (KSDMA), Thiruvananthapuram, India
- Centre for Disaster Resilience (CDR), Faculty for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Sajinkumar KS, Arya A, Rajaneesh A, Oommen T, Yunus AP, Rani VR, Avtar R, Thrivikramji KP. Migrating rivers, consequent paleochannels: The unlikely partners and hotspots of flooding. Sci Total Environ 2022; 807:150842. [PMID: 34627899 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Furious floods have become an omnipresent reality with the dawn of climate change and its transition to adulthood. Since climate change has now become an accepted reality, analysing the factors that favour or disfavour floods are an urgent requirement. Here we showcase the role of paleochannels, a product of migrating rivers, in a catastrophic flood in the south-western part of the Indian Peninsula. This study exposes whether these geomorphic features facilitate or impede floods. For the purpose of extracting paleochannels and floodwater mapping, we utilized multiple satellite datasets and took advantage of diversified feature selection algorithms. Paleochannels were demarcated viz., initial identification of a few paleochannels from literature and confirmation through high-resolution Google Earth (GE) images, followed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of Sentinel-2 images using Google Earth Engine (GEE), and a supervised classification of the principal bands 1, 2, and 3. False-positives were eliminated using Object-Oriented Analysis (OOA), which reduced the 964,254 polygons to 23,254. These polygons were visually affirmed using GE images that resulted in 115 paleochannels as the final collection. A few locations were verified through Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) using the Schlumberger method. The features were analysed with the floodwaters of the 2018 catastrophic flood, extracted from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data, which was delineated for different temporal limits including the day of peak flood of August 17, 2018. During the peak flood, the inundation of the study area extended to 534.86 km2 with all the paleochannels getting immersed in floodwater. After 44 days of peak flood, the post-flood analysis revealed that when the floodwater receded 50%, the paleochannels emptied 87.39%, with the midland paleochannels discharging more than those of lowlands. Thus, such geomorphic features can be flood hotspots, but can be considered for discharging floodwater to mitigate flood risk in case of unprecedented rain.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Sajinkumar
- Department of Geology, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram 695 581, Kerala, India; Department of Geological & Mining Engineering & Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.
| | - A Arya
- Department of Geology, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram 695 581, Kerala, India; Pondicherry University, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands 744103, India
| | - A Rajaneesh
- Department of Geology, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram 695 581, Kerala, India
| | - T Oommen
- Department of Geological & Mining Engineering & Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Ali P Yunus
- Center for Climate Change Adaptation, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - V R Rani
- Central Ground Water Board, Thiruvananthapuram 695 004, Kerala, India
| | - Ram Avtar
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - K P Thrivikramji
- Centre for Environment and Development, Thiruvananthapuram 695013, Kerala, India
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R. Chandran S, James S, Aswathi J, Padmakumar D, Kumar RBB, Chavan A, Bhore V, Kajale K, Bhandari S, Sajinkumar KS. Lonar Impact Crater, India: the Best-Preserved Terrestrial Hypervelocity Impact Crater in a Basaltic Terrain as a Potential Global Geopark. Geoheritage 2022; 14:130. [PMCID: PMC9702779 DOI: 10.1007/s12371-022-00767-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Lonar Impact Crater is a simple meteorite impact crater carved out on the ~ 65 Ma old Deccan tholeiitic flood basalts. The crater, though scoured in a basaltic terrain, is still preserved in its most pristine form, with a central crater lake. The geomorphology, geochemistry, geochronology, hydrology, geophysical parameters, and structural aspects of Lonar Crater have been explored in detail, but still continue to contribute valid scientific insights into the geology of terrestrial impact craters. Lonar serves as a potential analog site for studying impact cratering on planetary surfaces with basaltic terrains such as the Moon and Mars. Besides being a highly recognizable impact crater in India, the Lonar crater and its hinterland stand out with its archeological relevance and spiritual influence among the people. The numerous temples in and around the crater premises uphold the cultural significance of the region. The crater and adjacent areas are rich in flora and fauna representing a diverse ecosystem in the vastness of the arid Deccan Flood Basalts. Hence, the astrobleme and its surrounding is declared a Ramsar site and is also a protected wildlife sanctuary. The Indian Government has also declared the crater a National Geological Monument as well as an archaeological monument. Furthermore, the astrobleme is a unique site with socio-cultural and economic significance. With these plethoras of importance, combined with the geological and socio-cultural aspects in its hinterland, together with the most acclaimed UNESCO world heritage centers Ajantha and Ellora caves in the neighborhood, it stands as the right candidate for a UNESCO Global Geopark. However, the crater and its ecosystem are not preserved well enough, and the uniqueness of the crater is diminishing. But after selection as a Ramsar site, the area shows increased vegetation growth. The SWOT analysis conducted in this study accounts for Lonar Crater and its adjoining areas as a potential global geopark. Thus, through this study, we try to propagate the vivid and myriad importance of the Lonar crater and the necessity of protecting this geological monument from both anthropogenic and natural processes and to appraise the necessity for nominating this area as a UNESCO Global Geopark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya R. Chandran
- Department of Geology, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, 695581 India
| | - S. James
- Department of Geology, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, 695581 India
| | - J. Aswathi
- Department of Geology, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, 695581 India
| | - Devika Padmakumar
- Department of Geology, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, 695581 India
| | - R. B. Binoj Kumar
- Department of Geology, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, 695581 India
| | - Anil Chavan
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, K.S.K.V. Kachchh University, Bhuj, Kachchh 370001 India
| | - Vivek Bhore
- Department of Geology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007 India
| | - Krishna Kajale
- K.J. Somaiya College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Kopergaon, Ahmednagar 423601 India
| | - Subhash Bhandari
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, K.S.K.V. Kachchh University, Bhuj, Kachchh 370001 India
| | - K. S. Sajinkumar
- Department of Geology, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, 695581 India
- Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
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Singh M, Rajesh VJ, Sajinkumar KS, Sajeev K, Kumar SN. Spectral and chemical characterization of jarosite in a palaeolacustrine depositional environment in Warkalli Formation in Kerala, South India and its implications. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2016; 168:86-97. [PMID: 27285473 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Coastal cliffs fringing the Arabian Sea near Varkala exhibits the Warkalli Formation of the Tertiary sequence of Kerala, South India, with well-marked occurrence of jarosite associated with other hydrous mineral phases of phyllosilicate family in a palaeo-lacustrine depositional environment. Sandy phyllosilicates dominate the mineral assemblage, but jarosite occurs as a prominent secondary phase formed during acid-sulphate alteration of iron sulphide in this area. Here, we discuss about the potentiality of spectroscopic techniques to identify the possible mineral phases in the collected samples. The samples from the coastal cliffs have been characterized by hyperspectral analysis (VIS-NIR-SWIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-red Reflectance (FTIR), Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) and Laser Raman spectroscopy. The spectral and chemical analyses have confirmed the jarosite as natrojarosite and phyllosilicate as kaolinite. Other accessory phases have also been identified through XRD. FTIR spectroscopy has played a major role in identifying the major hydrous bonds between the minerals. VIS-NIR-SWIR spectra show several optimum spectral features at 910nm, 1470nm, 1849-1864nm (in the form of a doublet), 1940nm and 2270nm, which could be utilised to locate jarosite in the remotely-sensed data. X-ray diffraction peaks helped in the identification of maximum number of minerals (kaolinite, smectite, quartz, feldspar, pyrite, marcasite and hematite) and the variation in jarosite content in the samples. We propose the formation of jarosite in the region by a seasonal, local and temporary development of acidic conditions. Abundance of organic matter in a fluvio-lacustrine environment has developed anaerobic conditions by removing available oxygen through decomposition of organic matter containing sulphur compounds. The sulphur thus liberated combines with hydrogen from water to develop acidic conditions and resulted in the formation of jarosite. The occurrence of jarosite in Warkalli Formation suggests on and off supply of water during diagenesis. Jarosite has been detected as a prominent deposit in several regions on Mars by Mars Exploration rover Opportunity and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter-Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM). This study of jarosite formation in terrestrial environment will influence our understanding on the mineral precipitation, diagenesis and hydration processes on Mars. Additionally, it also shows the importance of spectroscopic techniques like Raman spectrometry to be used in future missions to Mars to further validate the results of orbital spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Singh
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Valiamala P.O., Thiruvananthapuram 695 547, India
| | - V J Rajesh
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Valiamala P.O., Thiruvananthapuram 695 547, India.
| | - K S Sajinkumar
- Department of Geology, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram 695 581, India
| | - K Sajeev
- Centre for Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - S N Kumar
- Department of Geology, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram 695 581, India
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