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Frankiewicz KE, Chau JH, Baczyński J, Wdowiak A, Oskolski A. Wood and bark structure in Buddleja: anatomical background of stem morphology. AoB Plants 2023; 15:plad003. [PMID: 37007612 PMCID: PMC10060081 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plad003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Bark (all tissues outside of the vascular cambium) has been extensively studied in recent years, especially its anatomy and physiology. Macromorphological bark characters can be important taxonomically for many plant groups, including the genus Buddleja (Scrophulariaceae). However, the relationship between macroscopic bark appearance and its microscopic structure remains obscure, hampering the use and interpretation of bark traits in plant taxonomy and phylogenetics as well as in other fields of botany. We studied micro- and macrostructure of bark in the species of Buddleja representing wide taxonomic and geographic diversity to identify general relationships between bark anatomy and morphology. We also examined Buddleja xylem and discussed the importance of anatomical traits for understanding the relationships between clades in this genus. The smooth bark surface in sect. Gomphostigma and the outgroup (Freylinia spp.) relates to the small number of periderms of superficial origin and limited sclerification. This allows for the retention of visible lenticels. In the rest of Buddleja, bark sloughs off and division of labour is present: collapsed phloem undergoes sclerification and acts as a protective layer, while thin-walled phellem forms the separation layers. A similar pattern is found in some groups (e.g. Lonicera), but in others (e.g. Vitis and the species of Eucalyptus with stringy bark), the pattern is inversed. Wood and bark anatomy supports a sister relationship between the southern African section Gomphostigma and the rest of Buddleja but is taxonomically uninformative among remaining clades. Limited development of periderms and sclerification allows for the retention of a smooth bark surface and conspicuous lenticels. Sloughing off of bark requires division of labour into a lignified protective layer and a thin-walled separation layer. These two functions are never served by a single tissue but are rather divided between phloem and periderm. How more subtle features (e.g. size and shape of fissures) are determined requires further study. Simultaneously, bark anatomy could be a useful source of data to complement molecular phylogenetic studies in a total evidence approach for systematics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J H Chau
- Centre for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife Conservation, Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - J Baczyński
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Wdowiak
- Department of Plant Bioenergetics, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Oskolski
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Frankiewicz KE, Banasiak Ł, Oskolski AA, Magee AR, Alsarraf M, Trzeciak P, Spalik K. Derived woodiness and annual habit evolved in African umbellifers as alternative solutions for coping with drought. BMC Plant Biol 2021; 21:383. [PMID: 34416875 PMCID: PMC8377965 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the major trends in angiosperm evolution was the shift from woody to herbaceous habit. However, reversals known as derived woodiness have also been reported in numerous, distantly related clades. Among theories evoked to explain the factors promoting the evolution of derived woodiness are moderate climate theory and cavitation theory. The first assumes that woody habit evolves in response to mild climate allowing for prolonged life span, which in turn leads to bigger and woodier bodies. The second sees woodiness as a result of natural selection for higher cavitation resistance in seasonally dry environments. Here, we compare climatic niches of woody and herbaceous, mostly southern African, umbellifers from the Lefebvrea clade to assess whether woody taxa in fact occur in markedly drier habitats. We also calibrate their phylogeny to estimate when derived woodiness evolved. Finally, we describe the wood anatomy of selected woody and herbaceous taxa to see if life forms are linked to any particular wood traits. RESULTS The evolution of derived woodiness in chamaephytes and phanerophytes as well as the shifts to short-lived annual therophytes in the Lefebvrea clade took place at roughly the same time: in the Late Miocene during a trend of global climate aridification. Climatic niches of woody and herbaceous genera from the Cape Floristic Region overlap. There are only two genera with distinctly different climatic preferences: they are herbaceous and occur outside of the Cape Floristic Region. Therefore, studied herbs have an overall climatic niche wider than their woody cousins. Woody and herbaceous species do not differ in qualitative wood anatomy, which is more affected by stem architecture and, probably, reproductive strategy than by habit. CONCLUSIONS Palaeodrought was likely a stimulus for the evolution of derived woodiness in the Lefebvrea clade, supporting the cavitation theory. The concurrent evolution of short-lived annuals withering before summer exemplifies an alternative solution to the same problem of drought-induced cavitation. Changes of the life form were most likely neither spurred nor precluded by any qualitative wood traits, which in turn are more affected by internode length and probably also reproductive strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil E Frankiewicz
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Banasiak
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alexei A Oskolski
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Prof. Popov 2, 197376, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anthony R Magee
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
- Compton Herbarium, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Rhodes Drive, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
| | - Mohammad Alsarraf
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Trzeciak
- Faculty of Biology and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Spalik
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
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Frankiewicz KE, Oskolski A, Banasiak Ł, Fernandes F, Reduron J, Reyes‐Betancort J, Szczeparska L, Alsarraf M, Baczyński J, Spalik K. Parallel evolution of arborescent carrots (Daucus) in Macaronesia. Am J Bot 2020; 107:394-412. [PMID: 32147817 PMCID: PMC7155066 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Despite intensive research, the pathways and driving forces behind the evolution of derived woodiness on oceanic islands remain obscure. The genus Daucus comprises mostly herbs (therophytes, hemicryptophytes) with few rosette treelets (chamaephytes) endemic to various Macaronesian archipelagos, suggesting their independent evolution. To elucidate the evolutionary pathways to derived woodiness, we examined phylogenetic relationships and the habit and secondary xylem evolution in Daucus and related taxa. METHODS Sixty taxa were surveyed for molecular markers, life history, and habit traits. Twenty-one species were considered for wood anatomical characters. A dated phylogeny was estimated using Bayesian methods. The evolution of selected traits was reconstructed using parsimony and maximum likelihood. RESULTS Daucus dispersed independently to the Canary Islands (and subsequently to Madeira), Cape Verde, and the Azores in the late Miocene and Pleistocene. Life span, reproductive strategy, and life form were highly homoplastic; the ancestor of Daucus was probably a monocarpic, biennial hemicryptophyte. Rosette treelets evolved independently in the Canarian-Madeiran lineage and in Cape Verde, the latter within the last 0.13 Myr. Treelets and hemicryptophytes did not differ in wood anatomy. Pervasive axial parenchyma in wood occurred more often in polycarpic rather than monocarpic species. CONCLUSIONS Life span and life form in Daucus are evolutionarily labile and may change independently of wood anatomy, which is related to plant reproductive strategy rather than to life form. Insular woodiness may evolve rapidly (as demonstrated in D. bischoffii), and in Daucus, it does not seem to be an adaptation to lower the risk of xylem embolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil E. Frankiewicz
- Department of Molecular Phylogenetics and EvolutionInstitute of BotanyFaculty of BiologyUniversity of WarsawBiological and Chemical Research CentreŻwirki i Wigury 10102‐089WarsawPoland
| | - Alexei Oskolski
- Department of Botany and Plant BiotechnologyUniversity of JohannesburgPO Box 524, Auckland Park2006JohannesburgSouth Africa
- Botanical MuseumKomarov Botanical InstituteProf. Popov 2197376St. PetersburgRussia
| | - Łukasz Banasiak
- Department of Molecular Phylogenetics and EvolutionInstitute of BotanyFaculty of BiologyUniversity of WarsawBiological and Chemical Research CentreŻwirki i Wigury 10102‐089WarsawPoland
| | - Francisco Fernandes
- Instituto das Florestas e Conservação da NaturezaQuinta Vila Passos, R. Alferes Veiga Pestana 159054‐505Funchal, MadeiraPortugal
| | | | | | - Liliana Szczeparska
- Department of Molecular Phylogenetics and EvolutionInstitute of BotanyFaculty of BiologyUniversity of WarsawBiological and Chemical Research CentreŻwirki i Wigury 10102‐089WarsawPoland
| | - Mohammed Alsarraf
- Department of Molecular Phylogenetics and EvolutionInstitute of BotanyFaculty of BiologyUniversity of WarsawBiological and Chemical Research CentreŻwirki i Wigury 10102‐089WarsawPoland
| | - Jakub Baczyński
- Department of Molecular Phylogenetics and EvolutionInstitute of BotanyFaculty of BiologyUniversity of WarsawBiological and Chemical Research CentreŻwirki i Wigury 10102‐089WarsawPoland
| | - Krzysztof Spalik
- Department of Molecular Phylogenetics and EvolutionInstitute of BotanyFaculty of BiologyUniversity of WarsawBiological and Chemical Research CentreŻwirki i Wigury 10102‐089WarsawPoland
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