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Domingo A, Westenberger A, Lee LV, Brænne I, Liu T, Vater I, Rosales R, Jamora RD, Pasco PM, Cutiongco-Dela Paz EM, Freimann K, Schmidt TG, Dressler D, Kaiser FJ, Bertram L, Erdmann J, Lohmann K, Klein C. New insights into the genetics of X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism (XDP, DYT3). Eur J Hum Genet 2015; 23:1334-40. [PMID: 25604858 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked recessive dystonia-parkinsonism is a rare movement disorder that is highly prevalent in Panay Island in the Philippines. Earlier studies identified seven different genetic alterations within a 427-kb disease locus on the X chromosome; however, the exact disease-causing variant among these is still not unequivocally determined. To further investigate the genetic cause of this disease, we sequenced all previously reported genetic alterations in 166 patients and 473 Filipino controls. Singly occurring variants in our ethnically matched controls would have allowed us to define these as polymorphisms, but none were found. Instead, we identified five patients carrying none of the disease-associated variants, and one male control carrying all of them. In parallel, we searched for novel single-nucleotide variants using next-generation sequencing. We did not identify any shared variants in coding regions of the X chromosome. However, by validating intergenic variants discovered via genome sequencing, we were able to define the boundaries of the disease-specific haplotype and narrow the disease locus to a 294-kb region that includes four known genes. Using microarray-based analyses, we ruled out the presence of disease-linked copy number variants within the implicated region. Finally, we utilized in silico analysis and detected no strong evidence of regulatory regions surrounding the disease-associated variants. In conclusion, our finding of disease-specific variants occurring in complete linkage disequilibrium raises new insights and intriguing questions about the origin of the disease haplotype, the existence of phenocopies and of reduced penetrance, and the causative genetic alteration in XDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloysius Domingo
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,XDP Study Group, Philippine Children's Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines.,Graduate School for Computing in Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ana Westenberger
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lillian V Lee
- XDP Study Group, Philippine Children's Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Ingrid Brænne
- Institute for Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tian Liu
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inga Vater
- Institute of Human Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Raymond Rosales
- XDP Study Group, Philippine Children's Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines.,Faculty of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Roland Dominic Jamora
- XDP Study Group, Philippine Children's Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines.,Department of Neurosciences, University of the Philippines Manila-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Paul Matthew Pasco
- XDP Study Group, Philippine Children's Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines.,Department of Neurosciences, University of the Philippines Manila-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Eva Maria Cutiongco-Dela Paz
- XDP Study Group, Philippine Children's Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines.,Institute of Human Genetics, National Institutes of Health-University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Karen Freimann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Dressler
- Movement Disorders Section, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank J Kaiser
- Section of Functional Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lars Bertram
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Domingo A, Lee LV, Brüggemann N, Freimann K, Kaiser FJ, Jamora RDG, Rosales RL, Klein C, Westenberger A. Woman With X-Linked Recessive Dystonia-Parkinsonism. JAMA Neurol 2014; 71:1177-80. [DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aloysius Domingo
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany2XDP Study Group, Philippine Children’s Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines3Graduate School for Computing in Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lillian V. Lee
- XDP Study Group, Philippine Children’s Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
| | | | - Karen Freimann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Frank J. Kaiser
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Roland D. G. Jamora
- XDP Study Group, Philippine Children’s Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines5Department of Neurosciences, University of the Philippines, Manila–Philippine General Hospital, Manila
| | - Raymond L. Rosales
- XDP Study Group, Philippine Children’s Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines6Faculty of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Santo Tomas Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ana Westenberger
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Kumar KR, Lohmann K, Masuho I, Miyamoto R, Ferbert A, Lohnau T, Kasten M, Hagenah J, Brüggemann N, Graf J, Münchau A, Kostic VS, Sue CM, Domingo AR, Rosales RL, Lee LV, Freimann K, Westenberger A, Mukai Y, Kawarai T, Kaji R, Klein C, Martemyanov KA, Schmidt A. Mutations in GNAL: a novel cause of craniocervical dystonia. JAMA Neurol 2014; 71:490-4. [PMID: 24535567 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.4677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Mutations in the GNAL gene have recently been shown to cause primary torsion dystonia. The GNAL-encoded protein (Gαolf) is important for dopamine D1 receptor function and odorant signal transduction. We sequenced all 12 exons of GNAL in 461 patients from Germany, Serbia, and Japan, including 318 patients with dystonia (190 with cervical dystonia), 51 with hyposmia and Parkinson disease, and 92 with tardive dyskinesia or acute dystonic reactions. OBSERVATIONS We identified the following two novel heterozygous putative mutations in GNAL: p.Gly213Ser in a German patient and p.Ala353Thr in a Japanese patient. These variants were predicted to be pathogenic in silico, were absent in ethnically matched control individuals, and impaired Gαolf coupling to D1 receptors in a bioluminescence energy transfer (BRET) assay. Two additional variants appeared to be benign because they behaved like wild-type samples in the BRET assay (p.Ala311Thr) or were detected in ethnically matched controls (p.Thr92Ala). Both patients with likely pathogenic mutations had craniocervical dystonia with onset in the fifth decade of life. No pathogenic mutations were detected in the patients with hyposmia and Parkinson disease, tardive dyskinesias, or acute dystonic reactions. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Mutations in GNAL can cause craniocervical dystonia in different ethnicities. The BRET assay may be a useful tool to support the pathogenicity of identified variants in the GNAL gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore R Kumar
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany2Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Medical Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Ikuo Masuho
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Ryosuke Miyamoto
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Health Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | - Thora Lohnau
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Meike Kasten
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Johann Hagenah
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | | | - Julia Graf
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Alexander Münchau
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany7Department of Pediatric and Adult Movement Disorders and Neuropsychiatry, Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | | | - Carolyn M Sue
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Medical Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Aloysius R Domingo
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany9Department of Neurosciences, Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Raymond L Rosales
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Santo Tomas Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Lilian V Lee
- Child Neurology Section, Philippine Children's Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Karen Freimann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Ana Westenberger
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Youhei Mukai
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Health Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Kawarai
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Health Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ryuji Kaji
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Health Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
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Doss S, Lohmann K, Seibler P, Arns B, Klopstock T, Zühlke C, Freimann K, Winkler S, Lohnau T, Drungowski M, Nürnberg P, Wiegers K, Lohmann E, Naz S, Kasten M, Bohner G, Ramirez A, Endres M, Klein C. Recessive dystonia-ataxia syndrome in a Turkish family caused by a COX20 (FAM36A) mutation. J Neurol 2013; 261:207-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-013-7177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Freimann K, Zschiedrich K, Brüggemann N, Grünewald A, Pawlack H, Hagenah J, Lohmann K, Klein C, Westenberger A. Mortalin mutations are not a frequent cause of early-onset Parkinson disease. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2694.e19-20. [PMID: 23831374 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctional mitochondria and the mitochondrial chaperone mortalin (HSPA9, GRP75) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD). We screened 139 early-onset PD (EOPD) patients for mutations in mortalin revealing one missense change (p.L358P) that was absent in 279 control individuals. We also found one additional missense variant among the controls (p.T333K). Although both missense changes were predicted to be disease causing, we detected no differences in subcellular localization, mitochondrial morphology, or respiratory function between wild-type and mutant mortalin. These findings suggest that variants in mortalin (1) are not a major cause of EOPD; (2) occur in patients and controls; and (3) do not lead to functional impairment of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Freimann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
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Westenberger A, Rosales RL, Heinitz S, Freimann K, Lee LV, Jamora RD, Ng AR, Domingo A, Lohmann K, Walter U, Gölnitz U, Rolfs A, Nagel I, Gillessen-Kaesbach G, Siebert R, Dressler D, Klein C. X-linked Dystonia-Parkinsonism manifesting in a female patient due to atypical turner syndrome. Mov Disord 2013; 28:675-8. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.25369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Westenberger
- Institute of Neurogenetics; University of Lübeck; Lübeck; Germany
| | | | - Sascha Heinitz
- Institute of Neurogenetics; University of Lübeck; Lübeck; Germany
| | - Karen Freimann
- Institute of Neurogenetics; University of Lübeck; Lübeck; Germany
| | - Lilian V. Lee
- Philippine Children's Medical Center; Metro Manila; Philippines
| | | | - Arlene R. Ng
- St Luke's Medical Center; Metro Manila; Philippines
| | - Aloysius Domingo
- University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital; Metro Manila; Philippines
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics; University of Lübeck; Lübeck; Germany
| | - Uwe Walter
- Departments of Neurology; University of Rostock; Rostock; Germany
| | - Uta Gölnitz
- Centogene GmbH, Institute of Molecular Diagnostics; Rostock; Germany
| | | | - Inga Nagel
- Institute of Human Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel; Germany
| | | | | | | | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics; University of Lübeck; Lübeck; Germany
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Rakic B, Rao FV, Freimann K, Wakarchuk W, Strynadka NCJ, Withers SG. Structure-based mutagenic analysis of mechanism and substrate specificity in mammalian glycosyltransferases: porcine ST3Gal-I. Glycobiology 2013; 23:536-45. [PMID: 23300007 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialyltransferases (STs) play essential roles in signaling and in the cellular recognition processes of mammalian cells by selectively installing cell-surface sialic acids in an appropriate manner both temporally and organ-specifically. The availability of the first three-dimensional structure of a mammalian (GT29) sialyltransferase has, for the first time, allowed quantitative structure/function analyses to be performed, thereby providing reliable insights into the roles of key active site amino acids. Kinetic analyses of mutants of ST3Gal-I, in conjunction with structural studies, have confirmed the mechanistic roles of His302 and His319 as general acid and base catalysts, respectively, and have quantitated other interactions with the cytosine monophosphate-N-acetyl β-neuraminic acid donor substrate. The contributions of side chains that provide key interactions with the acceptor substrate, defining its specificity, have also been quantitated. Particularly important transition-state interactions of 2.5 and 2.7 kcal mol(-1) are found between the acceptor axial 4-hydroxyl and the conserved side chains of Gln108 and Tyr269, respectively. These results provide a basis for the engineering of mammalian STs to accommodate non-natural substrate analogs that should prove valuable as chemical biological probes of sialyltransferase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Rakic
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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