1
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Haile PA, Casillas LN, Votta BJ, Wang GZ, Charnley AK, Dong X, Bury MJ, Romano JJ, Mehlmann JF, King BW, Erhard KF, Hanning CR, Lipshutz DB, Desai BM, Capriotti CA, Schaeffer MC, Berger SB, Mahajan MK, Reilly MA, Nagilla R, Rivera EJ, Sun HH, Kenna JK, Beal AM, Ouellette MT, Kelly M, Stemp G, Convery MA, Vossenkämper A, MacDonald TT, Gough PJ, Bertin J, Marquis RW. Discovery of a First-in-Class Receptor Interacting Protein 2 (RIP2) Kinase Specific Clinical Candidate, 2-((4-(Benzo[ d]thiazol-5-ylamino)-6-( tert-butylsulfonyl)quinazolin-7-yl)oxy)ethyl Dihydrogen Phosphate, for the Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases. J Med Chem 2019; 62:6482-6494. [PMID: 31265286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
RIP2 kinase has been identified as a key signal transduction partner in the NOD2 pathway contributing to a variety of human pathologies, including immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Small-molecule inhibitors of RIP2 kinase or its signaling partners on the NOD2 pathway that are suitable for advancement into the clinic have yet to be described. Herein, we report our discovery and profile of the prodrug clinical compound, inhibitor 3, currently in phase 1 clinical studies. Compound 3 potently binds to RIP2 kinase with good kinase specificity and has excellent activity in blocking many proinflammatory cytokine responses in vivo and in human IBD explant samples. The highly favorable physicochemical and ADMET properties of 3 combined with high potency led to a predicted low oral dose in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Haile
- GlaxoSmithKline , Collegeville Road , Collegeville , Pennsylvania 19426 , United States
| | - Linda N Casillas
- GlaxoSmithKline , Collegeville Road , Collegeville , Pennsylvania 19426 , United States
| | - Bartholomew J Votta
- GlaxoSmithKline , Collegeville Road , Collegeville , Pennsylvania 19426 , United States
| | - Gren Z Wang
- GlaxoSmithKline , Collegeville Road , Collegeville , Pennsylvania 19426 , United States
| | - Adam K Charnley
- GlaxoSmithKline , Collegeville Road , Collegeville , Pennsylvania 19426 , United States
| | - Xiaoyang Dong
- GlaxoSmithKline , Collegeville Road , Collegeville , Pennsylvania 19426 , United States
| | - Michael J Bury
- GlaxoSmithKline , Collegeville Road , Collegeville , Pennsylvania 19426 , United States
| | - Joseph J Romano
- GlaxoSmithKline , Collegeville Road , Collegeville , Pennsylvania 19426 , United States
| | - John F Mehlmann
- GlaxoSmithKline , Collegeville Road , Collegeville , Pennsylvania 19426 , United States
| | - Bryan W King
- GlaxoSmithKline , Collegeville Road , Collegeville , Pennsylvania 19426 , United States
| | - Karl F Erhard
- GlaxoSmithKline , Collegeville Road , Collegeville , Pennsylvania 19426 , United States
| | - Charles R Hanning
- GlaxoSmithKline , Collegeville Road , Collegeville , Pennsylvania 19426 , United States
| | - David B Lipshutz
- GlaxoSmithKline , Collegeville Road , Collegeville , Pennsylvania 19426 , United States
| | - Biva M Desai
- GlaxoSmithKline , Collegeville Road , Collegeville , Pennsylvania 19426 , United States
| | - Carol A Capriotti
- GlaxoSmithKline , Collegeville Road , Collegeville , Pennsylvania 19426 , United States
| | - Michelle C Schaeffer
- GlaxoSmithKline , Collegeville Road , Collegeville , Pennsylvania 19426 , United States
| | - Scott B Berger
- GlaxoSmithKline , Collegeville Road , Collegeville , Pennsylvania 19426 , United States
| | - Mukesh K Mahajan
- GlaxoSmithKline , Collegeville Road , Collegeville , Pennsylvania 19426 , United States
| | - Michael A Reilly
- GlaxoSmithKline , Collegeville Road , Collegeville , Pennsylvania 19426 , United States
| | - Rakesh Nagilla
- GlaxoSmithKline , Collegeville Road , Collegeville , Pennsylvania 19426 , United States
| | - Elizabeth J Rivera
- GlaxoSmithKline , Collegeville Road , Collegeville , Pennsylvania 19426 , United States
| | - Helen H Sun
- GlaxoSmithKline , Collegeville Road , Collegeville , Pennsylvania 19426 , United States
| | - John K Kenna
- GlaxoSmithKline , Collegeville Road , Collegeville , Pennsylvania 19426 , United States
| | - Allison M Beal
- GlaxoSmithKline , Collegeville Road , Collegeville , Pennsylvania 19426 , United States
| | - Michael T Ouellette
- GlaxoSmithKline , Collegeville Road , Collegeville , Pennsylvania 19426 , United States
| | - Mike Kelly
- GlaxoSmithKline , Gunnels Wood Road , Stevenage , Hertfordshire SG1 2NY , U.K
| | - Gillian Stemp
- GlaxoSmithKline , Gunnels Wood Road , Stevenage , Hertfordshire SG1 2NY , U.K
| | - Máire A Convery
- GlaxoSmithKline , Gunnels Wood Road , Stevenage , Hertfordshire SG1 2NY , U.K
| | - Anna Vossenkämper
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry , Queen Mary University of London , London E1 2AD , U.K
| | - Thomas T MacDonald
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry , Queen Mary University of London , London E1 2AD , U.K
| | - Peter J Gough
- GlaxoSmithKline , Collegeville Road , Collegeville , Pennsylvania 19426 , United States
| | - John Bertin
- GlaxoSmithKline , Collegeville Road , Collegeville , Pennsylvania 19426 , United States
| | - Robert W Marquis
- GlaxoSmithKline , Collegeville Road , Collegeville , Pennsylvania 19426 , United States
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2
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Lin H, Zeng J, Xie R, Schulz MJ, Tedesco R, Qu J, Erhard KF, Mack JF, Raha K, Rendina AR, Szewczuk LM, Kratz PM, Jurewicz AJ, Cecconie T, Martens S, McDevitt PJ, Martin JD, Chen SB, Jiang Y, Nickels L, Schwartz BJ, Smallwood A, Zhao B, Campobasso N, Qian Y, Briand J, Rominger CM, Oleykowski C, Hardwicke MA, Luengo JI. Discovery of a Novel 2,6-Disubstituted Glucosamine Series of Potent and Selective Hexokinase 2 Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:217-22. [PMID: 26985301 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel series of potent and selective hexokinase 2 (HK2) inhibitors, 2,6-disubstituted glucosamines, has been identified based on HTS hits, exemplified by compound 1. Inhibitor-bound crystal structures revealed that the HK2 enzyme could adopt an "induced-fit" conformation. The SAR study led to the identification of potent HK2 inhibitors, such as compound 34 with greater than 100-fold selectivity over HK1. Compound 25 inhibits in situ glycolysis in a UM-UC-3 bladder tumor cell line via (13)CNMR measurement of [3-(13)C]lactate produced from [1,6-(13)C2]glucose added to the cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lin
- Cancer Metabolism Chemistry; ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology; and §Platform Technology & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, United States
| | - Jin Zeng
- Cancer Metabolism Chemistry; ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology; and §Platform Technology & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, United States
| | - Ren Xie
- Cancer Metabolism Chemistry; ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology; and §Platform Technology & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, United States
| | - Mark J. Schulz
- Cancer Metabolism Chemistry; ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology; and §Platform Technology & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, United States
| | - Rosanna Tedesco
- Cancer Metabolism Chemistry; ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology; and §Platform Technology & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, United States
| | - Junya Qu
- Cancer Metabolism Chemistry; ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology; and §Platform Technology & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, United States
| | - Karl F. Erhard
- Cancer Metabolism Chemistry; ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology; and §Platform Technology & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, United States
| | - James F. Mack
- Cancer Metabolism Chemistry; ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology; and §Platform Technology & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, United States
| | - Kaushik Raha
- Cancer Metabolism Chemistry; ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology; and §Platform Technology & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, United States
| | - Alan R. Rendina
- Cancer Metabolism Chemistry; ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology; and §Platform Technology & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, United States
| | - Lawrence M. Szewczuk
- Cancer Metabolism Chemistry; ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology; and §Platform Technology & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, United States
| | - Patricia M. Kratz
- Cancer Metabolism Chemistry; ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology; and §Platform Technology & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, United States
| | - Anthony J. Jurewicz
- Cancer Metabolism Chemistry; ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology; and §Platform Technology & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, United States
| | - Ted Cecconie
- Cancer Metabolism Chemistry; ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology; and §Platform Technology & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, United States
| | - Stan Martens
- Cancer Metabolism Chemistry; ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology; and §Platform Technology & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, United States
| | - Patrick J. McDevitt
- Cancer Metabolism Chemistry; ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology; and §Platform Technology & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, United States
| | - John D. Martin
- Cancer Metabolism Chemistry; ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology; and §Platform Technology & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, United States
| | - Stephenie B. Chen
- Cancer Metabolism Chemistry; ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology; and §Platform Technology & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, United States
| | - Yong Jiang
- Cancer Metabolism Chemistry; ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology; and §Platform Technology & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, United States
| | - Leng Nickels
- Cancer Metabolism Chemistry; ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology; and §Platform Technology & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, United States
| | - Benjamin J. Schwartz
- Cancer Metabolism Chemistry; ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology; and §Platform Technology & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, United States
| | - Angela Smallwood
- Cancer Metabolism Chemistry; ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology; and §Platform Technology & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, United States
| | - Baoguang Zhao
- Cancer Metabolism Chemistry; ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology; and §Platform Technology & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, United States
| | - Nino Campobasso
- Cancer Metabolism Chemistry; ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology; and §Platform Technology & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, United States
| | - Yanqiu Qian
- Cancer Metabolism Chemistry; ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology; and §Platform Technology & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, United States
| | - Jacques Briand
- Cancer Metabolism Chemistry; ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology; and §Platform Technology & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, United States
| | - Cynthia M. Rominger
- Cancer Metabolism Chemistry; ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology; and §Platform Technology & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, United States
| | - Catherine Oleykowski
- Cancer Metabolism Chemistry; ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology; and §Platform Technology & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, United States
| | - Mary Ann Hardwicke
- Cancer Metabolism Chemistry; ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology; and §Platform Technology & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, United States
| | - Juan I. Luengo
- Cancer Metabolism Chemistry; ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology; and §Platform Technology & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, United States
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3
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Erhard KF, Parkinson SE, Gross SM, Barbour JER, Lim JP, Hollick JB. Maize RNA polymerase IV defines trans-generational epigenetic variation. Plant Cell 2013; 25:808-19. [PMID: 23512852 PMCID: PMC3634690 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.107680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The maize (Zea mays) RNA Polymerase IV (Pol IV) largest subunit, RNA Polymerase D1 (RPD1 or NRPD1), is required for facilitating paramutations, restricting expression patterns of genes required for normal development, and generating small interfering RNA (siRNAs). Despite this expanded role for maize Pol IV relative to Arabidopsis thaliana, neither the general characteristics of Pol IV-regulated haplotypes, nor their prevalence, are known. Here, we show that specific haplotypes of the purple plant1 locus, encoding an anthocyanin pigment regulator, acquire and retain an expanded expression domain following transmission from siRNA biogenesis mutants. This conditioned expression pattern is progressively enhanced over generations in Pol IV mutants and then remains heritable after restoration of Pol IV function. This unusual genetic behavior is associated with promoter-proximal transposon fragments but is independent of sequences required for paramutation. These results indicate that trans-generational Pol IV action defines the expression patterns of haplotypes using co-opted transposon-derived sequences as regulatory elements. Our results provide a molecular framework for the concept that induced changes to the heterochromatic component of the genome are coincident with heritable changes in gene regulation. Alterations of this Pol IV-based regulatory system can generate potentially desirable and adaptive traits for selection to act upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl F. Erhard
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3102
| | - Susan E. Parkinson
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3102
| | - Stephen M. Gross
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3102
| | - Joy-El R. Barbour
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3200
| | - Jana P. Lim
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3102
| | - Jay B. Hollick
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3102
- Address correspondence to
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4
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Erhard KF, Hollick JB. Paramutation: a process for acquiring trans-generational regulatory states. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2011; 14:210-216. [PMID: 21420347 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Basic tenets of Mendelian inheritance are violated by paramutations in which trans-homolog interactions lead to heritable changes in gene regulation and phenotype. First described in plants, similar behaviors have now been noted in diverse eukaryotes. Genetic and molecular studies of paramutations occurring in maize indicate that components of a small interfering RNA (siRNA) biogenesis pathway are required for the maintenance of meiotically heritable regulatory states. Although these findings lead to a hypothesis that siRNAs themselves mediate paramutation interactions, an assessment of existing data supports the opinion that siRNAs alone are insufficient. Recent evidence implies that transcription of paramutation-associated repeats and siRNA-facilitated chromatin changes at affected loci are involved in directing and maintaining the heritable changes in gene regulation that typify paramutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl F Erhard
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA
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5
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Knirr S, Gomos-Klein J, Andino BE, Harrow F, Erhard KF, Kovalovsky D, Sant'Angelo DB, Ortiz BD. Ectopic T cell receptor-α locus control region activity in B cells is suppressed by direct linkage to two flanking genes at once. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15527. [PMID: 21124935 PMCID: PMC2989920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms regulating the activity of the TCRα gene are required for the production of the circulating T cell repertoire. Elements of the mouse TCRα locus control region (LCR) play a role in these processes. We previously reported that TCRα LCR DNA supports a gene expression pattern that mimics proper thymus-stage, TCRα gene-like developmental regulation. It also produces transcription of linked reporter genes in peripheral T cells. However, TCRα LCR-driven transgenes display ectopic transcription in B cells in multiple reporter gene systems. The reasons for this important deviation from the normal TCRα gene regulation pattern are unclear. In its natural locus, two genes flank the TCRα LCR, TCRα (upstream) and Dad1 (downstream). We investigated the significance of this gene arrangement to TCRα LCR activity by examining transgenic mice bearing a construct where the LCR was flanked by two separate reporter genes. Surprisingly, the presence of a second, distinct, reporter gene downstream of the LCR virtually eliminated the ectopic B cell expression of the upstream reporter observed in earlier studies. Downstream reporter gene activity was unaffected by the presence of a second gene upstream of the LCR. Our findings indicate that a gene arrangement in which the TCRα LCR is flanked by two distinct transcription units helps to restrict its activity, selectively, on its 5′-flanking gene, the natural TCRα gene position with respect to the LCR. Consistent with these findings, a TCRα/Dad1 locus bacterial artificial chromosome dual-reporter construct did not display the ectopic upstream (TCRα) reporter expression in B cells previously reported for single TCRα transgenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Knirr
- Department of Biological Sciences, City University of New York, Hunter College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Janette Gomos-Klein
- Department of Biological Sciences, City University of New York, Hunter College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Blanca E. Andino
- Department of Biological Sciences, City University of New York, Hunter College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Faith Harrow
- Department of Biological Sciences, City University of New York, Hunter College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Karl F. Erhard
- Department of Biological Sciences, City University of New York, Hunter College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Damian Kovalovsky
- Division of Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Derek B. Sant'Angelo
- Division of Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Benjamin D. Ortiz
- Department of Biological Sciences, City University of New York, Hunter College, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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6
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Stonaker JL, Lim JP, Erhard KF, Hollick JB. Diversity of Pol IV function is defined by mutations at the maize rmr7 locus. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000706. [PMID: 19936246 PMCID: PMC2775721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations affecting the heritable maintenance of epigenetic states in maize identify multiple small RNA biogenesis factors including NRPD1, the largest subunit of the presumed maize Pol IV holoenzyme. Here we show that mutations defining the required to maintain repression7 locus identify a second RNA polymerase subunit related to Arabidopsis NRPD2a, the sole second largest subunit shared between Arabidopsis Pol IV and Pol V. A phylogenetic analysis shows that, in contrast to representative eudicots, grasses have retained duplicate loci capable of producing functional NRPD2-like proteins, which is indicative of increased RNA polymerase diversity in grasses relative to eudicots. Together with comparisons of rmr7 mutant plant phenotypes and their effects on the maintenance of epigenetic states with parallel analyses of NRPD1 defects, our results imply that maize utilizes multiple functional NRPD2-like proteins. Despite the observation that RMR7/NRPD2, like NRPD1, is required for the accumulation of most siRNAs, our data indicate that different Pol IV isoforms play distinct roles in the maintenance of meiotically-heritable epigenetic information in the grasses. Multicellular plants possess a unique set of DNA–dependent RNA polymerase complexes (RNAPs) that prevent certain repetitious regions of the genome from being copied into stable RNAs. Two distinct RNAPs, termed Pol IV and Pol V, are required for this type of genome-silencing behavior in the eudicot Arabidopsis thaliana, but the mechanism by which these RNAPs accomplish this function is still relatively unknown. Using genetic and molecular methodologies, we identified a Pol IV–type subunit protein as being involved in a process of meiotically-heritable gene silencing in the maize plant known as paramutation. Our analyses of the available plant genome sequences indicate that monocots have a greater potential for RNAP diversity due to having duplicate variants of this particular subunit. Consistent with this inferred diversity, comparative analyses with plants defective in a different core Pol IV subunit indicate that the Pol IV–type RNAP in maize has distinct functional isoforms. The mechanistic and biological role(s) of these specific RNAPs in mediating genome regulation and heritable gene silencing in large genome cereals should now be tractable by biochemical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Stonaker
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Jana P. Lim
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Karl F. Erhard
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Jay B. Hollick
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Hale CJ, Erhard KF, Lisch D, Hollick JB. Production and processing of siRNA precursor transcripts from the highly repetitive maize genome. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000598. [PMID: 19680464 PMCID: PMC2725412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations affecting the maintenance of heritable epigenetic states in maize identify multiple RNA–directed DNA methylation (RdDM) factors including RMR1, a novel member of a plant-specific clade of Snf2-related proteins. Here we show that RMR1 is necessary for the accumulation of a majority of 24 nt small RNAs, including those derived from Long-Terminal Repeat (LTR) retrotransposons, the most common repetitive feature in the maize genome. A genetic analysis of DNA transposon repression indicates that RMR1 acts upstream of the RNA–dependent RNA polymerase, RDR2 (MOP1). Surprisingly, we show that non-polyadenylated transcripts from a sampling of LTR retrotransposons are lost in both rmr1 and rdr2 mutants. In contrast, plants deficient for RNA Polymerase IV (Pol IV) function show an increase in polyadenylated LTR RNA transcripts. These findings support a model in which Pol IV functions independently of the small RNA accumulation facilitated by RMR1 and RDR2 and support that a loss of Pol IV leads to RNA Polymerase II–based transcription. Additionally, the lack of changes in general genome homeostasis in rmr1 mutants, despite the global loss of 24 nt small RNAs, challenges the perceived roles of siRNAs in maintaining functional heterochromatin in the genomes of outcrossing grass species. Most eukaryotic genomes are divided into two functional classes of regulation: the euchromatic and the heterochromatic. Heterochromatic regions, often composed of potentially deleterious transposons and retrotransposons, are typically viewed as “silent” or not transcribed. Paradoxically, evidence from multiple organisms indicates that heterochromatic regions must be transcribed to maintain a heterochromatic character. In plants, specialized RNA polymerase complexes are thought to specifically process repetitive regions of the genome into small RNA molecules that facilitate maintenance of a heterochromatic environment. We investigated the role of this specialized polymerase pathway in maintaining maize genome homeostasis with particular focus on RMR1, a novel protein related to a family of DNA repair proteins, whose function in modifying repetitive regions of the genome is unknown. We find most small RNA generation is dependent on RMR1, which appears to function downstream of the specialized polymerase, RNA polymerase IV. However, we provide evidence that the function of RNA polymerase IV is not disrupted by the absence of small RNA generation. Our results suggest the division of the plant genome into euchromatin and heterochromatin is maintained by template competition between the specialized plant polymerases and canonical RNA polymerase II, and not by the subsequent generation of small RNA molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Hale
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Karl F. Erhard
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Damon Lisch
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Jay B. Hollick
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Abstract
Plants have distinct RNA polymerase complexes (Pol IV and Pol V) with largely unknown roles in maintaining small RNA-associated gene silencing. Curiously, the eudicot Arabidopsis thaliana is not affected when either function is lost. By use of mutation selection and positional cloning, we showed that the largest subunit of the presumed maize Pol IV is involved in paramutation, an inherited epigenetic change facilitated by an interaction between two alleles, as well as normal maize development. Bioinformatics analyses and nuclear run-on transcription assays indicate that Pol IV does not engage in the efficient RNA synthesis typical of the three major eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. These results indicate that Pol IV employs abnormal RNA polymerase activities to achieve genome-wide silencing and that its absence affects both maize development and heritable epigenetic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl F Erhard
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 111 Koshland Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA
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9
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Jin J, Wang Y, Wang F, Shi D, Erhard KF, Wu Z, Guida BF, Lawrence SK, Behm DJ, Disa J, Vaidya KS, Evans C, McMillan LJ, Rivero RA, Neeb MJ, Douglas SA. 2-Aminomethyl piperidines as novel urotensin-II receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:2860-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Revised: 03/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Medina JR, Blackledge CW, Erhard KF, Axten JM, Miller WH. Benzyl 2-Cyano-3,3-Dimethyl-1-pyrrolidinecarboxylate, a Versatile Intermediate for the Synthesis of 3,3-Dimethylproline Derivatives. J Org Chem 2008; 73:3946-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo7027163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesus R. Medina
- Oncology Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Charles W. Blackledge
- Oncology Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Karl F. Erhard
- Oncology Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Jeffrey M. Axten
- Oncology Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - William H. Miller
- Oncology Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
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11
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Yamashita DS, Marquis RW, Xie R, Nidamarthy SD, Oh HJ, Jeong JU, Erhard KF, Ward KW, Roethke TJ, Smith BR, Cheng HY, Geng X, Lin F, Offen PH, Wang B, Nevins N, Head MS, Haltiwanger RC, Narducci Sarjeant AA, Liable-Sands LM, Zhao B, Smith WW, Janson CA, Gao E, Tomaszek T, McQueney M, James IE, Gress CJ, Zembryki DL, Lark MW, Veber DF. Structure activity relationships of 5-, 6-, and 7-methyl-substituted azepan-3-one cathepsin K inhibitors. J Med Chem 2006; 49:1597-612. [PMID: 16509577 DOI: 10.1021/jm050915u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses, in vitro characterizations, and rat and monkey in vivo pharmacokinetic profiles of a series of 5-, 6-, and 7-methyl-substituted azepanone-based cathepsin K inhibitors are described. Depending on the particular regiochemical substitution and stereochemical configuration, methyl-substituted azepanones were identified that had widely varied cathepsin K inhibitory potency as well as pharmacokinetic properties compared to the 4S-parent azepanone analogue, 1 (human cathepsin K, K(i,app) = 0.16 nM, rat oral bioavailability = 42%, rat in vivo clearance = 49.2 mL/min/kg). Of particular note, the 4S-7-cis-methylazepanone analogue, 10, had a K(i,app) = 0.041 nM vs human cathepsin K and 89% oral bioavailability and an in vivo clearance rate of 19.5 mL/min/kg in the rat. Hypotheses that rationalize some of the observed characteristics of these closely related analogues have been made using X-ray crystallography and conformational analysis. These examples demonstrate the potential for modulation of pharmacological properties of cathepsin inhibitors by substituting the azepanone core. The high potency for inhibition of cathepsin K coupled with the favorable rat and monkey pharmacokinetic characteristics of compound 10, also known as SB-462795 or relacatib, has made it the subject of considerable in vivo evaluation for safety and efficacy as an inhibitor of excessive bone resorption in rat, monkey, and human studies, which will be reported elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis S Yamashita
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, USA.
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12
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Miller WH, Manley PJ, Cousins RD, Erhard KF, Heerding DA, Kwon C, Ross ST, Samanen JM, Takata DT, Uzinskas IN, Yuan CCK, Haltiwanger RC, Gress CJ, Lark MW, Hwang SM, James IE, Rieman DJ, Willette RN, Yue TL, Azzarano LM, Salyers KL, Smith BR, Ward KW, Johanson KO, Huffman WF. Phenylbutyrates as potent, orally bioavailable vitronectin receptor (integrin alphavbeta3) antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:1483-6. [PMID: 12668017 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In our continuing efforts to identify small molecule vitronectin receptor antagonists, we have discovered a series of phenylbutyrate derivatives, exemplified by 16, which have good potency and excellent oral bioavailability (approximately 100% in rats). This new series is derived conceptually from opening of the seven-membered ring of SB-265123.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Miller
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd., PO Box 5089, PA 19426, USA.
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13
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Dolle RE, Schmidt SJ, Erhard KF, Kruse LI. Synthesis of zymosterol, fecosterol, and related biosynthetic sterol intermediates. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00183a042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Stroup GB, Lark MW, Veber DF, Bhattacharyya A, Blake S, Dare LC, Erhard KF, Hoffman SJ, James IE, Marquis RW, Ru Y, Vasko-Moser JA, Smith BR, Tomaszek T, Gowen M. Potent and selective inhibition of human cathepsin K leads to inhibition of bone resorption in vivo in a nonhuman primate. J Bone Miner Res 2001; 16:1739-46. [PMID: 11585335 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.10.1739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin K is a cysteine protease that plays an essential role in osteoclast-mediated degradation of the organic matrix of bone. Knockout of the enzyme in mice, as well as lack of functional enzyme in the human condition pycnodysostosis, results in osteopetrosis. These results suggests that inhibition of the human enzyme may provide protection from bone loss in states of elevated bone turnover, such as postmenopausal osteoporosis. To test this theory, we have produced a small molecule inhibitor of human cathepsin K, SB-357114, that potently and selectively inhibits this enzyme (Ki = 0.16 nM). This compound potently inhibited cathepsin activity in situ, in human osteoclasts (inhibitor concentration [IC]50 = 70 nM) as well as bone resorption mediated by human osteoclasts in vitro (IC50 = 29 nM). Using SB-357114, we evaluated the effect of inhibition of cathepsin K on bone resorption in vivo using a nonhuman primate model of postmenopausal bone loss in which the active form of cathepsin K is identical to the human orthologue. A gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) was used to render cynomolgus monkeys estrogen deficient, which led to an increase in bone turnover. Treatment with SB-357114 (12 mg/kg subcutaneously) resulted in a significant reduction in serum markers of bone resorption relative to untreated controls. The effect was observed 1.5 h after the first dose and was maintained for 24 h. After 5 days of dosing, the reductions in N-terminal telopeptides (NTx) and C-terminal telopeptides (CTx) of type I collagen were 61% and 67%, respectively. A decrease in serum osteocalcin of 22% was also observed. These data show that inhibition of cathepsin K results in a significant reduction of bone resorption in vivo and provide further evidence that this may be a viable approach to the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Stroup
- Department of Bone and Cartilage Biology, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA
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15
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Ames RS, Lee D, Foley JJ, Jurewicz AJ, Tornetta MA, Bautsch W, Settmacher B, Klos A, Erhard KF, Cousins RD, Sulpizio AC, Hieble JP, McCafferty G, Ward KW, Adams JL, Bondinell WE, Underwood DC, Osborn RR, Badger AM, Sarau HM. Identification of a selective nonpeptide antagonist of the anaphylatoxin C3a receptor that demonstrates antiinflammatory activity in animal models. J Immunol 2001; 166:6341-8. [PMID: 11342658 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.10.6341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The anaphylatoxin C3a is a potent chemotactic peptide and inflammatory mediator released during complement activation which binds to and activates a G-protein-coupled receptor. Molecular cloning of the C3aR has facilitated studies to identify nonpeptide antagonists of the C3aR. A chemical lead that selectively inhibited the C3aR in a high throughput screen was identified and chemically optimized. The resulting antagonist, N(2)-[(2,2-diphenylethoxy)acetyl]-L-arginine (SB 290157), functioned as a competitive antagonist of (125)I-C3a radioligand binding to rat basophilic leukemia (RBL)-2H3 cells expressing the human C3aR (RBL-C3aR), with an IC(50) of 200 nM. SB 290157 was a functional antagonist, blocking C3a-induced C3aR internalization in a concentration-dependent manner and C3a-induced Ca(2+) mobilization in RBL-C3aR cells and human neutrophils with IC(50)s of 27.7 and 28 nM, respectively. SB 290157 was selective for the C3aR in that it did not antagonize the C5aR or six other chemotactic G protein-coupled receptors. Functional antagonism was not solely limited to the human C3aR; SB 290157 also inhibited C3a-induced Ca(2+) mobilization of RBL-2H3 cells expressing the mouse and guinea pig C3aRS: It potently inhibited C3a-mediated ATP release from guinea pig platelets and inhibited C3a-induced potentiation of the contractile response to field stimulation of perfused rat caudal artery. Furthermore, in animal models, SB 290157, inhibited neutrophil recruitment in a guinea pig LPS-induced airway neutrophilia model and decreased paw edema in a rat adjuvant-induced arthritis model. This selective antagonist may be useful to define the physiological and pathophysiological roles of the C3aR.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/metabolism
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacokinetics
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Arginine/analogs & derivatives
- Arginine/metabolism
- Arginine/pharmacokinetics
- Arginine/pharmacology
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Benzhydryl Compounds/metabolism
- Benzhydryl Compounds/pharmacokinetics
- Benzhydryl Compounds/pharmacology
- Binding, Competitive
- Cell Line
- Complement C3a/metabolism
- Complement Inactivator Proteins/metabolism
- Complement Inactivator Proteins/pharmacokinetics
- Complement Inactivator Proteins/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Edema/pathology
- Edema/prevention & control
- Guinea Pigs
- Hindlimb
- Humans
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Leukocytosis/immunology
- Leukocytosis/pathology
- Male
- Membrane Proteins
- Mice
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Neutrophil Infiltration/drug effects
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Complement/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Complement/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Ames
- Department of Molecular Biology, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406-0939, USA.
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16
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Marquis RW, Ru Y, LoCastro SM, Zeng J, Yamashita DS, Oh HJ, Erhard KF, Davis LD, Tomaszek TA, Tew D, Salyers K, Proksch J, Ward K, Smith B, Levy M, Cummings MD, Haltiwanger RC, Trescher G, Wang B, Hemling ME, Quinn CJ, Cheng HY, Lin F, Smith WW, Janson CA, Zhao B, McQueney MS, D'Alessio K, Lee CP, Marzulli A, Dodds RA, Blake S, Hwang SM, James IE, Gress CJ, Bradley BR, Lark MW, Gowen M, Veber DF. Azepanone-based inhibitors of human and rat cathepsin K. J Med Chem 2001; 44:1380-95. [PMID: 11311061 DOI: 10.1021/jm000481x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, in vitro activities, and pharmacokinetics of a series of azepanone-based inhibitors of the cysteine protease cathepsin K (EC 3.4.22.38) are described. These compounds show improved configurational stability of the C-4 diastereomeric center relative to the previously published five- and six-membered ring ketone-based inhibitor series. Studies in this series have led to the identification of 20, a potent, selective inhibitor of human cathepsin K (K(i) = 0.16 nM) as well as 24, a potent inhibitor of both human (K(i) = 0.0048 nM) and rat (K(i,app) = 4.8 nM) cathepsin K. Small-molecule X-ray crystallographic analysis of 20 established the C-4 S stereochemistry as being critical for potent inhibition and that unbound 20 adopted the expected equatorial conformation for the C-4 substituent. Molecular modeling studies predicted the higher energy axial orientation at C-4 of 20 when bound within the active site of cathepsin K, a feature subsequently confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Pharmacokinetic studies in the rat show 20 to be 42% orally bioavailable. Comparison of the transport of the cyclic and acyclic analogues through CaCo-2 cells suggests that oral bioavailability of the acyclic derivatives is limited by a P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux mechanism. It is concluded that the introduction of a conformational constraint has served the dual purpose of increasing inhibitor potency by locking in a bioactive conformation as well as locking out available conformations which may serve as substrates for enzyme systems that limit oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Marquis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA.
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17
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Miller WH, Alberts DP, Bhatnagar PK, Bondinell WE, Callahan JF, Calvo RR, Cousins RD, Erhard KF, Heerding DA, Keenan RM, Kwon C, Manley PJ, Newlander KA, Ross ST, Samanen JM, Uzinskas IN, Venslavsky JW, Yuan CC, Haltiwanger RC, Gowen M, Hwang SM, James IE, Lark MW, Rieman DJ, Stroup GB, Azzarano LM, Salyers KL, Smith BR, Ward KW, Johanson KO, Huffman WF. Discovery of orally active nonpeptide vitronectin receptor antagonists based on a 2-benzazepine Gly-Asp mimetic. J Med Chem 2000; 43:22-6. [PMID: 10633035 DOI: 10.1021/jm990446u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W H Miller
- Research & Development Division, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, PA 19426-0989, USA.
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18
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Lark MW, Stroup GB, Hwang SM, James IE, Rieman DJ, Drake FH, Bradbeer JN, Mathur A, Erhard KF, Newlander KA, Ross ST, Salyers KL, Smith BR, Miller WH, Huffman WF, Gowen M. Design and characterization of orally active Arg-Gly-Asp peptidomimetic vitronectin receptor antagonist SB 265123 for prevention of bone loss in osteoporosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999; 291:612-7. [PMID: 10525079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-binding integrin alpha(V)beta(3) is highly expressed on osteoclasts and has been proposed to mediate cell-matrix adhesion required for osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Antagonism of this receptor should prevent stable osteoclast adhesion and thereby inhibit bone resorption. We have generated an orally bioavailable, nonpeptide RGD mimetic alpha(v)beta(3) antagonist, SB 265123, which prevents bone loss in vivo when dosed by oral administration. SB 265123 binds alpha(v)beta(3) and the closely related integrin alpha(v)beta(5) with high affinity (K(i) = 3.5 and 1.3 nM, respectively), but binds only weakly to the related RGD-binding integrins alpha(IIb)beta(3) (K(i) >1 microM) and alpha(5)beta(1) (K(i) >1 microM). The compound inhibits alpha(v)beta(3)-mediated cell adhesion with an IC(50) = 60 nM and more importantly, inhibits human osteoclast-mediated bone resorption in vitro with an IC(50) = 48 nM. In vivo, SB 265123 completely blocks bone resorption in a thyroparathyroidectomized rat model of acute bone resorption when dosed at 2.5 mg/kg/h by continuous i.v. infusion. When dosed orally with 3 to 30 mg/kg b.i.d. , in the ovariectomy-induced rat model of osteoporosis, SB 265123 prevents bone resorption in a dose-dependent fashion. This is the first report of an orally active alpha(v)beta(3) antagonist that is effective at inhibiting bone resorption when dosed in a pharmaceutically acceptable fashion. Such a molecule may provide a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Lark
- Department of Bone and Cartilage Biology, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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19
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Miller WH, Bondinell WE, Cousins RD, Erhard KF, Jakas DR, Keenan RM, Ku TW, Newlander KA, Ross ST, Haltiwanger RC, Bradbeer J, Drake FH, Gowen M, Hoffman SJ, Hwang SM, James IE, Lark MW, Lechowska B, Rieman DJ, Stroup GB, Vasko-Moser JA, Zembryki DL, Azzarano LM, Adams PC, Huffman WF. Orally bioavailable nonpeptide vitronectin receptor antagonists with efficacy in an osteoporosis model. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:1807-12. [PMID: 10406646 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00283-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A new series of potent nonpeptide vitronectin receptor antagonists, based on a novel carbocyclic Gly-Asp mimetic, has been discovered. A representative of this series, SB 265123 (4), has 100% oral bioavailability in rats, and is orally active in vivo in the ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Miller
- Research & Development Division, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, PA 19426-0989, USA
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20
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Marquis RW, Yamashita DS, Ru Y, LoCastro SM, Oh HJ, Erhard KF, DesJarlais RL, Head MS, Smith WW, Zhao B, Janson CA, Abdel-Meguid SS, Tomaszek TA, Levy MA, Veber DF. Conformationally constrained 1,3-diamino ketones: a series of potent inhibitors of the cysteine protease cathepsin K. J Med Chem 1998; 41:3563-7. [PMID: 9733481 DOI: 10.1021/jm980295f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R W Marquis
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA
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21
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DesJarlais RL, Yamashita DS, Oh HJ, Uzinskas IN, Erhard KF, Allen AC, Haltiwanger RC, Zhao B, Smith WW, Abdel-Meguid SS, D'Alessio K, Janson CA, McQueney MS, Tomaszek TA, Levy MA, Veber DF. Use of X-ray Co-crystal Structures and Molecular Modeling To Design Potent and Selective Non-peptide Inhibitors of Cathepsin K. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja981171v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renee L. DesJarlais
- Departments of Physical and Structural Chemistry Medicinal Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry Structural Biology, Protein Biochemistry and Molecular Recognition SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Dennis S. Yamashita
- Departments of Physical and Structural Chemistry Medicinal Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry Structural Biology, Protein Biochemistry and Molecular Recognition SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Hye-Ja Oh
- Departments of Physical and Structural Chemistry Medicinal Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry Structural Biology, Protein Biochemistry and Molecular Recognition SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Irene N. Uzinskas
- Departments of Physical and Structural Chemistry Medicinal Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry Structural Biology, Protein Biochemistry and Molecular Recognition SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Karl F. Erhard
- Departments of Physical and Structural Chemistry Medicinal Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry Structural Biology, Protein Biochemistry and Molecular Recognition SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Andrew C. Allen
- Departments of Physical and Structural Chemistry Medicinal Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry Structural Biology, Protein Biochemistry and Molecular Recognition SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - R. Curtis Haltiwanger
- Departments of Physical and Structural Chemistry Medicinal Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry Structural Biology, Protein Biochemistry and Molecular Recognition SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Baoguang Zhao
- Departments of Physical and Structural Chemistry Medicinal Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry Structural Biology, Protein Biochemistry and Molecular Recognition SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Ward W. Smith
- Departments of Physical and Structural Chemistry Medicinal Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry Structural Biology, Protein Biochemistry and Molecular Recognition SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Sherin S. Abdel-Meguid
- Departments of Physical and Structural Chemistry Medicinal Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry Structural Biology, Protein Biochemistry and Molecular Recognition SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Karla D'Alessio
- Departments of Physical and Structural Chemistry Medicinal Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry Structural Biology, Protein Biochemistry and Molecular Recognition SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Cheryl A. Janson
- Departments of Physical and Structural Chemistry Medicinal Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry Structural Biology, Protein Biochemistry and Molecular Recognition SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Michael S. McQueney
- Departments of Physical and Structural Chemistry Medicinal Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry Structural Biology, Protein Biochemistry and Molecular Recognition SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Thaddeus A. Tomaszek
- Departments of Physical and Structural Chemistry Medicinal Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry Structural Biology, Protein Biochemistry and Molecular Recognition SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Mark A. Levy
- Departments of Physical and Structural Chemistry Medicinal Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry Structural Biology, Protein Biochemistry and Molecular Recognition SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Daniel F. Veber
- Departments of Physical and Structural Chemistry Medicinal Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry Structural Biology, Protein Biochemistry and Molecular Recognition SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
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22
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Ku TW, Ali FE, Bondinell WE, Erhard KF, Huffman WF, Venslavsky JW, Yuan CCK. An alternate enantiospecific synthesis of methyl (S)-7-tert-butoxycarbonyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-4-methyl-3-oxo-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine-2-acetate. Tetrahedron Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)00570-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Gallagher TF, Seibel GL, Kassis S, Laydon JT, Blumenthal MJ, Lee JC, Lee D, Boehm JC, Fier-Thompson SM, Abt JW, Soreson ME, Smietana JM, Hall RF, Garigipati RS, Bender PE, Erhard KF, Krog AJ, Hofmann GA, Sheldrake PL, McDonnell PC, Kumar S, Young PR, Adams JL. Regulation of stress-induced cytokine production by pyridinylimidazoles; inhibition of CSBP kinase. Bioorg Med Chem 1997; 5:49-64. [PMID: 9043657 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(96)00212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Members of three classes of pyridinylimidazoles bind with varying affinities to CSBP (p38) kinase which is a member of a stress-induced signal transduction pathway. Based upon SAR and protein homology modeling, the pharmacophore and three potential modes of binding to the enzyme are presented. For a subset of pyridinylimidazoles, binding is shown to correlate with inhibition of CSBP kinase activity, whereas no significant inhibition of PKA, PKC alpha and ERK kinase activity is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Gallagher
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406-0939, USA
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24
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Miller WH, Ku TW, Ali FE, Bondinell WE, Calvo RR, Davis LD, Erhard KF, Hall LB, Huffman WF, Keenan RM, Kwon C, Newlander KA, Ross ST, Samanen JM, Takata DT, Yuan CK. Enantiospecific synthesis of SB 214857, a potent, orally active, nonpeptide fibrinogen receptor antagonist. Tetrahedron Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(95)02054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Ku TW, Miller WH, Bondinell WE, Erhard KF, Keenan RM, Nichols AJ, Peishoff CE, Samanen JM, Wong AS, Huffman WF. Potent non-peptide fibrinogen receptor antagonists which present an alternative pharmacophore. J Med Chem 1995; 38:9-12. [PMID: 7837245 DOI: 10.1021/jm00001a003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T W Ku
- Research and Development Division, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
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26
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Bondinell WE, Keenan RM, Miller WH, Ali FE, Allen AC, de Brosse CW, Eggleston DS, Erhard KF, Haltiwanger RC, Huffman WF. Design of a potent and orally active nonpeptide platelet fibrinogen receptor (GPIIb/IIIa) antagonist. Bioorg Med Chem 1994; 2:897-908. [PMID: 7712125 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)82039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The direct design of the potent nonpeptide platelet fibrinogen receptor (GPIIb/IIIa) antagonist, 8-[[[4- (aminoiminomethyl)phenyl]amino]carbonyl]-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-oxo- 4- (2-phenylethyl)-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine-2-acetic acid, (3) (SB 207448), based on the structure and conformation of the potent and highly constrained cyclic peptide antagonist SK&F 107260 (2), has been reported [Ku et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 8861]. While 3 displayed in vivo activity in the conscious dog following intravenous administration, it was not active following intraduodenal administration; activity was measured with an ex vivo platelet aggregation assay. The secondary amide in 3 was N-methylated in the expectation of increased absorption and bioavailability. The resulting tertiary amide, 4 (SB 208651), also showed high binding affinity for human GPIIb/IIIa and potent antiaggregatory activity in human platelet-rich plasma. Most importantly, 4 was active in vivo following intravenous and intraduodenal administration. Comparison of the iv and id inhibition curves suggests an apparent bioavailability of approximately 10%. Thus, 4 represents the first orally active compound in this series of potent, nonpeptide fibrinogen receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Bondinell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406-0939
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27
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Abell AD, Erhard KF, Yen HK, Yamashita DS, Brandt M, Mohammed H, Levy MA, Holt DA. Preparative chiral HPLC separation of all possible stereoisomers of LY191704 and LY266111 and their in vitro inhibition of human types 1 and 2 steroid 5α-reductases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)80363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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28
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Elliott JD, Lago MA, Cousins RD, Gao A, Leber JD, Erhard KF, Nambi P, Elshourbagy NA, Kumar C, Lee JA. 1,3-Diarylindan-2-carboxylic acids, potent and selective non-peptide endothelin receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 1994; 37:1553-7. [PMID: 8201588 DOI: 10.1021/jm00037a003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J D Elliott
- Research and Development Division, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
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29
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Holt DA, Konialian-Beck AL, Oh HJ, Yen HK, Rozamus LW, Krog AJ, Erhard KF, Ortiz E, Levy MA, Brandt M, Bossard MJ, Luengo JI. Structure-activity studies of synthetic FKBP ligands as peptidyl-prolyl isomerase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)80135-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Baures PW, Eggleston DS, Erhard KF, Cieslinski LB, Torphy TJ, Christensen SB. The crystal structure, absolute configuration, and phosphodiesterase inhibitory activity of (+)-1-(4-bromobenzyl)-4-(3-(cyclopentyloxy)- 4-methoxyphenyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one. J Med Chem 1993; 36:3274-7. [PMID: 8230117 DOI: 10.1021/jm00074a007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Chiral HPLC resolution of the phosphodiesterase IV (PDE IV) inhibitor rolipram (1) provided (-)-1, and this enantiomer was converted into its 1-(4-bromobenzyl) derivative, (+)-2. X-ray structural analysis of (+)-2 established the absolute configuration as R, which provides the first direct evidence for a previously assumed assignment of configuration. The crystal structure of (+)-2 and the PDE inhibitory activity of both enantiomers of 2 are discussed in the context of a previously proposed topological model.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Baures
- Department of Physical and Structural Chemistry, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
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31
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32
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Chen TK, Erhard KF, Last T, Eggleston DS, Ho MY. Direct high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of enantiomeric peptidoleukotriene antagonists. J Chromatogr A 1992; 596:123-6. [PMID: 1522175 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(92)80213-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomeric peptidoleukotriene antagonists, SK&F R-106203 and SK&F S-106203 can be effectively separated on a cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) chiral stationary phase. The utility of this chiral high-performance liquid chromatographic method in assigning absolute stereochemistry to SK&F S-106203-Z2, a non-crystalline amorphous compound which is not amenable to single crystal X-ray analysis, is demonstrated by correlation with the absolute configuration determined crystallographically for a second salt form.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Chen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406-0939
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33
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Brooks DP, DePalma PD, Cyronak MJ, Bryant MA, Karpinski K, Mico B, Gaitanopoulos DE, Chambers PA, Erhard KF, Weinstock J. Identification of fenoldopam prodrugs with prolonged renal vasodilator activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1990; 254:1084-9. [PMID: 1975620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fenoldopam (SK&F 82526) is a short-acting selective dopamine-1 agonist in clinical trials for the treatment of hypertension, congestive heart failure and renal failure. In the present study, we tested various N-ethyl carbamate esters of fenoldopam in the conscious dog instrumented with a femoral arterial Vascular-Access-Port and a renal artery flow probe. Oral administration of SK&F R-82526 at 1 and 3 mumol/kg resulted in transient (30-60 min) dose-dependent increases in plasma fenoldopam levels and renal blood flow. Administration of the 7,8-bis-N-ethyl carbamate ester of R-fenoldopam (SK&F R-106114) and the 4',7,8-tris-N-ethyl carbamate ester of R-fenoldopam (SK&F R-105058) at 1, 3 and 10 mumol/kg p.o. also resulted in dose-dependent increases in plasma fenoldopam levels and renal blood flow; however, both parameters remained elevated for at least 4 hr. Intravenous administration of SK&F R-105058 also resulted in sustained plasma fenoldopam levels and increases in renal blood flow, indicating that slow absorption was not the cause of the sustained effect. The present study indicates that N-ethyl carbamate esters of fenoldopam are fenoldopam prodrugs which result in sustained increases in renal blood flow and plasma fenoldopam levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Brooks
- Department of Pharmacology, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
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34
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Erhard KF, Razgaitis KA, Bender PE. Purification of leukotriene B4 by semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1987; 398:360-5. [PMID: 2821042 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)96527-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K F Erhard
- Smith Kline & French Laboratories, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Swedeland, PA 19479
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35
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Gleason JG, Hall RF, Perchonock CD, Erhard KF, Frazee JS, Ku TW, Kondrad K, McCarthy ME, Mong S, Crooke ST. High-affinity leukotriene receptor antagonists. Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of 2-hydroxy-3-[(2-carboxyethyl)thio]-3-[2-(8-phenyloctyl)phenyl] propanoic acid. J Med Chem 1987; 30:959-61. [PMID: 3035179 DOI: 10.1021/jm00389a001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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36
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Perchonock CD, Uzinskas I, McCarthy ME, Erhard KF, Gleason JG, Wasserman MA, Muccitelli RM, DeVan JF, Tucker SS, Vickery LM. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of a series of 5-aryl-4,6-dithianonanedioic acids and related compounds: a novel class of leukotriene antagonists. J Med Chem 1986; 29:1442-52. [PMID: 3016267 DOI: 10.1021/jm00158a021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A series of 5-alkynyl- and 5-aryl-4,6-dithianonanedioic acids and related compounds has been prepared for evaluation of leukotriene antagonist activity. The alkynyl compounds were prepared by thioacetal exchange from the corresponding acetylenic acetals. The aryl derivatives were synthesized from the appropriate benzaldehydes, most of which were prepared by one of three general routes: Meyers' oxazolin method, a palladium coupling procedure, and a hydroxybenzaldehyde alkylation. The analogues were examined in vitro for their ability to antagonize an LTD4-induced contraction of isolated guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle and to compete with [3H]LTD4 for receptor sites on guinea pig lung membrane. A number of structure-activity relationships have emerged from this study. There is an optimal chain length of 10-12 atoms (or its equivalent) in the lipid tail and two methylenes in the polar region. In the aromatic series, the ortho- and meta-substituted compounds have comparable activity, whereas the para derivatives are inactive. Substitution in the aromatic ring and lipid tail is generally well tolerated, with the terminal phenyl (6) and acetylene (33) analogues having especially good activity. Conformational restriction of either the polar region or lipid tail produced compounds devoid of activity. A number of selected analogues were also evaluated in vivo as antagonists of LTD4-induced bronchoconstriction in the guinea pig. The data established these compounds as a novel class of leukotriene antagonists with potential utility for the treatment of asthma and other immediate hypersensitivity diseases.
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Perchonock CD, McCarthy ME, Erhard KF, Gleason JG, Wasserman MA, Muccitelli RM, DeVan JF, Tucker SS, Vickery LM, Kirchner T. Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of 5-(2-dodecylphenyl)-4,6-dithianonanedioic acid and 5-[2-(8-phenyloctyl)phenyl]-4,6-dithianonanedioic acid: prototypes of a novel class of leukotriene antagonists. J Med Chem 1985; 28:1145-7. [PMID: 2993610 DOI: 10.1021/jm00147a004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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38
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Jen T, Frazee JS, Schwartz MS, Erhard KF, Kaiser C. Adrenergic agents. 8.1 Synthesis and beta-adrenergic agonist activity of some 3-tert-butylamino-2-(substituted phenyl)-1-propanols. J Med Chem 1977; 20:1263-8. [PMID: 20504 DOI: 10.1021/jm00220a007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Replacement of the benzylic hydroxyl group of N-tert-butylnorepinephrine with a hydroxymethyl substituent affords a propanolamine homologue which retains a high degree of beta-adrenergic agonist activity. As modification of the meta substituent of catecholic ethanolamines, such as N-tert-butylnorepinephrine, often provides compounds that exert a more pronounced effect in relaxing tracheobronchial smooth muscle (beta2-adrenergic agonist) than in stimulating cardiac muscle (beta1-adrenergic response), a series of 3-tert-butylamino-2-(3-substituted 4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanols was prepared. The 3-meta substituents included HOCH2 (1b), H2NCONH (1c), MeSO2NH (1d), H (le), and NH2 (1f). These phenylpropanolamine derivatives were compared with their phenylethanolamine counterparts in in vitro tests that measure the ability of these compounds to relax spontaneously contracted guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle (a measure of potential bronchodilating activity) and to increase the rate of contraction of a spontaneously beating guinea pig right atrial preparation (an indicator of potential cardiac stimulating activity). In these tests all of the propanolamine derivatives included in the study were less potent than their ethanolamine relatives. In both series replacement of the catecholic m-hydroxyl group with the indicated substituents usually resulted in compounds with increased selectivity for tracheobronchial vs. cardiac muscle.
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